Lwezezimali kabusha Witte: izimbangela, imiphumela

kabusha lwezezimali Witte kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho Russia ku 19 sekwephuzile - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kuye waqinisa ruble, hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa emhlabeni wonke ngokusungula exchange yayo khulula egolide. Isizathu sokuba kwaba nokuntengantenga kohlelo yemali eRussia ekupheleni kwekhulu. Nokho, ngemva "alulame" we udumo ruble yomnotho kazwelonke rose kakhulu, okuholela ekwandeni kutshalozimali kanye inflow capital angaphandle.

izizathu

kabusha lwezezimali Witte kwabangelwa isidingo ukudala lwemali ezinzile, okuyinto ngakho kwakudingeka ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka iphutha izinhlangano ayitholwa ezweni lethu. Iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi impahla eRussia ngaphansi kwethonya izitayela ezinkulu emnothweni wezwe yaqala ukubonakala izinhlangano ezinkulu monopolistic, ezifana nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni. Ukuze imali yemisebenzi emikhulu edinga lwemali ezinjalo, okwakuyoholela kubuyise ukubaluleka dolobha zezimali.

Ekuqaleni uhulumeni ezama ukuxazulula le nkinga udaba okuthiwa extra imali yephepha, kodwa awazange asize. Ekupheleni kwekhulu kwaba isidingo sobala ukwethula lwemali igolide. kabusha lwezezimali Witte eyenziwa imodeli West Europe. Iqiniso lokuthi standard igolide iye kwetfulwa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu ngenxa kwavela zithenga emhlabeni. Russia imatasa namanye amazwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kanye nabalingani bayo, futhi edinga uhlelo efanayo yemali.

umgomo

Uhulumeni tsarist wayenesithakazelo ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane angaphandle kwezomnotho yezwe. Izimo mithandazo kakhulu basithiye iqiniso lokuthi ruble, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwakukhona lwemali Convertible Nokho, engaqinile ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukukhonza exchange okulingana.

ngokuvamile osomabhizinisi Foreign zinokungabaza ukuthengisa amahlelo abo, ngoba awuzange elisekelwa igolide. kabusha lwezezimali Witte kwakuhloselwe lo mgoqo ugaxe ruble belingana amayunithi yemali European. Lokhu kwaba ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle kanye izimali emnothweni yasekhaya.

izinyathelo wokulungiselela

kabusha lwezezimali Witte, idethi - 1897, ziye okulungiselelwe ababengaphambi kwakhe. Bunge futhi Vyshnegradsky waqonda nobuthakathaka uhlelo imali yephepha futhi wazama ukufaka esikhundleni salo indinganiso metallic. Bobabili wayefuna ukwenza ruble yasekhaya oluqine ngokwanele ukuba ngokukhululekile bashintshisane hhayi kuphela esiliva, kodwa futhi igolide. Ukuze ufinyelele kulesi baye usethe umsebenzi ukudala supply yalesi ensimbini eyigugu a, eqhuba izinqubomgomo tekuvikela, okwenza ukubolekisa angaphandle, kanye nokukhawulela ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa okwandisa nokuthengiswa.

Ngakho, ngisho ngaphambi kokufika Witte esikhundleni sokuba uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali we lwemali kazwelonke exchange rate iye uhlaliseke. Ngonyaka ka-wezinguquko zigcine igolide yezwe ifinyelele ruble ezingaphezu kuka-800 abangafani. National Bank ngaphansi uNgqongqoshe omusha waqamba izimali zakwamanye amazwe futhi kumiswe imisebenzi zokucabangela ku ruble credit.

"Ngcono" komnotho

Ukuqaliswa yezinguquko zezimali Witte wawungukuqhutshekiselwa phambili engokwemvelo inqubomgomo amandulela, ngubani ngezenzo zabo abe nenkanuko edlulele okuqinile ruble kanye ukumisa nje kuwukuqagela. Ngakho, timo letifanele zadalwa ukwethulwa standard igolide. I stock zalesi ensimbini eyigugu, a exchange rate ezinzile, ibhajethi eyakheke kahle, ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba ezifuywayo angaphandle, ukusebenza esizimele Ministry of Finance ezaba nomthelela "alulame" ka kumnotho wasekhaya kanye abe isisusa nigxumagxume e ekutfutfukisweni kwetimboni, okuyinto kwafinyelela Russia ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Inqubomgomo Treasury

Sergey Yulevich Vitte iminyaka eyishumi kanti aphethwe okuthunyelwe ngalesi sikhathi wenze eside. Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe waba yashesha ukwakhiwa wesitimela, usayine lesi sikhundla esinemali ukuhweba isivumelwano eJalimane, wangethula iwayini esinakho, egcwele mbo obalulekile replenishment isabelomali isimo. Ngenxa kabusha yakhe yemali yegolide inzuzo lenyuke kakhulu, kuyilapho inani labantu okufanele ezicucwini zamaphepha wawa, lapho, yebo, ephakanyiswe isithunzi emnothweni Russian emakethe emhlabeni.

Sergey Yulevich Vitte izuzwe "ngcono" zalesi simiso yasekhaya zezimali ukuthi kwaba okunokwethenjelwa kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe I ngo-1914. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi abaningi ayephila nabo bebengeneme ukuqedwa ukuzungeza bimetallic kuleli zwe, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi labantu baqala ukuzwa i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu lwemali amayunithi eyaba nomthelela omubi amandla abo wokuthenga.

izinga legolide

Lo mqondo Kusho ukuqaphela main igolide imali lezimpahla kanye kuphela amanani okulingana. Inzuzo zalesi simiso ukuthi akusiyo ukwehla kwamandla emali. Endabeni ukuwa nokunyakazisa umnotho lokhu ensimbini eyigugu is imali ezandleni ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, lapho isimo uhlaliseke, waphinde wabeka kwegazi. kabusha lwezezimali Witte 1897 kwaba ngokuyinhloko kuyazuzisa ukuthuthukiswa namanye amazwe kanye lula ukuthengiselana lokukhokha. Ukwethulwa kwe standard igolide bebengeneme kakhulu ne bomhlaba kanye gentry, kodwa Enterprise onxiwankulu yasekhaya wathola umfutho omusha wentuthuko ngezindlela eziningi ngenxa zokuthumela okusanhlamvu kuyo, kona kunyuke izimali.

izinyathelo kuqala

kabusha lwezezimali Witte, izimbangela zazo zazibangelwa nokuntengantenga kohlelo malini isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, waqala nomyalo zombusi 1895, okwenza ukuba ukukhokhela kuthengiselana zegolide kazwelonke lwemali noma credit amanothi busebenze. Nokho, amahlelo entsha yemali zazinzima kancane inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, iBhange State wanquma ukuthenga i-uhlamvu lwemali igolide ngenani omuhle - 7 ruble 40 kopecks.

Isilinganiso yokugcina wasiza ekulinganiseni lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama iphepha kanye metal amayunithi yemali. Ngo-1897, uhulumeni wanquma ukwethula lwemali igolide eRussia. Izinhlamvu zemali lokhu metal waqala ukuba kubalwa kusuka 1897. Eyokuqala ayesezindaweni amahlelo ruble 5 no-10. Futhi ekhiqizwa imperials (ruble 15) futhi poluimperialy, okuyinto eyabangela kwesigamu value abo. Nokho, eyabonisa yokuthi iningi labantu namanje ayethanda imali yephepha, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje kulula ukugcina esandleni.

imiphumela

kabusha lwezezimali Witte, imiphumela ezazingaphesheya wonke omuhle kakhulu imboni yasekhaya, yathathwa ekusithekeni, njengoba onjiniyela yayo kungukuthi ayinandaba ngeze emibuthanweni esiphikisayo enkantolo kanye gentry usuhlezi phansi. Nokho, Iqiniso lokuthi ukwethulwa standard igolide uye waqinisa isikhundla onxiwankulu isiRashiya, okwaholela ukuwa kwamanani kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ngemva izinguquko ezintweni zalo ngokhahlo ehlaselwa umphakathi.

Nokho, Witte bacela ukusekelwa nombusi ngaphambi kwekomidi lezezimali, akhethekile ukwenze ukwamukelwa yayo yephrojekthi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ruble uhlaliseke, futhi ibhizinisi wasemakhishini seluthole sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha ukuthuthukiswa. Isikhundla emnothweni kazwelonke emakethe izwe kwaqinisa owanikhipha embonini Russian kuya ezingeni entsha. Omunye nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ekutjhugululweni ukukhulisa izikweletu waseRussia ngenxa Luhambo capital angaphandle, kodwa intengo yemali ebolekiwe uwile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kabusha kwaba nokwanda impahla isimo ngokwakha igolide reserve nasekutholeni ubunikazi nojantshi endaweni yengcebo. It waba neqhaza ekuphumeleleni yenqubomgomo isabelomali okunekhono Witte, owenqaba ukukhulula ama songe imali yomphakathi. Lokhu frugality, wamelana umsebenzi wezimali, ukukhuthaza ukufakwa dolobha e izinguquko kwezezimboni. Ngakho, kabusha yemali uye waqinisa emnothweni Russian futhi baholela ezingeni emhlabeni.