Machining metal: izindlela, amathuluzi kanye nemishini

Ukucubungula izinsimbi ngokusebenzisa ukusika kwenziwa ukuze umsebenzi wokuthola umumo oyifunayo. Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukususa okungaphezulu. Ukuphathwa okunjalo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukene wokusika emishini ekhethekile. Embonini yokwakha imishini ukucubungula izinsimbi ngokusika kubaluleke kakhulu. Phela, ngaphandle kwalolu hlelo ngeke kwenzeke izimoto ezivamile noma ezinye izinto zokusebenza.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe

Ukusika kwensimbi ngokusika kuncike ekusebenzeni kokuqala kokukhwabanisa kanye nokusebenza kokugcina, okubizwa ngokuthi ukucubungula okuhle. Phela, izenzo ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka zenziwe, ngokubona ukunemba okuphakeme: kuze kube yizingxenyana ze-micron. Futhi lokhu kuyinto encane kakhulu.

Ukucubungula izinsimbi ngokusika nakho kusetshenziselwa izingxenye ezinkulu zemishini. Isibonelo, for rotors of hydro turbines. Ububanzi bamamasondo abo asebenzayo angadlula uphawu lwamamitha angu-9-10. Futhi, izingxenye ezinzima ukuzicabangela ngisho nangaphansi kwe-microscope nazo zihambisana nokusika okubukhali. Ngokucubungula, isakhi sithola isimo esifisa, ubukhulu, sithola izinga elidingekayo lobuso. Ubude benkonzo buxhomeke kule nkhomba.

Imfundiso yokusika

Le sayensi itadisha ukusika kwensimbi ngendlela efanayo. Kubonakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Kuze kube manje, kusebenza kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Inkinga eyinhloko yisisindo sokususa i-chip ngomshini, ukuze ukumelana nesikhungo kukhuliswe. Abaningi bangase bacabange ukuthi ukufeza ukuvinjelwa okuphezulu akunzima kakhulu. Kodwa akunjalo. Iphuzu eliphelele ukuthi ukucubungula izinsimbi ngokusika kwenza ukushisa. Ithash futhi ithambisa ithuluzi lomsebenzi, engozini yokuyikhubaza. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha ukupholisa okulungile ithuluzi. Kodwa akusixazululi ngaso sonke isikhathi inkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungalimaza insimbi. Ngakho-ke, ijubane lomsebenzi lixhomeke ekuyingeni ukuthi umshini ukhethwe kanjani. Ithuluzi lokusika kwensimbi kufanele lithengwe ngokucabangela izindawo zendawo nezinto zayo.

Izici zokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi omshini

Imishini yokusika imishini ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo. Zihlukile esitokisini esetshenzisiwe. Futhi, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinsimbi ngokusika ngosizo lwabo buhlukile. Isigaxa sisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngosizo lwayo ungenza imisebenzi yanoma yikuphi ukubunzima. Wonke amanye amathuluzi angaba ukuguqulwa kwawo, noma inhlanganisela yezinhlobo eziningana. Kunezinhlelo ezimbili zomsebenzi ezivame kakhulu:

• Ukuphendulela, lapho umsebenzi ojikelezayo ujikeleza, futhi umsika uhamba kancane kancane nge-axis yayo;
• Ukuhlela - bayahamba kokubili ukuhamba phambili.

Amakhamera kubo ayadingeka ngokuphelele.

Izici zokusika izinsimbi

Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, inqubo ecatshangelwayo ingenzeka ngokweqile. Futhi kunezindlela ezahlukene zokucubungula izinsimbi ngokusika, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu noma lokho kusetshenziswe khona.

Ngaphezu kokuguqula nokwehlisa, izindlela ezivamile zomsebenzi zihlanganisa ukugaya nokugaya. Noma kunjalo, indlela yokuqala iyathandwa kakhulu. Ukufakelwa kwemishini yensimbi ngokusika izindlela ezahlukene kufana kakhulu nokuqondisa. Ngakho-ke, uma ufunda le ndlela, khona-ke ezinye izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo azivuki nje. Futhi konke kuyoba lula kakhulu ngomsebenzi. Ngezansi kukhona izici zemishini yokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene.

Ukusebenza kwamalenta

Imishini yokusika ingahluka. Enye yezinhlobo zemishini eyinhloko iyilenze. Isicelo sawo sasenziwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Khona-ke yavulwa ngenxa yokulungiswa kwezintambo njengomnsalo wokudubula. Esimweni esinjalo sokusika kwensimbi, ukuvula isikhathi samanje sisetshenziselwa ukwakha izingxenye zemishini. Futhi kwenziwa ngokunembile futhi masinyane ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi kufinyelele imigomo enjalo ngezindlela zokugcizelela.

Isisekelo somshini walolu hlobo luhlaka. I-workpiece kufanele iphoqe phakathi kwezikhungo zangemuva nangaphambili kwekhanda noma e-chuck. Kusekelo, lungisa umcibisholo. Faka ngebhokisi elikhethekile, ukukhumbuza izimoto, ijubane elidingekayo lokujikeleza lokusika. Kule thuluzi kukhona i-roller ehambayo ehamba kuyo iphinde ishintshe umlingisi kanye nomqambi. Uma kukhona isikulufa sokuhola ngaphezu kwalo, ke ngomshini onjalo ungayinquma. Uma kunenhloko ejikelezayo esikhundleni se-tailstock, ithuluzi libizwa nge-turret-turret. Umshini onjalo wokusika ungenza izinhlobo ezahlukene zomsebenzi. Ukuphatha imikhiqizo ngobukhulu obukhulu, amathuluzi afana ne-lobotome noma i-turn-lathe asetshenzisiwe. Kunezinye izinhlobo zazo.

Ukwandisa ukuqina kwe-lathe

Ochwepheshe basebenza njalo ukuthola izinto ezifanelekayo ezingakwandisa ukuqina kwethuluzi lokusebenza lokusika insimbi. Ngaphambilini, imishini yenziwa ngesisekelo samasheya e-carbon alula, ayenokubunjwa okulula ngokwamakhemikhali. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinto zokwakha okuphezulu okuyi-tungsten zaqala ukusetshenziswa. Ngosizo lwabo, kwakunokwenzeka ukusika izinsimbi ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ngesivinini esikhulu. Nokho, ekugcineni bayeka ukwanelisa ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezobunjiniyela.

Kwabe sekuthathwa ama-alloys ezinzima ekilasini elikhethekile, elikwazi ukugcina amandla ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa kufika kuma-degree angama-100. Eminyakeni yamuva, inqubo, esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsimbi ngokusika, isuke ibe lula nakakhulu. Lokhu kutholakale ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha ezinamandla okushisa kumazinga aphezulu okushisa. Ngokuya ngobunzima bokuqala bomsebenzi wokusebenza, njengethuluzi, kanye nohlobo lomsebenzi, lungahunyushwa ngejubane elifunayo, elilawulwa ngebhokisi elikhethekile.

Ukugaya njengendlela yokusebenza yensimbi

Indlela enjalo yokusebenza isanda kakhulu futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu. Iyenziwa ngosizo lomshini wokugaya okhethekile. Imishini enezibalo zamanani (ukulawulwa kwamanani) isetshenziswa ngokuya. Kuye indawo yenkxaso, ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana:

• Kuyafana;
• I-Horizontal;
• I-Portal;
• Longitudinal;
• Ukuzibamba kwensimbi;
• I-Multi-spindle;
• I-spindle eyodwa kanye nabanye.

Ochwepheshe ekwakhiweni kwemishini yalolu hlobo bawuthuthukisa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze umkhiqizo we-metal processing uphakeme. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa imishini zilokhu zishintsha, futhi ukuklama kwayo kubuye kuguqulwe. Njengomqambi wokucwenga, umbazi wokugaya wenza imisebenzi efanayo. Kodwa ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zayo. Futhi izosebenza ngokukhiqiza kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukugaya kakhulu kudlula ukucwenga futhi kancane kancane kuyichitha ekukhiqizeni.

Izici zokugaya

Amashini alolu hlobo lokucubungula asetshenziselwa ukugaya ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezingqimba ezizungezayo, izindiza ezahlukene, ukusabalalisa okungenasisekelo, izintambo, amasondo ezinogwaja nokunye okuningi. Ithuluzi elinjalo lezinsimbi lingokwesigaba sokukhiqiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu komshini okhethekile, kunenye idivayisi. Isondo lokugaya elihlanganisa inombolo enkulu yezinto ezincane zokusika. Futhi, nazo ziboshwe ngedivayisi ekhethekile yokubopha. Futhi inhlayiya ngayinye ngokwayo iyisisel. Njengoba ubona, sihlolisise imishini yokwenziwa kwensimbi. Ngezansi sizokwazi amaqhinga amaningi anamuhla avumela ukuba anqunywe.

Izici zobuchwepheshe bokusika i-plasma

Kunamasu amaningana asetshenziselwa izinsimbi eziphansi ze-carbon. Kodwa ukusika kwe-plasma kubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezikhiqizayo. Ngakho-ke, izici zayo nezinzuzo kufanele zixoxwe ngokuningiliziwe. Ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza buhamba ngokushesha futhi buqhubeka njalo. Ukusika kwe-plasma yensimbi kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene: kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ukuya ku-engineering mechanical. Kanye ne-oxygen-gas indlela, kubhekwa njengokuthenjelwa.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko

Indlela yokusika i-plasma yensimbi inezinzuzo eziningi. Omunye wabo yisisindo somsebenzi. Ngokuvamile, izikhala zokusika ziba nobukhulu obufinyelela ku-25 mm. Kulesi simo, isivinini sabo sokucubungula silinganiselwa kabili ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho uma usebenzisa ukusika kwe-oxygen-gas-type. Futhi kufanele wanezelwa ukuthi ngokuwehla okubonakalayo ebunzini beshidi lensimbi, lingadlula ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-12. Lokhu kunenzuzo kungakhuphula kakhulu umkhiqizo nokulondoloza isikhathi.

Enye inzuzo yale ndlela iphezulu futhi ijubane eliphakeme elivuthayo. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu lapho usika imikhiqizo yensimbi. Lapho indlela ye-plasma ingamasekhondi angu-2. Ukuqhathanisa: i-gas yokusika nge-oksijeni - 30, ngokulandelana, uma nje izinga lokushisa libekwa kumadigridi ayi-1 okungenani. Ukuhlangana okufishane phakathi kwensimbi nensimbi kuhle, okokuqala, ngoba emaminithini embalwa imininingwane ngeke ibe nesikhathi sokubola, njengoba kungenzeka nakwezinye izimo.

Enye inzuzo engaqiniseki yendlela ye-plasma ingabizwa ngokuthi inani elincane lezinga elisebenzayo. Kungasuswa kalula. Ukusika ama-system nakho kulula ukulawulwa futhi kusize ukuqinisekisa ukuphakama kwamathuluzi okudingekayo kanye nesivinini esihle.

Londoloza isikhathi nemali

Ukusika kwe-plasma kubuye kusho umsebenzi kanyekanye ngamashidi amaningana, okugcina isikhathi. Ngalendlela, ungakwazi ukucubungula izinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakha:

• I-Aluminium;
• Insimbi engagqwali;
• I-Copper nokuningi.

Akunakwenzeka ukushiwo ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ze-plasma. Abasebenzisi amagesi angabhubhisa umsebenzi, umlilo ovulekile, akukho ukushisa okukhulu. Konke lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izingozi kubasebenzisi lapho besebenza ngezinsimbi ezishisayo. Indawo yokushisa ukushisa ingamamitha amabili kuphela.

Zonke izici zokusika i-plasma zithinta kahle izindleko zokucubungula okubili izinto. Umsebenzi wenziwa ngokufanele, ngokushesha futhi jikelele. Ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi, izinzuzo ezibalwe zihle kakhulu kunabanye.

Izici ze-laser method

Kuze kube manje, emkhakheni wokucubungula kwemikhiqizo yensimbi, ubuchwepheshe abaningi buye kwaziswa. Benza kube lula ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu wabakhi bamakhi, abakhi kanye nabanye abaqeqeshiwe umsebenzi wabo ngandlela-thile exhunywe nale nqubo. Ukusika kwe-Laser njengamanje kubhekwa njengephambili kakhulu. Ikuvumela ukuba uthole amathuba amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yensimbi ngokuklanywa kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokulungiselelwa.

Inqubo enjalo ethembisayo isemncane kakhulu, kodwa isakazeke kabanzi. Ukusika kwe-Laser kwenziwa ngensimbi ekhethekile yokufaka izinto ezikhethekile. Zihlukaniswa ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwe-radial. Futhi abakwazi ukusika u-aluminium noma ithusi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi bangakwazi ukusika izinkuni nezinye izinto.

Incazelo yendlela

Nale ndlela yokusika, ama-oxides avela phezu kwensimbi. Bakhulisa inqubo yokumisa amandla futhi bayakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa kuze kube sekugcineni. Endaweni yokuxhumana, i-laser beam iveza izinga lokushisa lokushisa, ukuze izinto ziqale ukuncibilika. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba, kuvele kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kune-gesi esebenzayo, ngokuvamile i-oxygen. Isusa imikhiqizo evuthayo futhi ikuvumela ukuba ukwandise kakhulu isivinini sokusika. I-oksijeni igcoba izingqimba eziningana ngokususa i- liquid metal ne-oxides.

Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa kuze kube yilapho indaba ihlelwa ekujuleni kwayo ngokugcwele. Phela, ukugeleza kwegesi eduze kwemigqa yokuhlukanisa kungayilalisa. Indawo encane yomthelela oshisayo ungaqinisekisa ukudala imiphetho ehambisana nendawo emifushane kusuka komunye nomunye (ngokuhleleka kwe-0, 2 millimeters). Ngokuvamile, ukuze uzuze lokhu noma lokho kunemba ekusebenzeni, kuyadingeka ukwethula ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo ngekhompyutha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ungahlela ukudala umkhiqizo efomini lakho lokugcina.

I-laser cutting sheet metal imishini evame ukusetshenziselwa imishini esekelwe ematheni aqinile nesimo segesi. Ukunqunywa kwezinto ezibukeka kahle. Ayikho imishini yokwenza izinsimbi ngokusika inganikeza lokhu ngokunemba ngenxa yokubulawa komsebenzi kanye nenani eliphansi lemfucuza. Ngokuyinhloko, ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi yeshidi, amadivaysi asekelwe ku -laser ne- solid-state lasers asetshenziswa. I-laser cut of the metal is smoothly ngokuphelele. Itholakala ngaphandle kokukhubazeka, okukhona endaweni yesimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhwabanisa kwe-laser kukuvumela ukuba ufinyelele ukucaca komsebenzi obalulekile, udoti oluncane nokukhishwa okusheshayo.

Izinzuzo

Emakethe yokusika imikhiqizo yensimbi, ukusika i-laser kungenye yezinto ezithandwa kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko wenza umsebenzi we-carbide izinto ezilula kakhulu. Phela, ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokucubungula futhi ngokuvamile zingase zinciphise ngemva kokuphathwa okunjalo. Ukusika izinsimbi kuhamba kahle kakhulu:

• Insimbi;
• Izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi;
• Aluminium alloys.

Amashidi amancane nawo angcono kakhulu asetshenziswe. Kuyoba lula ukusebenza ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezingxenye zensimbi futhi wenze izimbobo ezinkimbeni ezinzima kakhulu ngobubanzi obuncane. Lapha, ngokwezibalo ze-geometry, ungakwazi ukuveza ingqondo yakho. Uhlelo lungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kwanele ukwakha ifayela elikhethekile nehlelo elicacisiwe kukhompyutha. Imiphumela yemishini ensimbi ngeke ibe - lokhu kubalulekile. Futhi, ukucubungula laser kunezinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuhleleka kokudala umcibisholo obunzima.
• Ungakwazi ukucubungula cishe noma yiliphi ishidi leshidi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liphi izakhiwo ezishisayo.
• Ukuchithwa okuphezulu komsebenzi.
• Ukusika kungenzeka ngisho nasezintweni ezinzima futhi ezingenamandla kakhulu.
• Umkhiqizo ophezulu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-laser yamandla aphezulu.
• Uma ubuso kufanele bube bushelelezi, kungcono ukusebenzisa ibhande eligxilwe ngamandla aguqukayo.

Indlela yegesi

Cabanga indlela evamile yokuchayeka kwensimbi, eye isetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi. Lona ukusika kwegesi. Kuyinto ethandwa kakhulu futhi ezuzisa ngokwezomnotho. Ngenye indlela, ibizwa nangokuthi i-oksijeni, ngoba kulokhu inqubo yesenzo ensimbi inezinhlamvu ezishisayo. Kukhona umfudlana we-oksijini ngemuva kokuphela komsebenzi futhi ususe izinsalela ze-oksidi yamanzi. Okokuqala, umkhawulo ongenhla wengxenye uyashisa. Kuye ngokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali wezinto ezibonakalayo (isib. Steel), izinga lokushisa layo lokushisa lingabuka ku-1000 kuya ku-1200 degrees.

Ukusika kwegesi kungasetshenziselwa ukucubungula i-medium-alloy, low-alloy noma carbon steel. Ubukhulu beshidi lensimbi noma omunye umkhiqizo kufanele kube ngamamitha angu-300 angaphezulu. Inqubo yegesi-oksijeni yokwenziwa kwensimbi inezinzuzo zayo:

• Izindleko zokucubungula.
• Asikho isidingo sokusebenza enqenqemeni ngemuva kokuba inqubo igcwaliswe.
• Ubukhona bokusika ngokuqondile nokudibanisa kwemikhiqizo evela ema-angles ahlukene.
• Ungasebenzisa amashidi ensimbi obukhulu.

Ingabe kukhona umsebenzi ojwayelekile?

Abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi ukucutshungulwa izinsimbi noma ezinye izindinganiso ahlabayo GOST mayelana nokuqaliswa ukucutshungulwa imiklamo. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nemithetho yamanje kanye nenqubo, inqubo efanayo kunezinselele zako. Okokuqala imininingwane lokhu noma lokhuya ukulungiselelwa Ubukhulu inikwe. Lokhu kudinga ngemibhalo yomsebenzi esetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi wokwakha evunyiwe phrojekthi. Futhi ebusweni kumelwe ahlanzeke ngokuhambisana izindinganiso ezamukelwayo njalo. Away efakwe ohlwini mechanical machining metal zokuwugaya, kuhlanganise kokuphenduka, imishini, Milling, futhi mortising, Ukwethula. Futhi iyatholakala, futhi ukwelashwa kokugcina imikhiqizo. Uhlobo ngalunye izinsimbi machining okuhambelana hhayi kuphela imishini ethile, kodwa futhi inombolo ye-serial.

Njengoba sesibonile, kunezindlela eziningi yenqubo yokugaya futhi okuzenzakalelayo izimpahla ngenhloso ahlabayo. Konke lokhu kabanzi lisetshenziswe isakhiwo, ubunjiniyela, ukugcinwa kanye nezinye izindawo. Amasu njalo ngcono futhi olusha ne entsha, imishini yesimanje idaliwe, okuyinto njalo kwenza inqubo yonke ngaphezulu elula.