Okutholakele physics yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Lapha I ukwethula umqondo, ethi ukutholakala. Noma kunjalo, akukho ndawo ngikubonile ngisho inhlansana yokuthambekela ke. Umqondo libhekisela lo mkhuba ukuhwamuka, okungukuthi, ke kuvula up a isici esisha lonke njengoba sezizathu esiyinhloko ketshezi lwaluyophola inqubo ukuhwamuka. Incazelo yakudala: uketshezi ukhiphe kusuka kuphela amangqamuzana okusheshayo kakhulu, labo bayakwazi sinqobe amandla okudonsa aphakathi. Lokhu kunciphisa ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha amangqamuzana asele. Ngenxa yalokho, kwanciphisela lokushisa komzimba, elisetendeni ukuncika isivinini.

Kodwa uma ubheka kuthe ukusondela kakhudlwana inqubo ukuhwamuka, kungabonwa kwenye, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, uma hhayi main, isici lwaluyophola. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa (isici) is hhayi abhalwe nganoma yiluphi ebhukwinitifundvo physics. Kusukela theory classical kufanele kube isiphetho esinengqondo ukuthi engqamuzaneni ahwamukayo akusenzi vytolknuvshey molecule cishe zero futhi ulinganisele yayo ijubane layo uma igijima. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso.

Zogqinsi ebusweni molecule ketshezi ahlelwe at amabanga mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ezingqimbeni ezijulile. Lokhu kubangela mkhuba ebusweni ukungezwani.

Ingaphezulu ketshezi

Mpilo 1 V1

V2

i-molecule 2

V3

i-molecule 3

Fig. 1.

I okungenzeka kakhulu ukuba shabalala engqamuzaneni ejection-1 (bheka. Fig. 1) ukushayisana yayo nge-molecule 2 elisemandleni kanye-molecule 1 kwi perpendicular ebusweni liquid has a okungenani tangential Isivinini ingxenye. Ngemva ukushayisana, buqamama njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo radii yezinhlayiya ezimbili, mutual umuzwa wokwenyanya amabutho esikhundleni amabutho elikhulayo sisakhangana. La mandla ziyancipha cishe zero isivinini kanye lokushisa Kelvin sasikhipha 2 engqamuzaneni elihlala uketshezi hhayi kuphela 1 molecule kodwa. Mpilo 2 akanalo isikhathi ukuze uthumele amandla abo kinetic ukuba ingqamuzana engumakhelwane 3: "ayeke"-molecule ayo ahwamukayo 1. icala cishe Luhambo ngesikhathi esisodwa omunye molecule umbhangqwana-molecule. Kulokhu, i-molecule ye ungaba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha eyodwa kuphela. Nokho, kowamanqamu ophumayo isigaba 1 molecule 2 molecule kuzonciphisa isivinini yayo futhi izinga lokushisa ngokuphelele Kelvin cishe zero. Cishe futhi amagalelo elingumakhelwane i-molecule molecule ezimbili lateral ukuthi ukunciphisa umphumela deceleration "ukuhlenga" amandla kinetic ka-molecule 2. Kodwa umphumela jikelele okusithiyayo sekuyaphela ukuba kungathiwa zibalulekile ngoba ibanga eliphakathi amangqamuzana ezingqimbeni ebusweni liquid ngokwanele ezinkulu. Iqiniso ukuthi amandla Luhambo engaqhathaniswa ne amabutho inertia ahwamukayo amangqamuzana, wathi lomkhuba surface ukungezwani, lapho ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ebusweni uketshezi ungqimba zishintshe labetibambile ngaphakathi kuze equiprobable kuwo wonke ama-molecule ukushayisana okukhulu okungaphezu ne pusher 2. Ngenxa yalokho molecule ahwamukayo-molecule kunciphisa 1 ijubane layo uma igijima futhi ijubane yezinhlayiya 2 kuya cishe zero.

ukuhwamuka lomkhuba kufanele kucatshangelwe yonke nesayensi ukufunda kulomhlaba. Okungenhla incazelo entsha izizathu ketshezi ukupholisa ngesikhathi ukuhwamuka yayo kufanele usicacisele ewusizo zonke izibalo, okuyinto kufanele inake lo mphumela.

Umbono wakhe mina ekuphikiseni classical ukuhwamuka theory, okuyilezi:

1. "Isivinini zishintshe ketshezi vaporized ngenhla avareji". Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 mina ubheke umbono wakho kuyisayensi ezahlukene izinhlangano-ngaphandle impendulo. Nge impumelelo efanayo ebhala V. Putinu no D. A. Medvedevu ngesaziso uyidlulisele leyatiwako kuze izinhlangano abanekhono ngokwesayensi. Kule ngaphetha ngokuthi, akukho ukuphikisa, kodwa qinisekisa - ingozi usosayensi umsebenzi. Apreli 28 kulo nyaka, ngahlangana umqondo yami ikhandidethi wesayensi lobuchwepheshe, onguchwepheshe physics yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. On umbuzo wami wokuqala, "Kuyini ijubane yezinhlayiya ayahwamuka," esho, "Kuhle kakhulu, isilinganiso ngenhla." Ngemva ukwazi umqondo wami, it kwehlisa ngaleli zinga, "Yebo, mhlawumbe, abanye yezinhlayiya ukubambezela. Kodwa ama-molecule uketshezi kakhulu, ngokulandelana, eziningi amathuba ukuhlakaza molecule ahwamukayo ukuba ngejubane elikhulu. " Mina nenkinga ngokusebenzisa le ndlela: "Ukuze ukhule ufike ijubane isilinganiso ngenhla ayahwamuka molecule" 1 ", kubalulekile ahwamukayo molecule" 1 "ukuhlakaza ngesivinini, njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo Ngokwesilinganiso, bangaphezu kuka kabili. Futhi lesi senzakalo, futhi uma kunokwenzeka, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuze kufanele indiva. Ama-molecule - "Millionaire" ngokuba energy kinetic kumelwe abe ivelakancane ". Thanda mbhoshongo zezimali amandla ukuthi uchungechunge izimbangela nemiphumela ye ukujula ketshezi ukusheshisa ahwamukayo iza "1" engqamuzaneni - kungenziwa imelelwa molecule Isigaxa nge vertex e-molecule "1". Isendlalelo ezijulile zishintshe, kulapho Cishe lokhu yezinto amandla kusakazeka. I kungenzeka kakhulu umcimbi - molecule nge ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha. Ama-molecule kokuba isivinini, kancane ngaphezulu noma kancane esingaphansi isilinganiso - futhi akuyona into engajwayelekile. Ijubane yezinhlayiya ahwamukayo, kakhulu kusilinganiso, ngabe kwakuthiwa kubangelwe uhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi izibhelu eyedlule izingqimba ezijulile. Kodwa njengoba ekujuleni zonke molecule i nokuwumisa alinganayo futhi zonke izinkomba amandla ukudluliswa kungenzeka ngokulinganayo ke ematfuba ezihlukahlukene izilungiselelo molecule ohlangothini olulodwa zibe munye molecule "1" - aphansi esifanayo, njengoba ematfuba angesabi uthole kunoma iyiphi ingxenye uninsulated umthamo liquid lihlukile kwamanye amasayithi lokushisa. Lo mcimbi okungenzeka kakhulu ijubane yezinhlayiya ahwamukayo, side kunaleso isilinganiso (noma ilingane, uma esigabeni sokugcina ukuhwamuka of "1" engqamuzaneni, lapho kuwa kuzoba ubuye: the velocity zero - ke edonsela umusi-molecule noma emoyeni umcimbi okunjalo kakhulu kungenzeka. igcine isikhathi, kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi kungenzeka uma ime umoya).

2. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ukungezwani surface igcina konke molecule kokuba naphakathi nesivinini aphansi ngaphakathi ketshezi (ngaphandle hoods noma emoyeni umusi molecule flying parallel ebusweni ketshezi). Khona-ke kubalulekile ukuba siphethe ngokuthi umcimbi okungenzeka kakhulu iyona ukuhwamuka of molecule kokuba isivinini kokweqa isilinganiso esiphansi. Lokho umehluko we energy kinetic engqamuzaneni "1" futhi amandla bezikhali angomakhelwane yayo Luhambo molekulami- omncane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva kokunqoba lo engaba amandla, isivinini - futhi izinga lokushisa ngokwamazinga ngokuphelele Kelvin - amangqamuzana sasikhipha "1" kuyoba eduze zero. "Futhi lapho enza amandla kinetic yezinhlayiya ukhiphe"? Lo mbuzo wangibuza onguchwepheshe physics yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngathi (wacabanga ngawo ngaphambi) - kungenzeka engena amandla excitation ukuzulazula kwama-athomu, omfushane, akuyona ziqondakala indoda njengoba lokushisa; Kungenzeka ingxenye Babechichima ku nonthermal shortwave spectrum kagesi.

3. 2.Speed ketshezi ezisele engqamuzaneni "2" ngemva ahwamukayo-molecule "1" akulona ukushayisana uhlala ingashintshiwe njengoba kulandela kusukela ithiyori classical, kodwa Sehlile cishe zero.

4. Ngokusho Isikimu esitheni sami (esesikhipha yencwadi), "zogqinsi ebusweni kakhulu eduze eduze komunye nomunye. A elide phakathi molecule kusendlalelo ngasinye. " Waveza lokhu ukuphikisa kwami isimangalo ukuthi "2"-molecule Fig. "1" akanayo isikhathi ukuze uthumele amandla abo ngendlela iyini imbangela yalokho. Nokho, kusukela yezakhi elula kumelwe abe isikhundla esitebeleni bazisa izingqimba kule "uvalo": okungukuthi, ngaphansi (futhi "phezu") molecule 2, 3, 4, 5 izingqimba kufanele kube "umgodi" ngamunye. Fig. 1 bazisa okungenzeka nakakhulu isikhundla "2" molecule "3" - molecule ngokusebenzisa ungqimba. Mpilo "2" itholakala ungqimba sesithathu, i-molecule ye "3" - ungqimba lesihlanu engqamuzaneni "1" - ungqimba wokuqala. Kulokhu, i-molecule "2" ngemva Iyakhipha, i-molecule oluyingozi "1" ukushayisana - izimpukane ngokusebenzisa igebe phakathi amangqamuzana eliseduze phansi ungqimba lesine kuya kwesinye, yesihlanu, ungqimba yamangqamuzana - futhi lwanele ukunciphisa ibanga eduze zero velocity lokushisa. "1" ahwamukayo-molecule. unciphisa ijubane ukuze cishe zero ngokwayo, isikhathi sokwehlisa ijubane ukuze cishe zero-molecule "2". Lena - umcimbi kungenzeka kakhulu.

5. ekuhambeni "isandla" Ngo isayensi, nakho futhi imfundiso. Mina ungangabazi ukuthi, "Gibbs amandla", okulinganiselwa igebe izibopho atomic yamangqamuzana - ibonisa ngokunembile izenzakalo zangempela. Kodwa uma ngakwazi ukuzitshela umqondo wakhe onguchwepheshe physics yamangqamuzana (wehlisa phansi ngemva mpikiswano yethu, nakuba ayengazi kuze kufinyelele ekuqaleni, kodwa kahle ngezansi isilinganiso) - ngakho, ngemcondvo, Ukupholisa ngomoya ahwamukayo uketshezi unobuthaka futhi izikhala. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amabutho nokuxhumana yamangqamuzana - short-range nokusheshisa futhi deceleration - wesikhathi esifishane. Bakhulile, Abanakwa usebenzisa ukubala ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha-molecule. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngoba molecule ngaphakathi ketshezi. Kodwa le ndlela kuye kwaholela amaphutha ekuhloleni ukuziphatha molecule ayahwamuka.

6. umqondo wami yokuqeda lokhu igebe. Mhlawumbe Ukukuqonda kahle izimbangela lwaluyophola uketshezi ahwamukayo kuzovula ensimini entsha umsebenzi nabasunguli amafriji iyashelela, umoya isimo futhi ephathekayo. m. p.

7. ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi zokufunda weza eduze kakhudlwana. Kwakukhona enye version olusemthethweni, nakho konke okukuwo liyalingana umbono wesayensi olusemthethweni.

8. Nasi isifundo 1976, Ibanga 9, page 68:. "Uma izinga lokushisa komzimba njalo, uketshezi liphenduka umusi akusho ukwandisa energy kinetic yezinhlayiya, kodwa kuhambisana ukwanda amandla ezingase zizibangele. Phela, ibanga isilinganiso phakathi molecule igesi kaningi obukhulu kunobukaJohane phakathi molecule ketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda aphuma into ewuketshezi esimweni gaseous,

9.

10. Izimfuno ukwenza umsebenzi nendikimba yokucindezelwa zangaphandle. Lapha, isiqondiso lwanamuhla luboniswa wokubalisisa: "Inani ukushisa oludingekayo ukuze ukuguqulelwa lokushisa njalo 1 kg. uketshezi umusi, okukhulunywe ukushisa njengoba ezithile vaporization. " Ngokusobala, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibanzi zangaphandle ukushisa imithombo ubukhulu amandla sigameko (futhi - lokushisa) kuzo zonke kilogram of ukuhwamuka okusamanzi.

11. Kodwa ayicacisiwe kuphi okwami - hhayi ezingavamile, kodwa kukho kungenzeka kakhulu: i-molecule iyasha, ijubane layo uma igijima futhi ijubane ketshezi ezisele engqamuzaneni cishe usule, lo amandla bezikhali ekusebenzelaneni kwabo wanyamalala. Lapho okwakwenzeke ngayo kulo amandla? Lo mbuzo interlocutor yami hhayi kuphela hhayi kangaka yakhe njengoba - konke ezahamba ngayo iphuzu lami kungenzeka umbono physics. Amandla excitation ye-athomu, e-emisebeni kagesi ingahambi? Leli bhukulwazi physics, lapho ngilungiselela ukungena Polytechnic Institute (iziqu ngo-1983), zaveza isikimu efanayo futhi banikezwe incazelo efanayo engalinika muva onguchwepheshe. Kodwa ngo ebhukwinitifundvo yami esikoleni wachaza ngokuningiliziwe futhi isikimu kuyiwa:. P 84. Kule incazelo kubonakala sengathi amandla ukuxhumana phakathi molecule umusi kungenziwa indiva, ngoba kwabantu bayo ezimweni ezijwayelekile incane izikhathi eziningi ngaphandle kwabantu ketshezi. "Kwelinye molecule ebusweni ketshezi ayisukumele ingxenye 2 engqamuzaneni kanye amandla okunyanyekayo osikweni Luhambo elele amangqamuzana ukujula 3,4,5, IT d. 2-molecule e-amandla adonsela phansi abangelwa amangqamuzana ungephansi kwemandla ukujula 4, 5, 6, futhi. t. d., futhi ibutho okunyanyekayo kusukela engqamuzaneni 3. Kodwa, ngaphezu, izenzo ngisho imhlwithe engqamuzaneni umuzwa wokwenyanya 1. Ngenxa yalokho, ibanga phakathi molecule 1 u2 isilinganiso mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ibanga phakathi molecule 2 no-3 (i-molecule 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, njll -... amanga umugqa perpendicular ebusweni ketshezi, futhi izinombolo - njengoba ku-Figure 1 -. ikhula ezijulile). A ibanga 2 - 3 phezu ibanga 3 futhi -4. t. d. kuze kuze akukho kuthinte-molecule ziyezwana kwamanzi. " Lobu bufakazi enemininingwane obukholisayo eyatholakala ukuthi ibanga phakathi eyodwa molecule elingenhla "ungqimba" futhi 2-molecule ngaphansi kwaso - Fig. 1 -more Cishe. Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu kunalokho okudingwa inkonzo ukuze braking-molecule 2 ka Fig. 1 - zero. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - ke dom40 kV. 17.