KumiswaIndaba

Amadodana uGenghis Khan. Batu Khan - indodana ka uGenghis Khan

UGenghis Khan kwaba umsunguli futhi UKhan Omkhulu of the Empire, amaMongol. Wahlanganisa izizwe nihlakazeke, ahlela imikhankaso yokulwa wezempi e Central Asia, eMpumalanga Yurophu, eCaucasus and China. igama Ofanele umbusi - uTemüjin. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, izindlalifa babe ngabantwana uGenghis Khan. Bona ezinwetshiwe insimu yasesiFundeni. Kuvele umnikelo nakakhulu iyunithi indawo wenza umzukulu kaKesari - Batu - umnikazi we-Golden zidlamlilo.

umbusi ubuntu

Yonke imithombo, okungase libhekene uGenghis Khan, zadalwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo "Imfihlo Umlando". Kulezi imithombo incazelo samanje kanye nokuvela umbusi. Wayemude, uMthethosisekelo eziqinile, ebunzini ezibanzi intshebe ende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ochazwe ubuntu bakhe. Khan zazivela abantu, cishe Akaphindanga nezikhungo zolimi kanye nesimo ebhaliwe. Ngakho, umbusi Mongol ayinazo imfundo. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekubeni umkhuzi abanamakhono. amakhono yenhlangano kuhlanganiswe ngayo poise nangentando okungenakudanjiswa. UGenghis Khan kwaba friendly nokuphana kuze kube sezingeni lokuba kwakudingekile ukulondoloza uthando ayebambisene. Yena wathuthukisa nezinjabulo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Asiqaphelanga ukweqisa engakwazanga kuhlanganiswe umsebenzi wakhe njengomprofethi nomholi wezempi futhi umbusi. Njengoba izimbangela, Khan wahlala ukuguga, esaziwa amakhono abo engqondo ukuze afike ekugcineni.

izindlalifa

Phakathi yokuphila umbusi neminyaka yokugcina ukhathazekile ngekusasa lombuso wakhe. amanye amadodana ka uGenghis Khan kuphela ayenelungelo ukuba angene esikhundleni sakhe. Esikhathini umbusi waba nezingane eziningi, bonke kubhekwe isemthethweni. Kodwa amadodana akhe Borte unkosikazi ezine kuphela sibe izindlalifa. Lezi zingane ziyizisulu sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi izici uhlamvu nokuthambekela. KwaRubhen amazibulo uGenghis Khan wazalwa nje ngemva kokubuya kwakhe Borte Merkit ekuthunjweni. isithunzi sakhe njalo bawaxosha umfana. ngezilimi Ububi ngisho indodana uGenghis Khan, ogama lakhe lesibili kamuva ngeke yehle emlandweni umbuso Mongol, obala babembiza ngo "Merkit Geek". Umama njalo avikelwe ingane. Kulokhu, uGenghis Khan yena njalo neyaziwayo yena ukuba abe yindodana yakhe. Noma kunjalo, umfana njalo osolwa ngokuthumba illegitimacy. Uma Jagatai (indodana Chingizkhana owalandela wesibili) ivulekile khona umzalwane Wayesebiza uyise. Ingxabano cishe kwakukhula kuze kube ubhekene nempi yangempela.

Jochi

INdodana uGenghis Khan, abazalwa ngemva Merkit ekuthunjweni, has ezinye izici. Bona, ngokukhethekile, ebonakaliswa ukuziphatha kwakhe. amaphethini eqhubekela phambili iye yabonakala kulo, wehlukile uyise. Ngokwesibonelo, uGenghis Khan akazange aqaphele into ezifana isihe izitha. Wayengase ushiye kuphela izingane ziphila abasebasha ababezimisele kamuva usebenzisa Oelun (unina), kanye Bagaturov angamaqhawe ezathatha yisakhamuzi-Mongolian. Jochi, kunalokho, libhekene umusa futhi esintwini. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi livinjezelwe Gurganj Khorezmians ukuthi ngokuphelele uphelé yimpi, sacelwa ukuba athathe umaluju zabo, onga them akusali. Jochi wakhuluma ekusekeleni kubo, kodwa Khan liye categorically wamlahla isiphakamiso esinjalo. Ngenxa yalokho ukuvinjezelwa okwathatha edolobheni ikampu kancane ukusika, futhi kwana amanzi Amu Darya.

ukufa kabuhlungu

Ngokungaqondi ayimisa phakathi ubaba nendodana, njalo ikhuthazwa behleba futhi acebe izingobe lezihlobo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukungqubuzana lujule futhi kwaholela ukuvela ukuzethemba esimeme umbusi kwendlalifa yakhe yokuqala. Khan aqala ukusola ukuthi Jochi ofuna ukuba lidumile izizwe yanqoba ukuze kamuva behlukanisiwe Mongolia. Izazi-mlando bayangabaza ukuthi ukuthi ngempela indlalifa esasifuna. Noma kunjalo, ekuqaleni 1227 nge emgogodleni ephukile Jochi eshonile ehlane, lapho ezingelwa. Yiqiniso, uyise wayengekho kuphela umuntu ingazuza kokufa yindlalifa futhi obani ababenomthwalo amathuba ukuphula ukuphila kwakhe.

Indodana yesibili uGenghis Khan

Igama indlalifa wayaziwa emibuthanweni eduze amaMongol sobukhosi. Ngokungafani umfowabo ufile, besihambisana nesiminyaminya okukhulu, mphathi ngisho nesihluku ezithile. Lezi zici kanye nomthelela yokuthi Chagatai waqokwa "umqaphi Yasa." Lesi sikhundla efanayo kokuthunyelwe kwe-Chief Justice noma Attorney General. Chagatai njalo kulandelwe ngokucophelela umthetho, wayengumuntu abangenasihe ngokumelene mthetho.

Indlalifa wesithathu

Bambalwa ukwazi indlela igama indodana uGenghis Khan, owayenguyise inselele eduze nesihlalo sobukhosi. Kwakumelwe Ogedei. I wokuqala nowesithathu yamadodana zikaGenghis Khan zazinjengethusi izinhlamvu. Ogedei futhi libhekene ukubekezelelana umusa kubantu. Nokho, isici walo wawenziwe ugqozi for ezizingela ehlane nokuphuza nabangane. Ngolunye usuku, esehambile for uhambo ngokuhlanganyela, Chagatai futhi Ogedei wabona abangamaSulumane igeziwe emanzini. Ngokusho isiko lenkolo, njalo ethembekile kufanele izikhathi eziningana phakathi nosuku ukuze athandaze okugeza isiko. Kodwa lezi zenzo kungavunyelwa Mongol ngokwezifiso. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze akuvumelekile lapho babezihlambulula leze kulo lonke ehlobo. AmaMongol acabanga ukuthi egeza echibini noma umfula liduma, okuyinto iyingozi kakhulu abavakashi ogwadule. Ngakho-ke, lezi zenzo sezibhekwa njengosongo ekuphileni ngabo. Zamasosha (nuhury) isigelekeqe esinonya futhi elalela umthetho Muslim Chagatai yambamba. Ogedei, okusikisela ukuthi lowo okonile uzolahlekelwa ikhanda, wathumela indoda yakhe kuye. Isithunywa ayezokusho Muslim ukuthi kusolakala yajikijela igolide emanzini futhi wabheka khona (ukuze bahlale bephila). Lowo okonile futhi Chagatai wathi. Lokhu kwalandelwa umyalo nuhuram athole uhlamvu emanzini. Druzhinnik Ugadei waphonsa igolide emanzini. Uhlamvu lwemali itholakele futhi wabuyela Muslim njengoba "esisemthethweni" kumniniyo. Ogedei kokuhlukana wangisiza, wakhipha nedlanzana zegolide ekhukhwini lakhe alunikeza kumuntu. Nokho, uNowa waxwayisa amaSulumane ukuthi uma esikhathini esizayo ngeke lehle yini ngohlamvu lwemali emanzini, awuzange ngifuna ke, musa aphule umthetho.

owalandela wesine

Uthunjana uGenghis Khan, njengoba kufakazelwa imithombo Chinese, yazalwa ngo-1193. Ngalesi sikhathi, uyise wayeboshiwe Jurchen. Lahlala lapho baze 1197. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukopela Borte kwabonakala. Nokho, uGenghis Khan neyaziwayo indodana yakhe Tolui. Kulokhu, ngokusobala ingane kwadingeka ukubukeka ngempela-Mongolian. Esewonke amadodana uGenghis Khan has izici zayo siqu. Kodwa Tolui imvelo waklonyeliswa amathalenta eliphakeme. Wayelethwa zihlukaniswa eliphakeme ubuhle zokuziphatha, sinamakhono umhleli futhi umholi okungavamile. Tolui eyaziwa ngokuthi indoda enothando futhi indoda elunge. Washada indodakazi oshonile Wang Khan (ikhanda Kerait). Yena, waba umKristu. Tolui ayikwazanga ukwamukela inkolo ngumkayo. Njengoba uGenghis Khan, kumelwe abathi ukholo wawoyise - Bon. Umkakhe Tolui hhayi kuphela avunyelwe ukuthumela wonke imicikilisho olufanelekayo lobuKristu esikhathini "isonto" qhugwane, kodwa futhi ukuthatha izindela nabapristi baphathe. Ukufa owalandela wesine uGenghis Khan ngaphandle ihaba ubizwe nobuqhawe. Ukuze asindise Ugadei ogulayo, Tolui ngokuzithandela wathatha Potion shaman eqinile. Ngakho, kokukhipha isifo esivela kumfowabo, wadinga ukudweba wakhe kuye.

izindlalifa Board

Esewonke amadodana uGenghis Khan wayenalo ilungelo lokubusa i-mbuso. Ngemva ekuqedeni ubhuti kwesokunxele abazolandela ezintathu. Ngemva kokushona kukayise kuze kufike amakhetho entsha Khan ulus ephethwe Tolui. Ngo-1229 baba nomhlangano Kurultai. Kube likhethwe ngokwentando kombusi, umbusi omusha. Zaba Ogedei ukubekezela esithambile. Lokhu engilandelayo njengendlalifa kwathiwa ngenhla, umusa ezahlukene. Nokho, le mfanelo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze kusizakale umbusi. Phakathi ukuhola kwakhe we Khanate ulus buthaka kakhulu. Administration kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngezithukuthuku okukhulu Chagatai namakhono akhe kwezokubuyisana ngokusebenzisa Tula. I Ogedei kakhulu efanayo esikhundleni nezindaba zomphakathi, ayethanda azulazule Western Mongolia, ukuzingela amadili.

abazukulu

Bafika ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene izikhundla ulus noma obalulekile. Koonyana bakaRubhen, owamazibulo Jochi - zidlamlilo-Yicheng, waya White zidlamlilo. Le ndawo itholakala phakathi bulala kanye Irtysh Tarbagatay (Semipalatinsk namuhla). Okulandelayo kwaba Batu. indodana zikaGenghis Khan wamshiya ifa Golden zidlamlilo. Sheibani (owalandela wesithathu) wathembela sinyaya Orda. ababusi Ulus zanikezelwa njengoba abayizinkulungwane 1-2. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inani ibutho-Mongolian ke safinyelela ayizinkulungwane 130. Abantu.

Batu

Ngokusho kwemithombo isiRashiya, ke njengoba yaziwa Batu Khan. INdodana uGenghis Khan, owashona ngo-1227, iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba wangena kwelifa loonyana Kipchak asemaqeleni, ingxenye eCaucasus, Russia nase-eCrimea, kanye Khorezm. Indlalifa kumbusi wafa, ngokuba ingxenye kuphela yemali ababeyitholile Khorezm futhi emaqeleni Asian. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 1236-1243. It isingathwe umkhankaso pan-Mongol ngokumelene West. Kwakuthinta eliholwa Batu. INdodana uGenghis Khan wanika kwendlalifa yakhe ezinye izici uhlamvu. Imithombo abababalayo ngelika Sain Khan. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, kusho "nabanomusa". Inkosi yathi le isidlaliso Batu. INdodana uGenghis Khan wafa, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, kokuba ingxenye encane nje kuphela yefa lakhe. . Ngenxa yalokho, ngosuku lomkhankaso uzibophezele e 1236-1243-yalolucwaningo, bathuthela Mongolia: engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye asemaqeleni Polovtsian, North-Caucasus kanye iVolga zizwe, iVolga Bulgaria. Izikhathi eziningana ngaphansi kokuqondisa amabutho Batu ehlaselwa Russia. Emikhankasweni yabo amaMongol ibutho safinyelela eYurophu ephakathi. NoFrederick II, ngaleso sikhathi owayese kumbusi waseRoma, wazama ukuhlela ukumelana. Lapho Baty waqala ukuba zitshele Ngokulalela kwakhe, waphendula ngokuthi kungaba Falconer khan. Ukushayisana, Kodwa akuzange kwenzeke phakathi kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Ngemva kwesikhathi bazinza Batu uSarayi-Batu, loMfula i-iVolga. Uhambo ENtshonalanga akuseyona uzibophezele.

eqinisa ulus

Ngo 1243 Batu wafunda Ugadei ukufa. Ibutho lakhe iyiswe Lower iVolga. Nangu isikhungo entsha Jochi Ulus yasungulwa. Kagan Giiyuk (omunye Ugadei izindlalifa) wakhethwa ukuba Kurultai 1246. Yena wayengumbulali isitha ezingomakadebona Batu. Ngo 1248 Giiyuk wafa, futhi 1251 wakhethwa umbusi Munch wesine abaqotho, ekhankasela aseYurophu ngohlobo 1246 by 1243 ukusekela entsha Khan Batu wathumela Berke (umfowabo) nebutho lakhe.

Ubudlelwano nezikhulu Rus '

Ngo 1243-1246 GG. bonke ababusi Russian wathatha ukuncika of the Empire, amaMongol futhi Golden zidlamlilo. UJaroslav Vsevolod (Prince Vladimir) ubelokhu eqashelwa njengoba endala eRussia. Waba busted e 1240 by amaMongol Kiev. Ngo 1246 Batu Yaroslav posted on Kurultai e Karakorum njengoba umeleli ogunyaziwe. Kukhona isikhulu Russian anobuthi abasekeli Guyuk. Mihail Chernigovsky wabulawa Golden zidlamlilo lokuthi wenqaba ukuya etendeni Khan phakathi imililo emibili. AmaMongol nakubheka njengento kokuba ngenhloso embi. Alexander saseNevsky no-Andreya - amadodana Yaroslav - aya zidlamlilo. Fika lapho Karakorum, lokuqala Novgorod futhi Kiev, kanti owesibili - the uVladimir ubukhulu. Andrew, kunesilingo esizama ukumelana amaMongol, wangena umfelandawonye esiqine ngenkathi isikhulu eningizimu yeRussia - Galicia. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba kube nomkhankaso ingajezisa ka namaMongol 1252, amabutho we zidlamlilo eholwa Nevryuya iwine Yaroslav no-Andreya. Batu wamnikela yesinqamuleli uVladimir Alexandrov. Daniil Galitsky yakha ubuhlobo bayo ne Batu ngendlela ethé ukuhluka kancane. Wamxosha zidlamlilo Baskakov avela emizini yawo. Ngo 1254, wanqoba impi eholwa Kuremsy.

Karokorumskie icala

Ngemuva kokhetho 1246 Guyuk uKhan Omkhulu kwaba ukuhlukana kuka inzalo ka Chagatai futhi Ugadei nezindlalifa amanye amadodana akhe amabili ka uGenghis Khan. Giiyuk waqhubeka nomkhankaso ngokumelene Batu. Nokho, ngo-1248, ngesikhathi lapho ibutho lakhe bazinza Transoxiana, wafa ngokuzumayo. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, yena wadliswa ushevu abasekeli Munch futhi Batu. Okokuqala kamuva waba umbusi omusha wase-amaMongol ulus. Ngo 1251 Batu Khan wathumela ibutho eholwa Burundai ngaphansi Ortar ukusiza Munch.

inzalo

Batu abazolandela kwakuyilawa: Sartak, Toucan, futhi Ulaghchi Abukan. Esokuqala kwaba umlandeli lwenkolo yobuKristu. Sartak indodakazi washada Gleb Vasilkovich nomntanami saba ngomfazi umzukulu Batu St Theodore Black. Kulezi imishado bezalwa futhi Beloziorskiy Yaroslavskie ababusi (ngokulandelana).

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