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Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: Biography

Bright ukuphila esifushane S. I. Muraveva-Apostol kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ezenzakalweni eziyingqopha-mlando eRussia ekuqaleni kwawo-XIX leminyaka. ULeo Tolstoy, ongahambisani imiqondo Decembrists, walibiza ngokuthi omunye the best abantu hhayi kuphela ukuthi kodwa wonke amanye isikhathi. A ozalweni Emkhayeni lasendulo, uyisihlobo edumile Ukrainian Hetman Danylo Apostol, uSergei, ngubani uphokophele uhlu Decembrists, waba Republican okuqina futhi Umphikisi asebenzayo of serfdom.

Ebuntwaneni Muraviev-Apostol

Septhemba 28, 1796 ingane yesine wazalelwa emkhayeni isikhulu sikahulumeni Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-Apostol, okuthiwa Sergei. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, Vinogradov wathunyelwa uMbusi uPawulu mina isithunywa bona Hamburg, lapho waya nomkhaya wakhe. Ngemva kokubuyela e 1801 eRussia, ngokushesha Vinogradov kuhanjiswe ku Madrid ebhizinisini. Ngaphansi ingcindezi waqala ukubusa ngo-France, Napoleona Rossiyskaya umsebenzi ukhishiwe Spain. Ukushiya umndeni wakhe e-Paris, Vinogradov ebuyela eRussia futhi wathola incwadi yakhe yokusula emsebenzini. Sergey Ezemfundo iqala ehostela Hicks 'lapho ngokushesha waqaphela glibness kanye nokusebenza kakhulu e ngezihloko zezemfundo.

Amazing

Ngenkathi izingane zisakhula phesheya futhi ukukhuluma isiFulentshi, ngaphansi kwethonya unina, babenesifiso sizibona ubuzwe uthando eRussia. Nokho, lapho 1809 umndeni wabuyela Petersburg nangenjabulo izingane zayiyisa, Anna Semyonovna, umama wabo ngokushesha waxwayisa ngokuthi Russia iyizwe yezigqila, ebhekisela serfdom. amakhono Brilliant zezibalo Sergei umvumele e 1810 kalula faka College elalisanda kumiswa sesitimela Onjiniyela.

Ukuhlanganyela Impi Ye-1812

Ngemva kokuhlasela sikaNapoleon neRussia, umfundi wathunyelwa ukukhonza ekomkhulu yempi, elaliholwa Kutuzov. Ngo-June 1812, uSergey oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala wathola umbhapathizo umlilo empini Vitebsk, bese kuthi uLieutenant abasha ezimpini Battle of Borodino. Induna yempi M. I. Kutuzov bezama ukumgcina kwakhe endlunkulu, kodwa okwamanje ezibucayi isikhulu abasha njengengxenye inkampani Kwamabhomu ngaphansi umlilo esindayo French eyakhelwe wasivikela ekuqiniseni uhlelo redoubts.

Tarutino impi

Ukubaluleka kwe-Tarutino impi, into futhi amaphuzu a uLieutenant yesibili, oye azifinyelelanga kweminyaka eyi-16, akuzange kuphela Imiphumela yimpumelelo kufezekiswe okokuqala, kodwa futhi ekukhuliseni umoya amabutho Russian. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi impi ye tarutino impumelelo yayo ngo-Okthoba 1812 ophoqelelwe Napoleon ukunquma ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni eMoscow matasa kuwo. Ke kwabakho abanolaka impi ka Maloyaroslavets, okwaholela yokuthi Napoleon wenqaba ukuqhubekela phambili ku Kaluga, amabutho eyinhloko yempi Russian waqala ukuphishekela ayesebuyela amasosha French. Ngemva nozakwethu Maloyaroslavets kusukela inombolo wathumela esikoleni empini babuyela Petersburg iqhubeke nesifundo sayo, kodwa Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol Sergey Ivanovich banquma ukuhlala e-ibutho. Ukuhlanganyela Muraviev-Apostol ezimpini ngokwengeziwe ukukhululwa kuka wobaba ngu ayehlasela French laligujwa yokunikeza inkemba segolide nemikhulu nokwabela elisezingeni uLieutenant. Ngemva ukuxoshwa Napoleon abavela eRussia, yena yanikezelwa Order of St Anne III-th degree.

umkhankaso angaphandle

Efuna iqhaza emkhankasweni kwezilwandle, isikhulu oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, wenza ukuqokwa e nebutho Chasseurs. Ngoba icala ngaphansi Lutzen (eJalimane) Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, ogama biography kwakunzima kakhulu, waklonyeliswa Order of St uVladimir 4 tbsp. ngomnsalo. Kusukela 1814, iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele Rajewski, yena ezimpini eziningi, futhi ngemva kwempi eziseduze nase-Paris, induna abasha uthola i the Order of Anna 2 nd degree. In Paris, uhlangana up umfowabo omdala nakuMathewu, ndawonye Mashi 2014, babuyela e-Russia, lapho bebehlala khona: elinde uyise nomfowabo ezingu-Hippolyte.

Inhlangano imiphakathi yokuqala imfihlo

Lo mbhikisho ngazwi linye ngokuthi abantu Russian ngokumelene ayehlasela angaphandle 1812 wabonisa amandla umoya abantu abavamile, kuhlanganise enqabeni. Ngemva umkhankaso ekhazimulayo samasosha lapho Russia yakhululwa Europe ejokeni uNapoleon, ukukhanyiselwa ingxenye yezikhulu eziphambili Russian wayelindele ukukhululwa kuka abantu yezwe lenkaba yawo kulo ijogwe autocracy. Ngokusho S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, ukukhululwa kuka Russia ejokeni bebodwa kuzoholela yokukhululwa umhlaba wonke, uzokhuthaza intuthuko nokuchuma yezwe.

Isifiso sokusiza abantu ukuzikhulula kobugqila oya emakhosini azo, ukuphula enhluphekweni ungenathemba futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ugweme impinda ezethusayo "Pugachev" siye sabangela abameleli okuhamba phambili ekilasini nelungelo isidingo hlanganani. Eshumini yokuqala yekhulu XIX ezicebile. jikelele emiphakathini ahlukahlukene imfihlo, kuhlanganise izindawo zokulala Masonic, ngawo nezicukuthwane ongafeza benganelisekile ngokomoya ngemva ukusebenza nemicimbi yomhlaba. Enye yalezi zinkampani, okuyinto badalwa 1815, kwaba "izikhulu Artel Semenov ibutho", ihlelwe uN M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, ngubani emuva kokubuya umkhankaso angaphandle wadluliswa ukukhonza kule Semenov ibutho, waba nomfowabo Mathewu ilungu wokubambisana. Okuphokophelwe yi-umphakathi ehlanganisa abantu 15-20 babe esingachaziwe futhi ungaqondakali. Maduze nje, emhlabeni oda koMbusi igenge yahlakazeka, kodwa amalungu awo aqhubeka umhlangano, futhi ingase ibhekwe njengezwe isisekelo ukuqhubeka ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso.

"Union Lakho Lensindiso '

Inhlangano wokuqala oyimfihlo izikhulu ( "Union Lakho Lensindiso '), yasungulwa ngo-1816 e-endlini yabafowabo Mouravieff-Apostol, nayo abangu-Prince Troubetzkoy, Aleksandru Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Inhlangano sezikhonzi abasha, kamuva eyethiwa ngokuthi u ngo-1817 ngemva ukwamukelwa of amalungu ayo kule Pestelya P. I. "Inkampani amadodana weqiniso noqotho we lawobaba", njengoba eseneminyaka, wahlala IN NUMBER (30), kodwa izinhloso ngaphezulu ecacile neqondile. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we umphakathi kwaba umzabalazo yokukhululwa abalimi esuka serfdom nokuqedwa autocracy, okuyinto livikeleke sisekelo inkampani. Emzamweni ukunweba usithonye kabanzi, ukuthatha hhayi kuphela kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa futhi abasesigabeni esiphakathi, abathengisi, abefundisi nabantu abavamile khulula emphakathini.

umphakathi abagadiwe okuthiwa Umsuka ibhodi, ezazihlanganisa Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Kanye ukukhula wokunganeliseki mass ngaphakathi ezweni kanye nokuqiniswa Europe-wide isimo wamavukelambuso ku "Union of Welfare," nethonya juqu ngaphezulu yazuza Abasekeli ukuhlaselwa amasosha autocracy kanye kusungulwe indlela republic. Ukuthi lolusuku le ndlela kuqinisekiswa isenzo sebengavela 1820 isosha kulinda Semenov ibutho. Ngemva nokucindezela abahluphayo Semenov ibutho yahlakazeka Nezintuthwane-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich wayiswa elisezingeni sombutho ku Chernigov Infantry Regiment. Umkhankaso ngo January 1821, Congress Umsuka umkhandlu "Union of Welfare," kumemezela kuqedwa umphakathi. Nokho, kwakungasalanga empeleni eyenziwa ukuvalwa kabusha of "Union", okwaphumela inhlangano izinkampani ezimbili ukulumathisa izenzo ngokuhlanganyela.

"Southern Society"

Inhlangano imfihlo e-Ukraine omula kuqala dalo we okwakukhona amalungu omkhandlu Tulchin 'Welfare Union ", yabizwa ngokuthi" Wik Society ". Kwakuthinta eliholwa P. I. Pestel, inhloko yabangamashumi Vasilievskaya umkhandlu Elikhulu kunawo wonke kwakuyiSonto Sergei Muraviev-Apostol (Decembrist). imigomo Uhlelo kanye nezinhloso ze-inkampani, okuyinto ngo-1825 bajoyine "Society of United lwamaSlav", kubekwe kulo "Iqiniso Russian" ubuqambi pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

imigomo Siwumphakathi uvumelane umsebenzi "Union of Welfare," kodwa ucelwa ukuba wenze okwengeziwe esiwujuqu, lokubulala inkosi ukuba decapitate iqembu monarchical. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Ngakho Pestel babekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kubhikisha kumele kwentiwe enhlokodolobha futhi elungiselela kahle no-Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, le Decembrists futhi baphokophelele isinyathelo ngokushesha nge amabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-izikhulu - Amalungu 'Wik Society ".

Lo mbhikisho we Chernigov Regiment

Ngemva ukwehluleka kwenkulumo amasosha iSigele Square (Saint Petersburg), ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1815 ku Chernigov Regiment, kumi esifundazweni Kiev, uqale amasosha isiphithiphithi. Isizathu sokuba kwavukelwa ukuboshwa uLieutenant Colonel S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, okwadingeka umkhuzi mathupha ibutho, ngemuva kokuthola izindaba kwavukelwa Petersburg. Ngakusasa, lezi zihlubuki wathatha Vasilkov, bese Motovilovka. Ngo Motovilovka ngaphambili komugqa ukuthi ukufunda isimemezelo amavukelambuso ( "Orthodox Catechism"), okuyinto yakhiwa Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol futhi Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chernigov Regiment waqala ukuthuthela Petersburg abanethemba ukuthi isekelwa amanye amayunithi lempi. Nokho, lawo mathemba bekunganasisekelo, nangaphansi White iBandla, ibutho esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe lamabutho ka hussars futhi Gunners. Januwari 3, 1826, anqotshwa amasosha kahulumeni ayengaphandle. nomfowabo omncane Sergei Ivanovich, uHippolytus, engasafuni ukuba athunjwa, shot, yena, kabi, lathunjwa. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka uphenyo, waziphatha ngesibindi futhi nobly, ezama ukuvikela ozakwabo zakhe futhi ukuphetha ngokugcwele wonke icala.

ukunyakaza Decembrist eRussia

ukunyakaza Decembrists 'eRussia lezwakala ekhethekile ukuthi musa bathembele stratum ethile yomphakathi,, kwenzekani ingozi ebulalayo ukuze kukhululwe abantu, hhayi embuka ukwesekwa. Isimo interregnum ngemva kokufa okuzumayo Alexander ngivumelekile ukuletha Guards regiments Decembrists ku iSigele Square ukuze ukuphoqa iSigele ukumemezela lapho kubhujiswa lesi autocracy, nokuqedwa serfdom nokumiswa nenkululeko yezombusazwe.

Ukuba manqikanqika nezenzo uncoordinated we bakhi kwaholela kwavukelwa we Decembrists (1825) wahlulwa. High eNkantolo Yamacala Obugebengu amiselwe ecaleni amalungu mutiny lempi, balahlwa yicala ngo-maqondana abantu 121. Ngokuhambisana degree of icala bonke abangena uhlu Decembrists, ahlukana zaba izigaba 11. Isigaba sokuqala, ukuhlinzeka isigwebo sentambo kuqala bese indawo esiphakade ukufukuziswa abantu 31 batholwe benecala. Abantu abahlanu wayeziqaphela IKhomishane Yophenyo is esithweni bagwetshwa alengiswe, kuhlanganise Nezintuthwane-Ubuhlobo Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. Ngo-July 1826 lesi sigwebo kwenziwe.

Indlu Muraviev-Apostol

Manor Mouravieff-Apostol eMoscow sise Old Baseina Street. Ngemva Decembrists (1825) kwakukhona nokwambuka, indlu wadayiswa. Ukuze abhebhezela inkumbulo Abavukeli wokuqala Russian namanje wacabanga Lunacharsky, owayehamba ukuvula endlini-Museum of the izindlu we Decembrists. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa leli cebo kuphela ngo-1986, kodwa eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva wavalwa ngenxa izakhiwo ezilimele. Umeme ngo-1991 by the inzalo Mouravieff-Apostol sincumo ukubuyiselwa ukwakhiwa umzamo umndeni. Ngemva cishe eyishumi yokusebenza kanzima Manor main endlini iye kuyilungisa yaqashiswa kuya Decembrists Museum. Okwamanje, kukhona njalo elibamba nemibukiso kanye nokuvakashela izindawo.

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