Amaphrotheni-enzyme: indima sezindawo, umsebenzi amaprotheni enzyme emzimbeni

Kuwo wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo kukhona iqoqo zamakhemikhali. Enzyme (enzyme) - amaprotheni ne imisebenzi ethize kanye kubaluleke kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi biocatalysts. The main umsebenzi enzyme emzimbeni kuyinto ukusheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Izinto ukuqala, okuyinto catalyzed yi ukuxhumana la mangqamuzana abizwa ngokuthi substrates, futhi enkompolo yokugcina - imikhiqizo.

Emvelweni, ama-enzyme ngamaphrotheni ukusebenza kuphela eziphilayo izinhlelo. Kodwa ngo-biotechnology yesimanje, emitholampilo ukuhlola, pharmaceutics nemithi esetshenziswa enzyme ukuhlanzwa noma izakhiwo zabo, kanye izingxenye ezengeziwe kudingeka ukusebenza kohlelo kanye nedatha ukubona ngeso ngoba umcwaningi.

Ukubaluleka begazi futhi izakhiwo enzyme

Ngaphandle la mangqamuzana ophilayo umzimba ayikwazanga ukusebenza. Zonke izinqubo zokuphila abasebenza ngokuvumelanayo sibonga enzyme. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni enzyme emzimbeni - ukulawulwa umzimba. Ngaphandle kwawo, ngeke kube umzimba evamile. WokuLawula umsebenzi zishintshe senzeka bedle activators (inducers) noma inhibitor. Control usebenza emazingeni ehlukene wamaprotheni zamagama. Wabuye "isebenza" maqondana-molecule isiqedile.

I izakhiwo oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni enzyme - ngokucacile kumuntu substrate ethile. Futhi, ngokufanele, ikhono catalyze kuphela noma ngaphansi uchungechunge ukusabela. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinqubo emuva. Ukuze ukusebenza kokubili imisebenzi obhekene omunye enzyme. Kodwa akugcini lapho.

Indima enzyme kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwawo, akukho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali zenzeke. Ngu isenzo enzyme, reagents kungenzeka ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba kusebenze isithiyo ngaphandle izindleko ezinkulu zamandla. Emzimbeni, akukho kungenzeka ukufudumeza lokushisa phezu 100 ° C, noma ukusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali nolaka like lab. Amaphrotheni-enzyme sibopha ukuthi substrate. In the state eboshiwe beshintsha, kulandele ukukhululwa kwe yokugcina. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yonke yelikhono asetshenziswa zamagama zamakhemikhali.

Yini amazinga yenhlangano amaprotheni-molecule-enzyme?

Ngokuvamile, la mangqamuzana abe ephakeme (globule) noma quaternary (globules eziningana oxhumene) amaprotheni isakhiwo. Okokuqala, basuke kwemiqondo ngendlela eqondile. Bese Songa ku isakhiwo oyifunayo. Ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi biocatalyst kudinga isakhiwo ethile.

Enzyme kanye nezinye kwamaprotheni libhujiswa Ukushisa, amagugu okwedlulele pH, nolaka chemical compounds.

izakhiwo engeziwe enzyme

Phakathi lezi zici zingxenye ezilandelayo:

1. Stereospecificity - kumiswa umkhiqizo owodwa kuphela.
2. Regioselectivity - baphule isibopho zamakhemikhali noma iqembu ukuguqulwa endawni eyodwa kuphela.
3. Chemoselectivity - catalysis yokusabela eyodwa kuphela.

ukusebenza ikakhulukazi

Izinga ngokucacile enzyme kuyahlukahluka. Nokho, noma yimuphi enzyme ihlala isebenza substrate esithile noma iqembu compounds ezifanayo isakhiwo. yelikhono Non-proteinaceous musa abonise lokhu impahla. Ngokucacile kulinganiswa njalo esibophezelayo (Mol / l), okungaba abafika kwabangu-10 ^-10 Mol / l. Sebenza asebenzayo enzyme lejubane. Omunye-molecule catalyzes nayizinkulungwane-izigidi imiyalelo ngomzuzwana. I degree of ukushesha ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kakhulu (izikhathi 1000-100,000) ephakeme ukwedlula yelikhono ezivamile.

Isenzo enzyme lusekelwe izindlela eziningana. Ukuxhumana elula kwenzeka nomunye molecule substrate, kulandele kumiswa umkhiqizo. enzyme Abaningi bangavumelana uxhumano nomsebenzisi zishintshe ezahlukene 2-3 asabele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudluliswa kwe-athomu angaphumi noma iqembu lakwelinye kwakwakhe kwenye, noma esikhundleni double kwi "ping-pong". Kulezi ukusabela ngokuvamile uxhuma eyodwa substrate, futhi iqembu lesibili obusebenzayo ixhunyaniswe ngu enzyme.

Ucwaningo mshini enzyme yesenzo senzeka ngendlela:

1. Icacisa imikhiqizo Lesisemkhatsini sokugcina.
2. Izifundo isakhiwo futhi geometry amaqembu obusebenzayo sibopha ukuthi substrate esihlinzeka okusezingeni eliphezulu yokusabela isilinganiso.
3. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo e izakhi zofuzo enzyme nokuzimisela izinguquko zamagama alo nomsebenzi.

Kuyasebenza futhi indawo ngibopha

Substrate-molecule mancane kakhulu kunalawo amaprotheni kuyinto-enzyme. Ngakho-ke, i-esibophezelayo kungenxa inombolo encane amaqembu nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa biocatalyst. Bakha isayithi asebenzayo, ehlanganisa isethi othize amino acid. Ngo amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi kule nokwakheka iqembu wokufakelwa samanje nonprotein nemvelo, okungase futhi babe yingxenye isikhungo asebenzayo.

Kufanele ukwaba iqembu ahlukene enzyme. Sinenkosi e-molecule ihlanganisa coenzyme ngibopha unaphakade-molecule futhi kukhona sokuthola ke. bakheké ngokuphelele amaprotheni enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi holoenzyme, futhi ngenkathi kususwa cofactor - apoenzyme. Njengoba coenzymes ngokuvamile isinyathelo amavithamini, izinsimbi, nemikhiqizo elisekela nitrogen (nad - nicotinamide dinucleotide adenine, mkhuba - flavin adenine ihambisane dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide).

indawo esihlala ihlinzeka ziyezwana ethize ukuze substrate. Ngenxa-ke kwakhiwa esitebeleni substrate-enzyme eziyinkimbinkimbi. Globule isakhiwo esakhiwe ukuze phezu niche (umqhewu noma ikhefu) ka osayizi abathile elinikeza esibophezelayo of substrate. Le ndawo ngokuvamile etholakala eduze indawo esebenzayo. Kwamanye ama-enzyme, zikhona izindawo ukuze uxhumane cofactors noma insimbi ion.

isiphetho

Amaphrotheni-enzyme linendima ebalulekile emzimbeni. Izinto ezinjalo catalyze zamakhemikhali banesibopho umzimba - umzimba. Kunoma kwengqamuzana ephilayo njalo kwenzeka amakhulu izinqubo kwamakhemikhali ezihilela ukunciphisa ukusabela, cleavage kanye zamagama zezakhi. Eqhubeka namachibi izinto nge ukukhululwa enkulu namandla. Yena, ichithwa kumiswa ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, futhi izakhiwo zabo. Imikhiqizo cleavage kukhona timphawu tesakhiwo adingekayo synthesis organic compounds.