Ngutiphi tilwane kuyizinto zokuqala ukuzungeza inyanga, noma umlando izingane abanesibindi

Cosmos kusisondeza - lesi sitatimende akunakuphikwa. amaqiniso Jikelele mayelana imizamo yomuntu ukuba anqobe isikhala akhe angenamkhawulo ngezindlela ezingafani, zaziwa kubo bonke. Esinye sezibonelo kunazo yesiteleka - Belka futhi Strelka - izinja abadumile osomkhathi owaqala ephethwe ukubuya travel ezisemkhathini umsindo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyingozi ephephile futhi. Kodwa lokhu akulona izilwane kuphela abaye isikhala. Buza noma komngane wakhe: "Yini izilwane ngowokuqala ukuzungeza inyanga?" Indoda zikwazi ukunikeza impendulo ilungelo lo mbuzo kuyodingeka abheke ngokucophelela.

Little abasizi ososayensi

I eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo emkhathini zazimane Drosophila othunywe baseMelika 1947 ukufunda umphumela emisebeni at kokuwa eliphezulu. They buya uphephile futhi e capsule yakhe wahlomisa ngokukhethekile lawela usebenzisa parachute.

Umkhankaso wabo waqhubeka inkawu Albert 1 no-Albert 2 (US), kanye mayelana izinja kweshumi (USSR). Futhi ohlwini zezinkanyezi livela Fluffy eyodwa ikati olulodwa Felisett. U-Elsa wayiswa ku-orbit eFrance ngo-1963. Zonke izilwane, ngeshwa, yafa ngesikhathi indiza.

Kwaba ngemva kweminyaka engu-12 yokuzama futhi ucwaningo, ososayensi Soviet sakwazi ukuphindela osomkhathi ubuka emuva nokuphepha okugcwele. Belka futhi Strelka ngempumelelo azungeza emhlabeni Earth.

ezintsha

Conquest baqhubeka, futhi umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke ososayensi kwaba ukutadisha satellite kule planethi yethu. Vele njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-izindiza ukuqalisa ku-orbit, owokuqala endleleni izilwane sezedlule. Orbit inyanga, baye bahlahla indlela entsha yokuphila futhi isikhala eduze satellite izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokwehla zezinkanyezi American kuso.

Ngutiphi tilwane yiwo awokuqala orbit the Moon

Uma sicabanga kuphela ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, satellite ngowokuqala umhlaba ithole izimfudu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abamele ezingavamile-Asia Ephakathi zilwane. Ukundiza senzeka ngo-September 1968 eSoviet unmanned "Zond-5".

Akumangalisi ukuthi amanye izilwane ngowokuqala ukuzungeza inyanga. Ukukhethwa izimfudu zale ndima kwakungesinye anisoze ngephutha. Sama kubo ngenxa yokuthi adinga i-oksijini kancane kakhulu ukuze siqhubeke siphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfudu kwakudingeka izakhi neze, njengoba iningi indiza abayichitha ukucobeka.

Turtles bekungasi kuphela abagibeli Drone. Phakathi indiza, kwakukhona kakade "Cosmonauts": sezimpukane, abanye bacterium nezitshalo.

Yekuchumana uhambo oluyingozi

Kuyathakazelisa ukufunda ukungacabangi nje kuphela ngalokho izilwane azungeza emhlabeni Moon lokuqala, kodwa yayihlanganisa nokuthi indlela ababefakaza ngayo. Ukundiza uqobo kwaba uneventful. Indiza kwesokunxele ebusweni Earth 15 Septhemba. I trajectory ukunyakaza yaqale kushintshwe at ibanga 325.000 km kusuka iphuzu Ukuhamba. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu (18 Septhemba) umkhumbi orbited inyanga at ibanga 1960 amakhilomitha ebusweni. Ngo-September 21 apharathasi, kuhlaziywe kancane amathoni engaphezu kwemibili, wangena emkhathini lesibili isikhala velocity.

"Zond-5" lawela e-Indian Ocean ngempumelelo. Sithole ke ku TSKBEM laboratory eMoscow, futhi ukusuka lapho sidluliselwe ososayensi ukuqhuba izifundo. Phakathi travel ufudu isikhala walahlekelwa yingxenye encane isisindo sabo umzimba, mayelana 10%. Ngenxa yalokho, overloads ezinkulu omunye wabo ulahlekelwe iso lakhe. Kodwa on the wonke indiza akenzanga negalelo ngqo omubi impilo abagibeli.

Ngeshwa, izimfudu osomkhathi amagama yaqhubeka ingaziwa. Mhlawumbe ukuthi sika kungani kakhulu bambalwa abantu azi ngalokho izilwane azungeza emhlabeni Moon kuqala.