Kumiswa, Indaba
Northeast Russia: ubukhulu, isiko, umlando kanye nokuthuthukiswa esifundeni
Ukuze sithole ngekwendzawo imibuso iqembu Rus ixazululwe phakathi iVolga and Oka e IX-XII eminyaka, izazi-mlando kwavunyelwana ekusebenziseni igama elithi "North-Eastern Russia". Libhekisela ezweni amanga ngaphakathi Rostov futhi Suzdal, uVladimir. Kusebenza nabo bebekhona imigomo kuyahambisana, sibonakalisa zizihlanganisa izakhiwo isimo eminyakeni ezahlukene - ". I Grand Duchy of uVladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu," futhi Engxenyeni YaseRussia XIII leminyaka, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-North-East, eqinisweni uyashabalala yesibili - iye yaba negalelo eziningi zezenzakalo.
Grand Dukes Rostov
Bobathathu we ubukhulu ka Northeast Russia sebehlanganisa Ezweni elifanayo, kwashintsha ngokuhamba kweminyaka kodwa inhlokodolobha nababusi. Umuzi wokuqala ukuba zakhelwe kulezi zingxenye, bekulokhu Rostov, emibhalweni yaminyaka ngako bahlehlela emuva 862 BC. e. Ngaphambi kwezizwe zakhe owasungula wahlala lapha Meria, futhi zonke okuqondene Finno-Ugric abantu. izizwe Slavic ezifana isithombe kwakungamelwe umphefumulo, futhi - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - bebelokhu ngenkuthalo ikoloni umhlaba.
Ngemva kumiswa Rostov, okuyinto phakathi kwemizi emihlanu ngobukhulu sekubusa umbusi Kiev, u-Oleg, Ukhulumé Meria nasemizaneni ayemancane amathuba avele amarekhodi. Esikhathini esithile Rostov wabusa proteges wezikhulu Kievan, kodwa 987 ubukhulu kakade esebuse Yaroslav Mudry - indodana uVladimir, isikhulu Kiev. Nge 1010-th - Boris. Kuze 1125, lapho inhloko-dolobha kudluliswa kusuka Rostov ukuze ubukhulu Suzdal lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye ke kubabusi Kiev, ke sinababusi lalo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Rostov izikhulu - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - baye kwafeza lukhulu ekuthuthukiseni North-Eastern Russia, okwaholela ukuchuma leli zwe, kodwa ngokushesha Dolgoruky efanayo ethutha ikomkhulu ukuba Suzdal, lapho wabusa kuze 1149. Kodwa babelokhu wakha izinqaba amaningi amakholwa namaSonto e isitayela serf isakhiwo esifanayo nge ngezabelo kwesamba, le ezimfushane. Lapho Dolgoruky athuthukile ebhaliwe ngolimi, yobuciko neyezandla.
Legacy Rostov
Ngemva kokuthutha Yuriya Dolgorukogo e Suzdal Rostov ngenkathi Izyaslav Mstislavovich imithetho, kodwa kancane kancane ithonya edolobheni yafika engelutho, futhi kwaqala emibhalweni yaminyaka yisho ezingavamile kakhulu. Centre Duchy amahlanu idluliselwe Suzdal.
Izikhulu izinduna esakhiwe mansions bona, kuyilapho artisan kanye abalimi ngadonsa kanzima e maqhugwane lokhuni. Imizi yabo okuningi okufana zewayini, izinto zasekhaya Iningi lokhuni. Kodwa kumagumbi ovuthayo Lucin ozalwa okungenakuqhathaniswa, izingubo, izinto zokunethezeka. Konke, eyaziwa wazalela nendlela ukuhlobisa imibhoshongo yaso, wenziwa ezandleni abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti. isiko emangalisayo North-Eastern Russia sidalwe ngaphansi ngotshani maqhugwane lokhuni.
Rostov-Suzdal
Phakathi esifushane kuze maphakathi North-Eastern Russia kwaba ubukhulu Suzdal kwadingeka ukubusa womathathu kokwesikhulu. Ngaphezu amajaji, namadodana akhe - cornflowers Yu no-Andreya Yu, wethiwa Bogolyubsky, bese, emva ukudluliswa inhlokodolobha uVladimir (e 1169) e Suzdal ngonyaka wabusa Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, kodwa indima ekhethekile ke idlalwe emlandweni Russian. Zonke izikhulu Northeast Russia owehla evela Rurik, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu owayekujabulela uhlobo uyakufanelekela.
Lapho Yuri, ngubani kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi umsunguli eMoscow, kwakunabanye kubalulekile umlando Russia mcimbi. Ngakho, kwaba phakathi nokubusa Dolgoruky Northeast ubukhulu phathelana behlukene Kiev phakade. A indima enkulu kuleli kukhala futhi enye yamadodana ka-Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii ukuthi patrimony engcwele omthandayo uyise yengacabangi ngokwami ngaphandle kwakhe.
Ukulwisana nabakhulu kukhethwa dolobha entsha Russia
Amacebo Yuriya Dolgorukogo, lapho abona khona amadodana akhe amadala, ababusi nemibuso eningizimu, futhi abasebasha - amakhosi Rostov futhi Suzdal, futhi akuzange kube njalo. Kodwa indima yabo kwezinye izindlela ukuthi okubaluleke ngisho nakakhulu. Ngakho, u-Andrew yamemezela usezakhele igama njengomqambi Umbusi ohlakaniphile nakude ababona ngokucacile. uhlamvu Bakhe abangalaleli ngiyocasha uqukethe amalungu ebhodi yayo yabakhulu, kodwa lapha Bogolyubskii intando yabo yokuhamba inhlokodolobha kusukela Suzdal uVladimir, bese wathatha yena eKiev ngo 1169.
Nokho, inhloko-dolobha Kievan Rus bangezi lo muntu. Njengoba iwine kokubili edolobheni futhi isihloko "Grand Duke", akazange ahlale ekhatsi Kiev, utshaleke ke umbusi umfowabo omncane Gleb. Rostov futhi Suzdal, wabuye wathatha indima ezincane emlandweni leyo minyaka, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi inhloko-dolobha North-Eastern eRussia lezwakala uVladimir. Lo muzi Andrei wakhetha yokuhlala lakhe 1155, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ekunqotshweni Kiev. Kusukela principalities eningizimu, lapho abusa isikhathi esithile yakhe, wasizala uVladimir futhi isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu ka Vyshgorod, okuyinto kakhulu ahlonishwe.
Kukhethwa dolobha ube yimpumelelo kakhulu: iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili, idolobha labetibambile entendeni eRussia. Rostov futhi Suzdal obuzama uphinde ukwazi inkazimulo yangaphambili, kodwa ngisho nangemva kokufa Andrew, ogama ubudala njengoba Grand Duke wayebhekwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe isiRashiya, ngaphandle ukuthi Chernigov futhi Galic, abazange baphumelele.
wokulwa
Ngemva kokufa Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal futhi Rostov Khuluma nabantwana bakwa-Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk futhi Mstislav - ngethemba lokuthi sabo uzobuya idolobha enkazimulweni yakhe yangaphambili, kodwa ubunye osekukade North-Eastern Russia asikafiki.
UVladimir wabusa amadodana abasebasha Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov futhi Vsevolod. Ngesikhathi inhloko-dolobha entsha uye kakhulu kwaqinisa okukushoyo. Andrew wenza lukhulu ukwenza: ngempumelelo wazakhela ukwakhiwa, phakathi nokubusa kwakhe eyakhelwe Cathedral odumile kweNyuka, waze wafuna ukusungulwa kwesiGungu archdiocese ahlukene ubukhulu bakhe futhi sihlukile Kiev.
North-Eastern Russia phakathi nokubusa Bogolyubsky elaba isikhungo ubunye emazweni isiRashiya, futhi kamuva kuyi-nucleus ye isimo ezinkulu Russian. Ngemva kokufa Andrew ka Smolensk futhi Ryazan Izikhulu Mstislav futhi Jaropolk - Abantwana bakwa enye yamadodana ka Dolgoruky Rostislav azame ukugumbuqela umbuso e uVladimir, kodwa omalume bazo uMikayeli Vsevolod babenamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, base osekelwa Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Kwaqubuka impi yombango eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu, ngemva kwalokho uVladimir kuvikelwe isimo dolobha North-East yeRussia, kwesokunxele, futhi Suzdal, Rostov nefa imibuso okhonzile.
Kusukela Kiev eMoscow
emazweni asenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Russia bezingaphansi ngesikhathi eziningi nemizana. Ngakho, inhloko-dolobha entsha yasungulwa ngo 990 by Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem ngisho njengoba uVladimir-on-Klyazma. Ezinye engamashumi amabili emva ekusungulweni yayo, edolobheni, ingxenye Rostov-Suzdal ubukhulu, akuzange kumenze sithakazelo phakathi izikhulu elibusayo (kufika ku 1108). Ngalesi sikhathi, kwathatha kuze nasekuqiniseni omunye isikhulu - Vladimir Monomakh. Yena yanikezelwa edolobheni isimo inkomba iphuzu North-Eastern Russia.
Iqiniso lokuthi leli isigodi esincane uyogcina babe dolobha emazweni isiRashiya, ayengacabangi ukuthi ubani. Kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba u-Andrew yabhekisela yakhe kuso futhi ethutha ikomkhulu ubukhulu bakhe, okuzokwenza kube iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Grand UMbusi uVladimir waqala angadunyiswa, kunokuba Kiev, inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia lasendulo ilahlekelwe indima yalo eyinhloko, kodwa isithakazelo kuyo elahlekile phakathi izikhulu. Hlela Kiev libe ludumo ahlonishwe ngamunye. Kodwa kusukela phakathi XIV ekhulwini uma omuzi Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu - eMoscow - kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile laqala ukwenyuka. UVladimir efanayo ngesikhathi Rostov futhi Suzdal, bese - ukulahlekelwa usithonye. Yena nomthelela okuningi ukuze udlulele elimhlophe-itshe Metropolitan uPetru 1328. Izikhulu Northeast Russia balwa bodwa, nababusi eMoscow Tver bénza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bawine uVladimir ngokunenzuzo umuzi omkhulu emazweni Russian.
I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIV kwaphawulwa yokuthi abanikazi bendawo ninelungelo ukubizwa ngokuthi Grand UMbusi eMoscow, ngakho inzuzo yaseMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha kucaca. Grand Duke uVladimir Dmitry Donskoy zokugcina ababefaka isihloko, ngemva zonke izinduna zomhlangano Russia Ulikhulisile Grand UMbusi eMoscow. Yaphela kanjalo-ke ukuthuthukiswa North-Eastern Russia njengoba ezimele, ngisho luba le ubukhulu.
Crushing ubukhulu kanye enamandla
Ngemva kokuthuthela e-Moscow Metropolitan uVladimir ubukhulu lahlukaniswa. UVladimir Suzdal izikhulu wamnikela Alexander, Veliky Novgorod futhi Kostroma wathatha ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe iNkosi eMoscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky wayesafuna ukusebenzisa inyunyana North-Eastern Russia nge Novgorod Elikhulu - ekugcineni, wawungaqhubeka uhamba, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside.
Ngemva kokufa Suzdal Prince Alexander, e 1331, izwe lakhe lidlule ezikhulwini eMoscow. Futhi eminyakeni engu-10 kamuva, ngo-1341-m, le nendawo eyayikade North-Eastern eRussia futhi Ukusabalalisa kabusha: Nizhny Novgorod waya Suzdal njengoba Gorodets, uVladimir le ubukhulu ubelokhu basala ababusi eMoscow, ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba sekushiwo, wayegqoka isihloko Omkhulu. kwavela Kanjalo Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal ubukhulu.
Zahamba ku North-East Rus izikhulu abavela eningizimu maphakathi nezwe, militancy zabo, nomthelela omncane ekuthuthukiseni isiko kanye ubuciko. Nokho yonke indawo yokwakha nethempeli Elisha ekuklanyweni okuyinto wasebenzisa amasu best of yobuciko neyezandla. Lwenza isikole kazwelonke we isithonjana imidwebo ne isici isikhathi ngemihlobiso elikhanyayo ezimibalabala, kuhlanganiswe ne Umdwebo WaseByzantium.
-'ukubamba amaMongol Russian
ngamashwa Abaningi abantu Russia ngiyikhiphile izimpi zombango, walwa bodwa izikhulu isikhathi, kodwa izinkinga ezimbi saluthola amaMongol ngo-February 1238. Sonke North-Eastern Russia (emzini Rostov, Yaroslavl, eMoscow, uVladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) awuzange nje ezibhuqiwe - yena yacishe yashiswa. lwaphuka ibutho Prince uVladimir Vsevolodovich lamabutho Temnik Burundi, isikhulu wafa, umfowabo Yaroslav Vsevolod waphoqeleka ukuba balethe zonke zidlamlilo. AmaMongol AmaTatar ngokusemthethweni kuphela bamazi njengoba endala zazo zonke izikhulu isiRashiya, eqinisweni, bonke refueled. I-poll kokunqoba Russia kuphela wakwazi usinde Novgorod Omkhulu.
Ngo 1259, u-Alexander saseNevsky kwadingeka wokubalwa kwabantu Novgorod, isu kahulumeni kanye ngazo zonke izindlela ukuqinisa isikhundla salo. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, ngo-Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl futhi uVladimir babulawa nabathelisi, North-Eastern Russia yabuya kumile ilindele kuhlasela nasekubhujisweni. Lesi isilinganiso ingajezisa wagwenywa - Alexander saseNevsky uqobo baya zidlamlilo futhi iphathwe ukuvimbela enkingeni, kodwa wafa ziyabuya. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1263. amabutho akhe kuphela wakwazi ukugcina ezinye ubuqotho uVladimir ubukhulu ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander, ke yahlukana yaba fiefdoms ezimele.
Ukukhululwa eRussia kusukela kwejoka AmaTatar, ukuvuselelwa ubuciko nokuthuthukiswa isiko
Scary kube iminyaka ... Ngakolunye uhlangothi - ayehlasela North-Eastern Russia, ngakolunye - kukhona Ngokuqhubeka izibhelu lokusinda principalities ngokutholakala mazwe amasha. Wahlupheka zonke: nababusi nabantu babo usizi. Liberation kusukela Mongol khans beze 1362 kuphela. ibutho Russian-Lithuanian iphansi kwesandla sika-Duke Algirdas wahlasela AmaTatar, displacing zonke lezi abayimizulane abangophakimpi kusukela Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov esifundeni futhi esifundeni Novgorod.
Iminyaka wachitha ngaphansi kwejoka isitha, kwaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele: isiko North-Eastern iRussia nsí ephelele. Incithakalo emadolobheni, ukubhujiswa amasonto, ukubhujiswa ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ukulahlekelwa ezinye izinhlobo yezandla. Ngezinye emibili nengxenye eminyaka imise sokuthuthukisa amasiko kwezentengiselwano isimo. ezikhumbuzo eziningi izakhiwo ngokhuni netshe babulawa umlilo noma babe ku zidlamlilo. abaningi amasu ukwakhiwa nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada, slesarstva kanye nezinye yezandla. Amarekhodi Abaningi ebhaliwe baye yanyamalala unomphela, zemihla ngemihla, yobuciko neyezandla, imidwebo eze kumile ephelele. Kwathatha cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka ukuba alulame kancane ukuthi wakwazi ukusindisa. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezintsha izikebhe waya ngokushesha.
emazweni Abantu ebhubhisa ephethwe ekulondolozeni ungubani layo eliyingqayizivele kazwelonke nothando isiko lasendulo. Ngandlela-thile, eminyakeni kuncike AmaTatar babe isizathu ukuvela tinhlobo letinsha yobuciko neyezandla yeRussia.
Unity of vuno umhlaba
Ngemva kokukhululwa ejokeni ngaphezulu izikhulu Russian wafika ngingakhululeki ngabo isinqumo futhi ngalwela inyunyana impahla yabo eningi kule isimo esisodwa. Centres kabusha kanye nenkululeko namasiko Russian waqala Novgorod futhi Pskov umhlaba. Kukulo muzi lapho akhanywa abavela ezifundeni eseningizimu nemaphakathi sabantu abasebenzayo yobudala, okwaletha emasikweni endala amasiko abo, ngokubhala, ubungcweti. Lokubaluleke kakhulu e ubunye emazweni Russian futhi ukuvuselelwa isiko bekulokhu umthelela we ubukhulu eMoscow, okuyinto has eziningi imibhalo endala, izincwadi, ubuciko.
Ukwakhiwa emadolobheni namathempeli, futhi izinqaba. mhlawumbe Tver kwakuwumuzi wokuqala ku North-Eastern eRussia, lapho ukwakhiwa itshe waqala. Sikhuluma ukwakhiwa kulo ibandla labaseTheselonika isimo in isitayela uVladimir-Suzdal izakhiwo. Emzini ngamunye, kanye izakhiwo ukuzivikela ezakhiwa amabandla zezindela koMsindisi ku yl ezichithekile, uPetru noPawulu e umshuki, Basil phezu Hill Pskov Epiphany e Zapskove nabanye abaningi. Umlando North-Eastern Russia kwabonakala futhi waqhubeka enza lezi zakhiwo.
Painting savuka Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny futhi Andrei Rublev - edumile Russian isithonjana abadwebi. kabusha Master ngamagugu sika izinsalela elahlekile, ababazi abaningi kwabathatha ukubuyiselwa nobuciko izinto zasekhaya kazwelonke, imigexo, izingubo. Okunengi ubudala kufikile izinsuku zethu.
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