Ukunqoba uGenghis Khan. Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe futhi wokubusa uGenghis Khan. mashi zikaGenghis Khan eRussia

Esikhathini ikota yokuqala izenzakalo ocebile komlando expanses XIII ekhulwini nokusukela eSiberia kuya enyakatho-Iran Azov abangu wamemezela niyiyiza amahhashi abahlaseli ezingenakubalwa, wagijimela okusekujuleni emaqeleni-Mongolian. Baphila i ubuhlakani okubi kwenkathi endala - umnqobi anesibindi uGenghis Khan nomnqobi bezizwe.

INdodana hero Esugeya

UTemüjin - ngakho ngesikhathi sokuzalwa owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi uGenghis Khan, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo Mongolia nasenyakatho yeChina - wazalelwa encane ipheshana delüün boldog, izungezwe loMfula eMfuleni Onon. Wayeyindodana ka inkosi yendawo Esugeya avulekile, wazala nokho Bahadar isihloko, okusho "iqhawe." Isihloko ezinjalo zokuhlonipha wathola ngokunqoba umholi Tatar Tmudzhinom-Ugra. Empini uzitholele nje umphikisi wakhe ngubani ongubani, futhi ekuthunjweni, yena nabanye booty ethumba Oelun nomkakhe, ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva owaba unina uTemüjin.

Usuku olunembile lo mcimbi sizothinta inkambo yomlando emhlabeni, akuqinisekwa, kodwa cishe namanje kubhekwa e 1155. Mayelana ayihlala kanjani esemusha futhi asizange sisinde ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, kodwa ukuthi eyaziwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni njengoba engu-eziyisishiyagalolunye Yesugei e sezizwe zakwa angomakhelwane eyingoduso indodana yakhe ngegama likamakoti Borte. By the way, mathupha, kungcono suit ngaye yaphela ngokudabukisayo kakhulu esebuyela ke wadliswa ushevu AmaTatar, yena nendodana yakhe wahlala ubusuku.

Iminyaka Engu nokuzula kanye nosizi

Kusukela esemncane kumiswa uGenghis Khan zenzeka ngaphansi kwesimo umzabalazo nabangenasihawu ukusinda. Lutho neze abantu bakhe ezwa ngokufa Esugaja njengoba inkatho olwandle nge umfelokazi wakhe (e hero ill-fated kwase abafazi ababili) nezingane (ephinde kwesokunxele eningi), thatha zonke impahla zishiywe asemaqeleni. umndeni eziyizintandane eminyakeni embalwa ezidukayo kokuba on the esengozini ngenxa yendlala.

Iminyaka Yokuqala uGenghis Khan (uTemüjin) kwaqondana nenkathi lapho emaqeleni, kwaba ekhaya abaholi bendabuko endawo wahola umzabalazo abanolaka Ukuphokophelela amandla okuphatha, inhloso okwakunzima kwakuwukuthi abayimizulane asele. Enye yalezi ukhetho - inhloko yesizwe taychiutov Tarqutai-Kiriltuh (isihlobo elikude kayise) ngisho wathumba insizwa ethile, wabona kuye Umphikisi esizayo, futhi isikhathi eside igcinwe zokhuni.

Noboya coat, ukuvula indaba izizwe

Kodwa isiphetho ngabe pha nenkululeko kwesiboshwa abasha ngubani wakwazi ukukhohlisa nawabahluphi bakhe nokuthi singagqashula. Ngalesi sikhathi ukunqotshwa kokuqala uGenghis Khan. Baphenduka ukuba inhliziyo abasha ubuhle ibhodi - ke elika umakoti. Ukuze uTemüjin yakhe yahamba, okumenza once khulula. Ompofu, enokulandelela pads phezu izihlakala wayengumuntu nomkhwenyana enviable, kodwa kungenzeka ukudida inhliziyo yentombazane?

Njengoba ubaba isipho Borte wamnika ukuba zikanokusho lakhe elingenamikhono Sable umkhwenyana, okuyinto, nakuba kubonakala sengathi Amazing, waqala ukugibela umnqobi ikusasa Asia. Alangeniswa nesilingo ukubukisa e uboya ezibizayo, kodwa uTemüjin asikhetha ngenye silahle isipho lomshado.

Naye, waya enamandla kakhulu ngaleso umholi isikhathi asemaqeleni - inhloko yesizwe Kerayit Toorilu Khan waletha wakhe kanye naye ukuthi ukubaluleka kwakhe kuphela, ungakhohlwa ukuba ahambe isipho ofanele isikhathi ukuthopha. Lokhu kuthutha ngempela wemibono. Zibancishe amajazi, uTemüjin yazuza ube ngumsizi wabaningi, enamandla, e umfelandawonye lapho waqala uhambo yayo nomnqobi.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Njengoba sisekelwa umlekeleli enjalo enamandla njengoba Toora Khan baqala kokunqotshwa edume uGenghis Khan. Ithebula Banikezwa sihloko sibonisa kuphela edume kakhulu kubo, okuyinto baye baba ngokomlando abalulekile. Kodwa abakwazanga eyenzeke ngaphandle kokuwina endaweni izimpi ezincane, lendawo ukuthi kwavula indlela kuye nodumo ezweni.

Ukuguduza angomakhelwane izakhamizi ulus, wazama ukuyochitha igazi kancane bese ugcine imiphefumulo yezitha zabo ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kwakwenziwa yini ngoba zobuntu, okuyinto wawuyinqaba abakhileyo emaqeleni, futhi ukuze sidonse ezinqotshiwe ngakuye ngenxa ke ukuba zijoyine yebutho lakhe. Ngokuzithandela walithatha kuye futhi nokors - abezizwe abaphakathi alungele ukukhonza ngoba isabelo ngempango emikhankasweni ukukhiqizwa.

Nokho, eminyakeni yokuqala uGenghis Khan ngokuvamile labasibekela futhi miscalculation ecasulayo. Ngolunye usuku waya kuhlasela esilandelayo, kusale esikanisweni sabo olungalawuliwe lungadala. Lokhu bazuza Markit isizwe esinhliziyo amaqhawe ngokungabi bikho umninikhaya wahlaselwa futhi impahla ziphangwe uthathile naye bonke abesifazane, kuhlanganise umkakhe amthandayo Bothe. Kuphela ngosizo okufanayo Toora Khan uTemüjin waphumelela e kokunqoba Merkit ukubuyela abantu bakhe abathembekile.

Ukunqoba phezu amaTartar futhi ekuthatheni Eastern Mongolia

ukunqoba ngasinye esisha uGenghis Khan ephakanyiswe udumo lwakhe phakathi abayimizulane asemaqeleni kanye iziphetho eziningi ababusi enkulu esifundeni. Cishe ngo-1186 edala ulus sakhe - uhlobo isimo amakhosi asendulo. Bagxila ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla, uzimisele ensimini okhonzile ngokuqinile okuchaza mpo kwamandla, lapho zonke izikhundla ezisemqoka yayiqhutshwa eseduze yayo.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-AmaTatar waba omunye ekunqobeni ebaluleke kakhulu, okwaqala ngokubekwa ekunqotshweni uGenghis Khan. Ithebula Banikezwa sihloko libhekisela lo mcimbi 1200, kodwa uchungechunge izibhelu elihlomile liqala emuva iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kwalokho. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XII amaTatar nezikhathi kanzima. amakamu abo njalo behlaselwa isitha namandla kodwa futhi ibe yingozi - amabutho bababusi Chinese Jin Dynasty.

Sibambe lokhu, uTemüjin bajoyine amabutho Jin kanye nabo ehlaselwa isitha. Kulokhu, umgomo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela hhayi isizinda futhi waxoxela ngokuzithandela Chinese, futhi buthakathaka AmaTatar ababemi indlela yakhe ingcindezelo ngiyinake emaqeleni. Sikwazile ukufeza umgomo oyifunayo, yena yingcweti cishe yonke indawo yakwa-empumalanga Mongolia, ekubeni umbusi walo yedwa, njengoba umphumela we-Jin lwamakhosi esifundeni buthaka kakhulu.

Conquest we Trans-iBaikal Territory

Kuyinto inkokhiso ithalente amasu hhayi kuphela uTemüjin, kodwa amakhono akhe zamanxusa. Ngekhono aphethe isifiso sokuvelela abaholi bendabuko, wayehlale iqondiswe ubutha yabo ngendlela isiqondiso esihle ngaye. Ngokufaka ku imifelandawonye sokulwa izitha izolo futhi ngokukhohlisa ehlasela abangane yamuva, njalo wayekwazi winner.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa AmaTatar e 1202 waqala imikhankaso nolaka uGenghis Khan kule Trans-iBaikal Territory, kuphi wilds enkulu zezizwe ixazululwe Tayichi'ut. Kwakungesona hambo kwelinye izimpi UKhan eyingozi eyayilimele isitha umcibisholo. Nokho, ngaphandle nje ngiphange ocebile eletha ithemba Khan, njengobaba ukunqoba eyedwa, ngaphandle kokusekelwa umbimbi.

Isihloko uKhan Omkhulu, futhi iqoqo "Yasa" imithetho

Kule minyaka emihlanu ezayo babe phambili ukunqoba kwakhe izizwe eziningi abahlala ensimini ka Mongolia. Kusukela ukunqoba ukuthi anqobe anda amandla akhe anda, ahlomele impi, agcwaliswa indlela yilabo abaphikisana bashintshele zenkonzo yalo izolo. Ekuqaleni kuka spring 1206 uTemüjin kwathiwa uKhan Omkhulu ngu wamnika isihloko eliphakeme "Kagan" kanye negama Chingiz (umnqobi amanzi), yena wangena emlandweni wezwe.

Iminyaka wokubusa zikaGenghis Khan babe inkathi lapho wonke ukuphila kwabantu kwamthobela ezilungisiwe nekuchazwa imithetho yabo, iqoqo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Yasa". Yindawo kuwo matasa sihloko enquma ukunikezwa esibanzi usizo mutual umkhankaso, bese ngaphansi kokujeziswa evimbela nenkohliso isifuba lutho abantu.

Kwenzeka inqaba, ngokuvumelana nemithetho yaleli umbusi isigamu-olubi, omunye izimfanelo eliphezulu kakhulu ukwethembeka sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ngisho isitha manifest maqondana eNgophezukonke yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, isiboshwa abenqaba ukulahla inkosi yayo yangaphambili elalibhekwa njengelinye yinhlonipho futhi wasamukela ngokuzithandela empini.

Ukuze kuqiniswe mpo kwamandla kule minyaka yokuphila uGenghis Khan namanje ngaphansi kolawulo bakhona lahlukaniswa laba ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi (tumens), zezinkulungwane nezamakhulu. Ngenhla ngamunye amaqembu wavusa ikhanda ekhanda (ngokunjalo) unesibopho kuvezwa ukwethembakala abangaphansi kwakhe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ugcine kwakuwukuthi esiqinile lenqwaba zabantu.

Njalo abadala futhi indoda enempilo kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso iqhawe, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba bathathe izikhali ngesikhathi isignali kuqala. Ngokuvamile, ngaleso sikhathi impi uGenghis Khan waba kungathi izinkulungwane 95. Indoda iboshwe yensimbi isiyalo. Ukungalaleli kancane noma wobugwala uboniswa impi, ezifanelwe yisigwebo sokufa.

indlela entsha ukunqoba

Ngo 1211 cishe waqedela ukunqoba uGenghis Khan abantu abahlala iBaikal naseSiberia. Kusukela wonke amagumbi kule ndawo enkulukazi bathuthelekela kuye inkokhiso. Kodwa umphefumulo wakhe ukubuyisa uthola akukho ukuphumula. Phambili kwaba North China - ezweni lapho umbusi kanye wamsiza anqobe AmaTatar futhi luqina ngokwengeziwe, ifike kuzinga elisha amandla.

Okuningi iminyaka emine ngaphambi kokuqala umkhankaso Chinese, befuna uvikelekile indlela ukulandela amaviyo alo, uGenghis Khan anqotshwe futhi wabhubhisa umbuso Tangut ka Xi Xia. Ehlobo 1213 yena eyayiphethe wasithatha inqaba ezimboze ukudlula iGreat Wall yaseChina, ehlasela Jin State. umkhankaso waso kwakuyindishi nehlolamvula elinqobile. Imangaliswe yilesi senzo, abaningi edolobheni umaluju ngaphandle kokulwa, futhi eziningi ngabaholi bezempi Chinese baye bachema abahlaseli.

Lapho wanqotshwa North China, uGenghis Khan wathutha amabutho akhe e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho futhi nenhlanhla. Ukuba yanqoba expanses inkulu, wafika Samarkand, lapho waqhubeka nendlela yakhe, ngokuwina North of Iran nakuningi eCaucasus.

mashi zikaGenghis Khan eRussia

Subutai futhi Jebe - I-kokunqotshwa Slavic amazwe ngonyaka 1221-1224, uGenghis Khan, ezimbili umlawuli wakhe elitheni sithunyelwe. Njengoba sawela Dnieper, ehlasela lo Kievan Rus ngasekhanda wempi eziningi. Bangathembeli yayo ukunqoba isitha, ababusi Russian Wazibandakanya izitha zakhe ezindala - Polovtsy.

Le mpi senzeka ngoMeyi 31, 1223 oLwandle Azov, eMfuleni Kalka. Yaphela ngokukhululwa ukunqotshwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian-Polovtsian. Isizathu sokuba ukwehluleka mlando eziningi ukubona ukuziqhenya isikhulu Mstislav Udatnogo, ngubani awela balwa kuze amabutho main. Prince Desire ukuba abhekane ngokuphumelelayo nesitha waphendukela kokufa kwakhe nokufa nezinye kwababusi abaningi. Kuyathusa ngoba abavikeli wokudedelana lawobaba of Genghis Khan waphendukela Russia. Kodwa ngaphambi kwazo elinde ahlolelwe ngisho kakhulu.

Kugcine ekunqotshweni uGenghis Khan

Washona umnqobi Asia e Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1227 ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umkhankaso wakhe wesibili ngokumelene nombuso wakwa-Xi Xia. Okuningi ebusika waqala ukuvinjezelwa nekomkhulu lalo - Zhongxin engenamandla futhi ekhathele amabutho abavikeli komuzi, alungiselela ukuthatha umaluju yabo. Kwakuwusuku ukunqoba lokugcina uGenghis Khan. Kungalindelekile, wavele wazizwa kabi ngalokhu slog, futhi kamuva isikhathi esifushane wafa. Hhayi ngaphandle kungenzeka ubuthi, abacwaningi esithambekele ukubona imbangela yokufa nezinkinga kubangelwa ukulimala wathola ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuwa kusukela ihhashi lakhe.

Indawo esiqondile yokungcwaba uKhan Omkhulu owaziwa ngokuthi angaziwa futhi usuku ngokwayo lehora zaso zokugcina. EMongolia, lapho kwake elise ipheshana delüün boldog, okuyinto ngokusho legend wazalwa uGenghis Khan, namuhla simi yamisa lesikhumbuzo behlonipha yakhe.