Oligopoly emnothweni - Iyini? Indima oligopolies emnothweni yesimanje Russian

Emazweni amaningi kosozimali zinezikhathi ubudlelwane emakethe oligopolistic. Oligopoly emnothweni - uhlobo umhlabathi ophakathi, okuvumela ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulawula zonke ibhizinisi Largest uphinde uphathe, ngakolunye - ukudala izimo esikhathini esizayo ukungena sokuncintisana. Kunoma ikuphi, isihloko ibaluleke kakhulu eRussia, ngoba ezimweni zethu izwe izifundo yavama.

Kuyini oligopoly

Ake sihlole kabanzi umehluko phakathi lolu hlobo ubudlelwane emakethe ngakolunye. Oligopoly e umnotfo emakethe - indawo yokuhlangana idlanzana abakhiqizi futhi abathengi abaningi. Njengomthetho, inani amafemu ingeqi amayunithi 10-12. Iningi kuyathakazelisa emakethe oligopolistic angase abe nezici kokubili ayitholwa futhi wokuncintisana, kuye ngokuthi ukuziphatha abahlanganyeli zako ezisemqoka.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi uma emakethe kukhona abadlali abambalwa ezinkulu kuphela, banayo ababili kuphela onobuhle yokuziphatha: ku beqala babambisane futhi basebenze ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga inqubomgomo zamanani, futhi kwelinye - ukuncintisana futhi ucabangele isitha esibi kunazo nomunye. Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma "izivumelwano imfihlo", lapho abaholi nge inkomishi yekhofi noma egumbini umusi uyavuma nje ukuthi hlobo luni umdlalo ukuziphatha. Inani izimpi e imodeli wesibili yokuziphatha akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuya kusizakale abakhiqizi, kodwa nokuncipha izindleko zokukhiqiza noma ekuthuthukiseni izinga layo edonsela amakhasimende amasha ezingaba khona.

izici Isici oligopoly

Oligopoly emnothweni yesimanje izici zabo ethize. Kukhona kuphela ezimbalwa:

1. Inani lazo zonke izinkampani okuholela emakethe. Ngokuvamile kuthatha cishe ingxenye efanayo, ukuze amandla abo akakwazi ngokuthi ayitholwa okumsulwa.

2. Uma sicabanga igrafu, ijika ukufunwa ngamunye inkampani umuntu kuyodingeka uhlamvu nokuncipha, okuyindawo eyodwa singaphetha ngokuthi emakethe akulona ukuncintisana.

3. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi noma yisiphi isenzo ingxenye omunye abakhiqizi ngeke ahlale ngaphandle ukunakwa encintisana. Uma ngisho party ezibaluleke kakhulu ukukhulisa intengo izimbangi zayo ziyophoqeleka ukuba bathathe isinyathelo esifanayo noma ukuqala isidingo imikhiqizo yabo. Kulokhu, ngokungafani emakethe ukuncintisana, ikhasimende ukuziphatha Kunzima ukuqagela. Oligopoly emnothweni - kungcono ngaso sonke isikhathi i-push ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi noma ukunciphisa intengo.

4. imikhiqizo Ngokuvamile zilandele izilinganiso ezithile ekhiqizwa in an emakethe oligopolistic. Ngakho, abakhiqizi namanje ukudlala kuphela intengo izimpi, njengoba ushintsho izinga noma uhlobo imikhiqizo abakwazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenye subtype - umahluko oligopoly (isib embonini yezimoto) - ikuvumela ukuba ahlele emikhulu uhlanga phakathi amafemu esikhiqiza sokunaka somthengi.

5. Noma yimuphi oligopoly kungenziwa libhekene inkomba emakamu. Ayanda Inkomba, lo mncintiswano kancane emakethe. Bala degree of lokuhlushwa ngokusebenzisa Herfindahl-Hirschman.

emnyango izici emakethe

Imakethe lapho kukhona abakhiqizi ambalwa nje enkulu, izinkampani abasha kunzima kakhulu ukungena. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Oligopoly emnothweni Russian ziqine waqinisa isimo sabo, futhi amagama abo ivele ngezinga lomhlaba wonke. Njengomthetho, zonke izimboni ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi oligopolistic yilezo lapho kukhona ezintulayo, ubuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi, imishini emikhulu.

Kuyacaca ukuthi inkampani abasha kuyoba nzima kakhulu hhayi kuphela ukuqala ukusebenza, ngoba idinga utshalomali omkhulu, kodwa futhi ukuze aqhubeke ukusebenza ezingeni wokuncintisana. Lapho igama "Lukoil" ezindebeni wonke umuntu, kuyoba nzima ukushaya. Ngo umkhuba emhlabeni, kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izibonelo ngemvume okuphumelelayo emakethe oligopolistic inkampani entsha. Lona "Volkswagen" e-US kanye AvtoVAZ eRussia. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba kuphela ngokusekelwa isimo isimo, ukuze umncintiswano evamile alikhulumi.

Imakethe ye umkhiqizo kawoyela e-Russia

Indima oligopolies emnothweni yesimanje Russia ngokuphelele kuyofikwa isibonelo uwoyela emakethe. Lona omunye izibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke indlela abadlali amakhulu ambalwa aphishekele umgomo "izivumelwano imfihlo".

Okokuqala, cabangela lokho sikwenza kungaxegi avele emakethe enikeziwe okuyinto ingxenye ugajwe. Ngenxa yalesi sidinga sibalo elandelayo.

Njengoba singabona kusukela lesi sibalo, izinkampani Russian 11 kuphela akhiqiza cishe 90% yamafutha. Abane kubona ngumnikazi isabelo 60%. Bangabaholi abadlali ngobukhulu, sisho izimo zabo. Ukusatshalaliswa umthamo ukukhiqizwa eRussia amelwe sibalo elandelayo.

Yini eyenzekayo emakethe uwoyela empeleni

Oligopoly emnothweni isiRashiya, futhi ikakhulukazi embonini kawoyela, behave fana monopolists. Ikakhulukazi, lapho kuthiwa uhlelo ezilawula ngokuphelele yonke inqubo kusukela uwoyela zibheka-kuhlanganiswe, nokucubungula yayo ngaphambi ukudayiswa ukuqeda abasebenzisi bangaphandle emakethe yangaphakathi.

Kunjengoba iKomiti Anti-monopoly, imisebenzi abalingiswa abayinhloko kule makethe akuyona esobala. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi intengo imikhiqizo kaphethiloli kufanele abunjwe bedle izici eziningi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kodwa empeleni kusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, futhi, njengoba kuboniswa izibalo, uphethiloli lalingabiza 20% ngaphansi, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi abakhiqizi. Kube - usole, lapho amaqembu ayinhloko uyavumelana intengo ungathengisi ngalo emakethe yasekhaya.

Imakethe opharetha mobile eRussia

Uma sicabanga indima oligopolies emnothweni yesimanje isiRashiya, ungesinye isibonelo esihle ikhombisa emakethe opharetha mobile. Lo mncintiswano lapha uye eside khenge lisaba ngentengo. Ukuze ilungelo ukuheha ikhasimende bafeza impi yangempela, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ekuncintisaneni.

Cabanga, siyini isimo nokuthi abadlali kungene isikhundla okuholela.

Njengoba singabona kusukela sibalo, bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli emakethe ophethe "Big Three", ehlanganisa MTS "VimpelCom" ( "Beeline") futhi "MegaFon". Muva nje, ukukhuphula ijubane layo "Tele 2", nakuba ukuze uthole ukufinyelela endaweni enenzuzo kakhulu eMoscow Petersburg namanje ivaliwe. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ngonyaka odlule lapho ekhipha zonke opharetha a ngamaphesenti ambalwa. MTS inciphise inani amakhasimende ngu 0.1%, le "megaphone" - 0.3, futhi "Beeline" - by kakhulu ngendlela 2.6%.

Kanjani i oligopoly emakethe opharetha mobile

"The Big Three" elawula cishe lonke emakethe opharetha mobile. Anamandla ubuchwepheshe obusha, ezifana 3G- 4G-Inthanethi. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo oligopoly emnothweni yesimanje Russia bubonakala kanjani opharetha baziphathe. Ngo-2006, "Big Three" eyayihilelekile kungamanyala ezinkulu wasolwa ugobe opharetha lesifunda. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi wazibona nokuhlanganiswa ezinye izinkampani ezincane noma ukunyamalala yabo ephelele.

Ngo-2010, isevisi Antimonopoly yahlawulisa abaholi ngobukhulu emakethe ngenxa kuyihaba ngamabomu izimali amasevisi e uzulazula. inkampani ngayinye lizokhokhiswa, ezingafinyelela 1% yemali okuholela ngezenzo zabo. Lonke inani imali FAS zaba ruble ayizigidi ezingu 8.1. Kuyadingeka ukuba abale izigidigidi kanjani ruble etholwe izinkampani ngokwabo.

I "Big Three" futhi "Tele 2"

Ngo-2006, enkundleni livela ngqo opharetha Swedish "Tele 2". Kwakheka kwaba emuva ngo-2001, kodwa izithiyo ezingapheli zokuba ukungena emakethe esamthiba axazulule ezindaweni ezimaphakathi. Ngenxa zokukhwabanisa ngobuhlakani amasheya opharetha zesifunda, akwazi ukuthola inzuzo yokuncintisana ezindaweni 13 unyaka owodwa kuphela "Tele 2". Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani olwenziwe nolaka inqubomgomo zamanani, esangenza uqobo ukunqoba 4.3% wemakethe. Kwaba intuthuko ezingase ungaphuthelwa abalingiswa abayinhloko kule zokuxhumana mobile.

I "Big Three" luye lwaba kuzo zonke indlela liphazamisane "Tele 2", kanti phakathi babe izindlela ngokuphelele non-ukuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo esenziwa Wezangaphakathi we ilungu elilodwa, khona-ke zonke iziteshi namahhovisi "Tele 2" base bahlola ngokucophelela ngoba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi tisebenta kahle.

Kodwa inkampani Swedish ayizange esebohlile kanye main umgomo isethi bona kokunqotshwa Krasnodar Territory. Lokhu "big abathathu 'engingeke ngikwazi ukuyikhokhela, futhi kwadingeka ukuba usike intengo ngesigamu ngokwanele ezibhekene abancintisana naye. Lesi sibonelo kungabonwa kahle indima oligopolies emnothweni yesimanje. Imincintiswano engakhethi akuyona inkinga, futhi uma inkampani entsha ukuze sisinde sithole isizinda lapha, kuzomele ube basekela kakhulu, noma isimo, noma izinkampani enethonya ngaphezulu.

Oligopoly nendawo yayo umnotho emakethe

Zonke zezomnotho bavumelane iphuzu elilodwa umbono: i oligopoly ezidingekayo emhlabeni yesimanjemanje kanye nomnotho emakethe. Futhi nakuba lokhu emakethe ngesinye isikhathi kunzima ukulawula, ngezinye izikhathi benza impi ngokumelene izimbangi, usenayo Okuhle ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo enempilo kwezomnotho. okungukuthi:

1. Okokuqala, izinkampani ezinkulu babe eside zezimali, okungase esichithwa ukuthuthukiswa imboni, ucwaningo nentuthuko.

2. Kusukela esigabeni sokuqala kumele kube ukuthi isikhathi imali futhi ungakwazi ukutshala ukuthuthukiswa, umkhiqizo uyoba ngcono umthengi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, kungenzeka ukushaya lo mncintiswano. Oligopoly emnothweni - kuyinto injini intuthuko enamandla.

3. Ezindaweni lapho kukhona giant, akukho amandla anjalo okubhubhisa umncintiswano, kokubili emakethe evulekile. Lapha, kukhona amanani aphansi futhi imikhiqizo high.

4. Enye inzuzo ukuthi izithiyo entry. Ukuze ancintisane abaholi bangase kuphela usekelwa kahle inkampani.

nemibi oligopolies

Cishe zonke izinzuzo - lena nezindaba ongemuhle eziphakamayo amaqiniso Umnotho wanamuhla usitshela.

Ake uqale nge iqiniso lokuthi abaholi yenkampani abawesabanga mncintiswano futhi ziziphathe ngamabomu ukwenza noma yini abayifunayo. Ukuba semthethweni kohlelo Ngezenzo zabo, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano imfihlo, ukuze nabanye basilalela ngendlela efanayo. Ukuyibhala usole, badlala amakhasimende ngokuphoqa ukuba bathenge imikhiqizo ye ukhwaliti ongaphakeme ngentengo ephakeme. Futhi abantu akukho abangakwenza, ngoba oligopoly emnothweni yesimanje lifana esinakho: noma ukuthenga noma uhlale (isibonelo) ngaphandle uphethiloli.

Nakuba oligopoly bangathonya intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, futhi kuphela yibo, izinkampani ezinkulu kukhona ekujaheni ukwethula ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi ukutshala ukuthuthukiswa. Explained konke futhi ngokuqinile efanayo kuyinto ezisheshayo ngoba uyazi: bayothenga kunjalo. Uze sikhokha yonke imali ngaphambili etshaliwe, into entsha ngeke ukuthuthukisa.

Imiphumela emakethe oligopolization

Umbono ophambene monopolies futhi oligopolies emnothweni kusobala okungasekelwe ndawo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi Ukungathembani kakhulu kuzo nabantu abaningi kakhulu abafuna inzuzo by imali zabantu abavamile ezweni lethu. Kodwa eqinisweni, esikhulu lokuhlushwa ukukhiqizwa kwelinye igatsha emnothweni kudingeka.

Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa Ububanzi bemisebenzi. Lokhu kubonakala izindleko fixed. Amabhizinisi amancane cishe zonke izindleko ziyahlukahluka. Kodwa on the izimboni ezinkulu isikali ungagcina ukuqaliswa kwanoma iyiphi ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa umuthi omusha izobiza $ 600 million, kodwa lezi zindleko isuke iminyaka, kuze inkinga isixazululiwe, futhi izindleko kungaba ukungezwa izindleko imikhiqizo kakade ekhiqizwa, futhi intengo le akuguquli kakhulu.

isiphetho

Oligopoly emnothweni - lokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu sokuthuthukisa inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe. Uma isiteshi kahle ngqo lapho udinga ukuhambisa, kuyobe ukufihla wonke amaphutha kanye izinhlangothi negative ebonwe isimo samanje ezweni lethu.