Umnotho Swiss: isisekelo, sakhiwo kanye netimphawu

The Swiss umnotho - enye yezindawo esitebeleni kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izwe - isibonelo kanjani ukuphikelela, umsebenzi kanye indlela abanekhono ukwakhiwa amamodeli we kwezomnotho ubudlelwane waphenduka izwe elincane maphakathi nenhloko-dolobha inzuzo. Ngaphezu kokuba uhlelo yasebhange athuthukile, Switzerland ungumholi ekukhiqizeni kanye nezokuvakasha, okuyinto abe nomthelela omuhle isimo salo emphakathini wonke.

Kusukela backwardness empumelelweni

Kwaphela isikhathi eside emnothweni Swiss kwasilela kakhulu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Eyayizothatha isikhathi eside isikhathi nezokulima-wezinzalamizi wadonsa isimo phansi, ivimbela indlela yentuthuko. Izinyathelo zokuqala empumelelweni eziye zenziwa emashumini eminyaka XVI-XVII ezindaweni entabeni lapho umfutho basungula wezoHwebo. Noma yimuphi ifektri ukwenziwa ukotini nosilika izindwangu, amahora. Ekhulwini XIX ukuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha, umdlalo othile omusha yasungulwa - ekhuphuka, eye baqashelwa emhlabeni wonke.

Naphezu kwezimo abampofu wezolimo kanye umnotho weendawo zemakhaya, Switzerland wagxila ukukhiqizwa yobisi. Utfutfukisa izimboni ezintsha, izwe liye landa emazweni angaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ekuthuthukiseni kujantshi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kusekelwe National Bank. Switzerland saba umbuso ekudayiseni capital.

isikhathi yokujama tsi

Ngobusuku obandulela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ubude bawo uyahamba phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima, futhi umnotho Switzerland "rose" yezwe. Kwehliswe amavolumu ukukhiqizwa. Kodwa ngemva 1945 isimo waqala ukuthuthukisa. Izinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunyuke ngo-pheze ngesiquntu. Ukwanda komnotho kwasekuqaleni kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukufuneka kakhulu imishini industrial amazwe ngemva kwempi futhi nokungabikhona kokuncintisana. Ngokuvamile, ukuvela yayo engxenyeni kwekhulu XX yesibili kwakunguDodayi engalingani: kuyanda wakhala nkinga, futhi okuphambene nalokho. A indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wadlala umbono wepolitiki we uhulumeni: okuba ngingathathi hlangothi phakathi nezimpi zezwe futhi izingxabano, Switzerland uye savela zibe sesimweni eziphambili.

Isici esiyinhloko edonsa phansi eSwitzerland ngo ngemva kwempi, kwakukhona umehluko eliphakemeko lokuhlanganyela wezolimo bathengiselane umnotho wezwe. Uma izimo emakethe ucishe angabekwa off, isimo atholwe ukuzinza nempumelelo.

Izici ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Emuva e-XVI-XVII wayewathathile isinqumo esifanele mayelana nokuqondisa imisebenzi wezwe. Switzerland has insimu, iningi okuyinto engafanele ezolimo; amaminerali, ngaphandle uhlobo ocebile, akukho. umphathi Silinganisele uyaqonda ukuthi udinga ukudala okuthile eyabo, noma ngokushesha kukhula kakade yasungulwa. Nakhu okwenzeka e-Switzerland. Ikhwalithi ephezulu imikhiqizo waziwa kubo bonke States, share lemikhiqizo laqala ukwenyuka, kanye nomnotho - ukuba uchume. Thola dolobha ngokwanele komunye wemboni, izwe eliye lakhula omunye. Ngakho baye balufunda iziqondiso eyinhloko umkhakha ukukhanya embonini eyenza imithi. Akukona nje ukuvula amafactory, futhi kuye kwaba eziningi ukukhathazeka izwe ezikhona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Izici eziyinhloko emnothweni eSwitzerland lisekelwe ngokuyinhloko endabeni ikhono okunekhono ukusebenzisa esiphezulu zako. Naphezu kwendawo yayo encane kwezolimo kanye ranching, avalele ukulima yasungulwa, imvelo enhle esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa yokuhanjelwa yizivakashi, yamabhizinisi ehhotela, emifuleni zasendle futhi ngesimo sendawo enezintaba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa Hydropower. Ikhono ukuthi amthathe ekonke cishe lutho - umnyombo oyinhloko emnothweni Swiss, okuyinto esesukile ezweni emuva kwe-Europe ku front line.

Isimo samanje isimo

Switzerland namuhla - inhliziyo yasebhange futhi ezezimali kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Wezwe umnotho - emakethe, esekelwe yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe nokusakazwa dolobha angaphandle. Isimo uye wazakhela ukukhanya, imboni eyenza imithi nokudla, ifayela eliwumthombo. Izwe lonke uyazi mayelana izinga okusezingeni kwezimpahla ethengwe Switzerland - kusukela gastronomy ukuze amahora imishini yokukhiqiza.

Izici womnotho emakethe e-Switzerland, naphezu umehluko yayo bakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kulula ukuqaphela: isimo cishe kungaphazamisi umsebenzi wamabhizinisi, abathengi emakethe ngamakhasimende, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ubunikazi. Ukuthuthukiswa ashukumisayo yezwe kuqinisekisa kuphela lokho okuye saveza icebo kwesokudla ukwakha ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Futhi isimo kuphumelela ngokulinganayo ekhaya nasemaveni e lobudlelwano bangaphandle.

Izinto umnotho Switzerland namuhla? Lena ngokuyinhloko amabhange, zazo zikhona eziningi. Uma kucatshangelwa amagatsha kuzo zonke abantu 1,500 ingxenye eyodwa isikhungo. Ngaphezu zokwandisa nokuthuthukisa izinga lenkonzo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi izimali oluthathwa ngokucophelela, futhi ufunde kubo besithathu cishe akunakwenzeka. I inflow capital eyoqinisa isikhundla nezomnotho kuleli zwe futhi kubalethela izinzuzo ezinkulu.

isakhiwo Emkhakheni komnotho Swiss

Lona omunye amazwe amaningi nge high ezingeni lokuphila cishe akukho abangasebenzi. Siyabonga yenqubomgomo ukungathathi hlangothi yayo ezweni kunjalo akukho ukulahleka wazibonela neMpi Yezwe II. Namuhla, Switzerland liyachuma ngezithukuthuku le ithuthukiswe imikhakha yezomnotho, ngokusekelwe kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Zifaka:

• imishini, amahora;
• umkhakha futhi eyenza imithi izinkampani ukukhanya;
• ezolimo;
• imisebenzi amabhange;
• ezokuvakasha.

Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe athuthukile, inani izinhlangano YeSizwe eSwitzerland mkhulu. Umsebenzi wabo kakhulu inomthelela isimo sezomnotho kuleli. Isimo idume credit yayo ovikelekile kanye neluhlelo lwetimali, ukuwa kwamandla emali aphansi kanye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi.

emkhakheni wezimboni

Isisekelo umnotho Swiss - umkhakha, sibonga ukuthuthukiswa yayo ekhulwini XIX, isimo baqala ukwanda. Kusukela ngekhulu le-18, leli zwe waziwa ngokuthi umakhi iwashi. Ukuba siphumelele ingafinyelelwa kuleli umkhakha futhi ukusungula yokungenisa yena, basungula izimboni ukukhanya nokudla. Izindwangu bayindlala kakhulu phakathi abalingani, kodwa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, ukugcizelela wabekwa umkhakha steel kanye zamakhemikhali ezithaka imithi umkhakha.

Namuhla, emkhakheni wezimboni yakhiwa amabhizinisi amaningi ezimbonini kanye corporations global. Iningi imikhiqizo siphelile akhishwa. Switzerland umise ngokwaso njengoba nje inkampani ye eliphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo okuhlala. Izikhombisi eyinhloko izimboni wezwe yilezi:

• Mechanical ubunjiniyela - ekhiqizwa imishini ukukhiqizwa sokuphrinta, imishini ihlanganisa, ubunjiniyela kagesi. Mayelana 40% imikhiqizo yalesi umkhakha athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
• Horology - evelele Switzerland, cishe yonke imikhiqizo siphelile ithunyelwa phesheya ukudayiswa. Baziwa emhlabeni wonke futhi zihambisana ukuchuma izinga.
• Pharmaceutical imboni - kule ekhemisi cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ungathola izidakamizwa e-Switzerland.
• Ukukhiqizwa kokudla - bambalwa kakhulu abantu awuzwanga ushizi Swiss noma ushokoledi. Lapha ukukhathalela adumile "Nestle" yasungulwa.

Izici umnotho Swiss ziyancipha ukuze elikhulu ivolumu ukusabalala umkhakha nezolimo. Indlela isilinganiso uthi yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko engxenyeni yesibili. Lapha umuntu angabona izinto ukugcina isithombe okuphambene.

ubudlelwane kwezomnotho angaphandle

Trade Foreign - esungulwe indlela yezwe, ngokuletha inzuzo yakhe big nokubonwa emhlabeni wonke. Umnotho Swiss kusekelwe, ikakhulukazi, kwi amavolumu osindayo nokuthengiswa ka ekhiqizwa izimpahla, imithi kanye nokudla. Abalingani eziyinhloko US no-EU i-China, Japan.

I share lemikhiqizo Swiss cishe isigamu se-GDP, okuyinto Yiqiniso, isici sici yesimo sezomnotho. Izwe - WTO umhlanganyeli wahlanganyela lwekukhululwa emhlabeni. Nokho, emakethe yasekhaya eSwitzerland uhlala evaliwe: ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi bephoqeleka ukuba bahambe isikhathi sithenga phesheya.

ezolimo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yesithathu insimu ka Switzerland kuyinto azizifanelekeli ukulima, nomunye ikota kuhlala amahlathi, isimo kuyinto oludonsa in inyama nemikhiqizo yalo, kanye nokolweni. Lize ukudla okukhiqizwe ngokweqile. Noma kunjalo, u-40% ngeke kusadingeka ukuthi lingakhishwa.

Umnotho Swiss siqondiswe ukusetshenziswa ezinhlangothini zalo esiqine. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka negative sokuthuthukisa izimo ezolimo baphumelele ekukhiqizeni yobisi nemfuyo. ushizi Swiss isibe omunye edume kakhulu futhi okumnandi kakhulu emhlabeni. The main imikhiqizo yezolimo - beet, amazambane kanye nokolweni. Ezolimo iyona luvame kakhulu kule cantons laseZurich, Fribourg, Aargau, Vaud, Bern, okuyinto zingachazwa ngezinqubo indawo yabo ezindawo.

Amandla Izinto zokusetshenziswa

Highlands ngokuhlanganyela emifuleni okusheshayo ukunikeza amandla wokubacindezela, elalingaba kwesigamu amandla Imininingwane kukhiqizwa. Kwaphela isikhathi eside eziqhutshwa izitshalo ezinhlanu amandla enuzi nasesikhathini nekwakhiwa kwemiklamo, inombolo namanje mayelana 10. Ngemva yengozi Fukushima, uhulumeni elibuyekeziwe ukubukwa sawo esimayelana nokusetshenziswa amandla enuzi. Isu lakhiwe ukuthi kuhilela renunciation ephelele amandla enuzi kuze 2050. Nokho, amanye amaqembu epolitiki ngo-2016 kuyaphikisana Inani ukwenqaba izitshalo amandla enuzi, t. Ukuze. Enye engakaze abatholakali, futhi amandla enuzi inikeza cishe isigamu sezindela kwenyuka kwesidzingo sagezi isimo sika. Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi amandla enuzi eSwitzerland enokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside.

Ukuthuthukiswa Hydropower wemboni ukusetshenziswa main amaminerali, zazo cishe akukho lizwe. Amafutha kanye negesi kufanele amazwe ezazivela ngaphandle. ukusetshenziswa abahlakaniphile ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, kuleli cala, endaweni enezintaba, kuba nomphumela omuhle emnothweni isimo. Ngenxa yokuthi imithombo energy production ungazange kwatholakala, udaba sokuhoxisa enuzi izitshalo amandla uhlala kungalungiswanga.

yasebhange

Isakhiwo umnotho eSwitzerland akuyona kuphela kusukela yokukhiqiza kanye nezokulima. Ukuheha dolobha angaphandle - enye yezindlela wezwe ukuthuthukiswa main. amabhange Swiss zibhekwa ethembisa kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa. Kuphela kuleli zwe, zimali abakwazi ukhathazeke ukuphepha nokuvikeleka imali yabo. Zonke imisebenzi eyenziwa nge izimali usebenzisa ikhodi ekhethekile. Akekho umuntu unelungelo ukwazi ukuthi ingubani le umsebenzisi ebhange laseSwitzerland. Intelligence ejensi kudingeka ukuthi unikeze ulwazi kuphela uma kuqinisekiswa yokuthi ubulelesi.

ukungathathi hlangothi eqinile Switzerland idonse zimali ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngisho ngesikhathi wokuQala nowesiBili neMpi Yezwe abaholi oyilungu uncamela "ukufihla" imali yabo emabhange Swiss. ukugeleza ongenaziphazamiso capital kuba nomphumela omuhle emnothweni Swiss. Izimali ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha, amabhizinisi amancane noma njengoba ukubolekisa kwamanye amazwe. Zurich kuyinto imakethe yomhlaba wonke igolide zokuhweba. Kusukela ekubekeni inkambo esikhathini esizayo kuncike inhlalakahle cishe yonke le mbulunga.

ezokuthutha impambano

link kakhulu athuthukile nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba kungaba ukuziqhayisa Switzerland. Umnotho wezwe, okuhloswe ngaso ezinkudlwana volume ukuthekelisa, kudinga okuhlangana endleleni ezinhle. Ujantshi ilandelela zwe elincane phakathi esingcono kakhulu eYurophu. Cishe bonke gesi.

Switzerland ingenye kuphela mfula imikhumbi ukuze kolwandle - emfuleni neRhine endaweni Basel - Rheinfelden. ingxenye ubude 19 amakhilomitha. Lapha yayakhiwe port emfuleni ngokwengamela ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuvakasha kanye Hospitality

Bangaphezu kuka-70% we ukusebenza labantu e-Switzerland baqashwe emkhakheni wemisebenzi. Kwakuthinta lapha wazalwa Hospitality. Ukuvakasha kuletha ukubuyiselwa ezinhle: umbono minyaka yonke ye-Alps edonsela emhlabeni kwezigidi eziyishumi abantu, izwe lakubo isamba esikhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezingeni lelisetulu service kanye nemvelo isetshenzwe izintelezi izivakashi ngaphandle ukuzisola ukukhokha zonke izikweletu.

Umnotho Swiss futhi ukusebenza kwawo ikakhulukazi ziyancipha ukuze lokuhlushwa eliphezulu ezicini ezinhle isimo. Cishe akukho lizwe yakwazi ukuletha ndawonye zonke izinzuzo futhi awaqondise efanele. Switzerland - isibonelo sendlela inzuzo amalungiselelo indawo ungakwazi ukwakha umnotho eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni.