Izindaba UmphakathiObdinenie enhlanganweni

OPEC amazwe - bomashiqela amanani emhlabeni

Namuhla, izindaba lamafutha isizinda kanye lokwabiwa kabusha kuyizimbangela elinquma kumiswa amanani yomhlaba wonke yemikhiqizo nezinto ukusebenzisa ekusunguleni emhlabeni izingcaphuno exchange rate, ngisho ekukhuleni noma ukwehla komnotho lezifunda lonke. Futhi indima eyinhloko OPEC amazwe ukudlala kulezi izinqubo.

Umlando izizathu kumiswa OPEC

Inhlangano wamaFutha Ikhiphela Amazwe, eyaziwa kangcono ingxenye Russian njengoba Inhlangano lamazwe - Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe (OPEC), has kwaqala ngo-1960. Khona-ke amazwe 5 wanquma ukusungula uhlaka ngabe lokulawula ivolumu zokukhiqiza kanye izindleko emgqonyeni amafutha ezimakethe zomhlaba. isivumelwano esinjalo esasayinwa ezifundazwe ezinhlanu, ngawo Venezuela baba, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran Kuwait. Kamuva kwangena ngamanye amazwe amaningana, futhi ekuqaleni 90s inani lamalungu 13.

Nokho, kule minyaka eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu XX, OPEC kwesokunxele Ecuador (1992) kanye Gabon (1994), owokuqala abuyiselwe ubulungu yayo ngo-2007. Indonesia futhi ngenxa yezizathu zangaphakathi wakhetha ziyeke ukuba amalungu ayo enhlanganweni ngo-2009. Namuhla inhlangano ihlanganisa Venezuela, Iraq, Saudi Arabia (umholi e sikawoyela), Iran, Kuwait, Algeria, Angola, i-Ecuador, Qatar, Libya, i-United Arab Emirates naseNigeria.

Amazwe, OPEC, ukuphishekela ngokuyisisekelo imigomo emibili: asungula elula ngabo ibanga intengo kawoyela ukuhanjiswa quota ku yayo emazweni angaphandle. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi uthi unganqikazi ukusebenzisa ubuholi bayo ukuba bafinyelele imigomo yezombusazwe. Isibonelo esihle lezi zenzo kwaba ukwethulwa ukuvimbela ngokumelene United States ngo-1973 ngenxa ngentshiseko Israyeli zakamuva ingxabano Arab-Israeli. Abanye abahlaziyi sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi iningi nezinkinga zomnotho kwekhulu lamashumi amabili abangu egameni lenhlangano sokucasuka.

OPEC amazwe lokulawula isizinda "igolide abamnyama" ngesisekelo isimo sawo kwezomnotho. Izenzo ezinjalo senalungisiswa ngoba ukuze iningi izimayini namafutha nokuthengiswa ayizindlela main ukwakha isabelomali izimali yezwe.

Amandla nobuthakathaka

Zonke amazwe OPEC, ubhekene nezinkinga ezithile. Ochwepheshe uwahlukanise izigaba ezine eziyinhloko: ukushiyana kwezidalwa eqinile nakho ngeke kusize zenhlalo yomphakathi, backwardness kwezobuchwepheshe, ampofu kazwelonke uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kungenangqondo uthole inzuzo.

Ngokusho lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila, emazweni OPEC zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: super-abacebile nabampofu. Esikhathini ephezulu impilo isimo bayantuleka zabantu, kuyilapho abampofu - isibalo sabantu idlula silinganisela ngendlela enengqondo. Kule ndaba, owokuqala ukuthola ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, futhi ukugeleza wesibili e ukuncika abazonikela ngezimali basemazweni angaphandle. Lokhu ngokwahlukana nakanjani kuphakamisa umehluko othile ekwakhiweni ekutfutfukisa.

Ikakhulu ukugxila uwoyela, amalungu amaningi OPEC sikhohlwe isidingo sokuhlakulela base yabo zobuchwepheshe. Ngokuzimela, kulesi simo kukhona Saudi Arabia kanye UAE kuphela. Lawa mazwe sakwazi ngesikhathi ubuyisele isayensi kazwelonke ngazo ukuthuthukisa zobuchwepheshe base ezingeni. Enye aMalunga eMibuso ancike ngosizo izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ukuze abambisane nabathumbi ngesisekelo yokunivumela izinkontileka.

Kancane kancane ophuma emkhakheni inkinga langaphambilini, livela kanye nokuntuleka kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu, okwakuyoholela nokuqalisa ngempumelelo ngentuthuko yakamuva futhi nokwandisa petroleum inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Lezi ochwepheshe ziqhamuka phesheya, okuvame ihlangabezana ukudideka phakathi bendawo.

Nokho, naphezu kwezinkinga ezintathu okukhulunywe, kukhona elinye iphuzu impikiswano - inzuzo kusukela ukudayiswa lamafutha imikhiqizo yayo. Isasasa wabo eyathatha ngokoqobo lonke nesigamu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. Imali yasetshenziswa ngobuwula, futhi esikhundleni ukutshala ukuthuthukiswa eminye imithombo engenayo isabelomali isimo, babeyaphi endaweni amaphrojekthi yithemba ngokuphelele. Ngalesi sikhathi isimo sesishintshile: emazweni ampofu izimali ekukhuliseni izinhlelo zezomnotho nezenhlalo (yize kungekona ngempumelelo njalo), ecebile - on ukuthuthukisa eminye imithombo imali.

Inhlangano ka - Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe (OPEC) namuhla ngempela iyithuluzi elinamandla ukuze manipulation zomnotho nezinkinga zezepolitiki. Nokho, izinkinga sangaphakathi uthi - amalunga ukuthuthukisa hhayi ngempumelelo ngokwabo. mibono e amandla nobuthakathaka kuzokwenza ekulahlekelweni isikhundla okuholela emhlabeni uwoyela umkhakha, uma kungenjalo iqedwe.

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