Phakathi neMpi Yenkolo Okokuqala, umphumela. Injongo eziMpini Zokholo lokuqala

Yenkolo Yokuqala iminyaka 1096-1099 kamuva yaba isiqondiso entsha inqubomgomo angaphandle ithi Western. Yini abathintekayo kwavela enjalo ukunyakaza emikhulu? Yini zenzakalo zenzeka phakathi neminyaka Yenkolo Yokuqala? Le mibuzo kanye neminye eminingi uzothola izimpendulo kulesi sihloko.

Europe ekupheleni XI leminyaka

Phakathi neminyaka engu-Yenkolo Okokuqala, njengoba uzofunda kamuva, lapho kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziningi. Kodwa yini eyabangela le ekuqhumeni umsebenzi popular, okuyinto engase ifaniswe ngobukhulu kuphela Ukufuduka Okukhulu? Ake sibheke kabanzi.

Umlando Yenkolo Okokuqala iqala eminyakeni emihlanu edlule kwekhulu leshumi nanye. Nakuba ngokusemthethweni saphela bamba kweJerusalema ngo 1099, kodwa imiphumela emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka.

Phela, eqinisweni, esaqala ngalo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, sibheka eceleni izisusa Knights, le baseByzantium kanye isimo amaSulumane e empumalanga phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Okwamanje, ukukhuluma ngesimo esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka okungabi ophoqelelwe lobuKristu baseHungary futhi Scandinavians ezifundeni European akha stratum of amasosha professional. umsebenzi Unokuthula babengesibo angayithandi. Bathi nje ngangifuna ukulwela, ujabulisa ngempela ukuya Amasosha. Kodwa iziphakamiso Babembalwa kakhulu. Leyo mizwa babekhona kwezakhi aphansi emphakathini.

Ezicukuthwaneni futhi wenza njengoba amalungu Yenkolo Yokuqala. Uhlu imikhankaso ngokuvamile wafunda eklasini umlando. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko uyobe kalula ukuqondiswa kulezi zindaba.

Ngakho, elingenhla waphishekela imigomo yabo. AmaKhosi kwaholela okuhlaselayo ngokumelene Saracens eSpain naseNyakatho Afrika, ukuze ubazi wazama ukuzihlanganisa ku kuphangwa, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi emsebenzini.

Ngakho-ke, Yenkolo Yokuqala, ngamafuphi, baba kundawo lapho waphunyuka kwemizwelo nolaka kakhulu wesisindvo abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Manje ake sixoxe izisusa iqembu ngalinye.

imigomo baseYurophu

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima ngoba eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekhulwini langaphambilini, bakha stratum enamandla amasosha professional leyo akukho okunye wayengazi ukuthi nabafuna ukwenza akazange.
Knights Noble namasosha avamile ngezinyawo, iziphanzi nabapristi, abathengisi kanye abalimi - bonke abathintekayo Yenkolo Yokuqala. Ithebula uqale ukunyakaza kwabo ngokuvamile empumalanga uyabuzwa ngendlu esikoleni. Ungakwenza kalula, sithembele amaphuzu akulesi sihloko.

Ngakho, kubahlanganyeli Zokholo okuqala ayengelona isisindo heterogeneous nomphakathi. masinyane bangena ukuze kusizwe abazalwane amaKristu? Lutho neze. Babematasa ngaphezulu nge ngokuxabana yangaphakathi, umbango ngamakhulu amazwe principalities.

Guqula izixazululo senzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Ngo 1074 uPapa ibize kwabantu baseYurophu ukusiza umbusi WaseByzantium. Kodwa asilandelwanga kungekho usizo lempi. waqala kuphela ukunyakaza okukhulu pilgrim eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Kodwa ngokushesha kwakukhona amahemuhemu mayelana ukucindezelwa pilgrim Christian by amaSulumane. Lokhu kwabangela igagasi intukuthelo, kodwa yobushoshovu akukakabi khona. Isizathu sokugcina kwaba nokuncenga uPapa omusha, Urban II ngubani ayisekho wakhuluma abazalwane nosizo, kodwa ezazizozuzisa bonke abahlanganyeli emkhankasweni: "Ngoba ubani bampofu lapha, uyakuba yinkosi e ezweni lesithembiso."

Inkathi esukela 1096 ku 1099 GG. - phakathi Yenkolo Yokuqala. Libanga 6 esikoleni efunda ngayo njengengxenye umlando Ephakathi. Ake siqhubeke ukukhuluma ngesimo eMpumalanga ngalesi sikhathi.

motifs WaseByzantium

I WaseByzantium wayesesimweni esimenza abe kakhulu ngesikhathi zenkolo kuqala. Kuze 1091 kwaba nenkinga yezombusazwe nezomnotho kuleli zwe.

Isimo uye wahlupheka ukuhlaselwa okuvela ezinhlangothini ezintathu. Kusukela enyakatho ezisengozini Pechenegs, wabusa Southern emaqeleni Ukraine. Kusukela eningizimu, siyaphela le Seljuk abaseTurkey, ngubani inflicted ukunqotshwa eziningana ibutho imithetho yombusi. Ngoxhaxha Marmara Sea ubuswa pirates Turkish.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi wahlanganyela Aleksey Komnin ukuxhumana zokubonisana ababusi uthi Western Europe. Ukhuluma ngesimo esiyingozi ama-Empire, futhi icela usizo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba nakakhulu ukuthatha ukuma Orthodox futhi iSonto LamaKatolika. Leli qiniso kwakuwajabulisa kakhulu uPapa, futhi kwaba omunye ngezici ezathonya kuqale izingcingo ukuze impi.

Kodwa ngo ekwindla ka 1092 isimo e BoMbuso WaseByzantium is yathuthuka kakhulu. Pechenegs yahlulwa umfelandawonye lwamaSlav. -Turks ukhathazekile okwengeziwe sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini ayeke kokuphazamisa imingcele isimo yobuKristu. Lo mbuso engena isikhathi ukuzinza yokutakula kancane kancane.

Kodwa entshonalanga ke futhi sasinganawo umbono kungani umgomo Zokholo lokuqala, abantu baseYurophu zihluke Motifs WaseByzantium. Kamuva kwaba yindawo yokuzalela umbango ezingxoxweni kombusi kanye Crusaders.

Isimo emhlabeni Muslim

EziMpini Zenkolo kuqala endaweni zomhlaba Islamic ukuthi babanjwe yezimpi zombango. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuleli shumi leminyaka elidlule kwekhulu leshumi nanye, ababusi Seljuk bayofa, Abbasid kanye Fatimids. EMpumalanga Ephakathi iqala yombango phakathi Shiites futhi Sunnis ukuze amandla.

Shi'ite Fatimid isimo, okuyinto yayisethafeni indawo yaseGibhithe yesimanje, uthemba ukuthi uthole ukusekelwa ebusweni Crusaders. U-Aleksey Komnin, umbusi WaseByzantium, nabo belulekwa Knights European ukuphothula ubuhlobo nabo ngokumelene Seljuk Sunni.

Eqinisweni, eningizimu ye-Turkey, Iran, e-Iraq, Armenia bekuyingxenye ezandleni abaseTurkey. Endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi Syria naseLebanoni, eziningi ezizimele lizisho. Kodwa Egypt naseningizimu Palestine lase lithengwe we Fatimids.

Ukuthi ukwehlukana okwenzeka ngaphakathi uvinjelwe amaSulumane ukwethula ibutho united ngokumelene Crusaders. Kule ndaba, amaqembu alwayo babelingana, njengoba baseYurophu, futhi, ababengeke bavumelane.

Lezi feuds Babekhona kuphela kumbusi eByzantium, owakwazi, nakuba ohlakaniphileyo, kodwa ukuthola kabusha eminye ezweni elahlekile.

AmaKristu eMpumalanga Ephakathi

Abahlanganyeli Yenkolo Yokuqala Ayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi akuzona kuphela ukuze uwine "ethuneni iNkosi", kodwa futhi ukuvikela amaKristu akanye nawo kusukela Saracens ongakholwa. Ikakhulukazi leli phuzu kuboniswa kahle movie "Umbuso wezulu ufaniswa".

Kodwa abapristi bamaKatolika e-Western Europe ayenephutha ngezindlela eziningi. Eqinisweni isimo eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuyisisekelo okuphambene.

Emazweni Muslim Kholwa Juda babecindezelwa ezingavamile, njengoba ngobunyoninco liyakwenqabela ophoqelelwe ukuguqula "iqiniso" ukholo abantu imiBhalo. Bamane kubhekwe utshwala nokho engahlose bubi. Ngenxa yalokho, imizi Islamic eMedithera esempumalanga non-amaSulumane bakhokhe intela ukuze isimo futhi zonke.

Ukucindezelwa yathoma khona ngemva "esingenandaba" Ngosizo izizwe anobuhlobo. Lapho-Turks and Arabhu wabona ukuthi abantu baseYurophu ukwenza, baqala saxosha amaKristu kusukela emadolobheni, funa ukuthi bayakufa basize abakholwa nabo ngaphakathi.

Ngakho, injongo Zokholo kuqala ukulungiswa kakhulu ngemuva ukushaya amasosha YaseYurophu ezweni lesithembiso. They bheka bo khe bobo isimo sengqondo obunokuthula bendawo, kanye nengcebo, ingcebo khona ezweni akukho ndoda. Ngemva kwalokho, le Crusaders ngokuyisisekelo waqondisa kuphela ngenxa yokuhaha.

Imicimbi ongumlimi umkhankaso

Kubahlanganyeli zenkolo lokuqala okwakukhona abantu abavela emikhakheni ahlukahlukene umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, esihlokweni sizoxoxa yokuthi ukunyakaza ezintathu uquqaba, ezaziwa ngokuthi umkhankaso wokuqala emlandweni.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba uPapa Urban II limise Yenkolo Yokuqala, kusukela Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kwavela omkhulu "ibutho iziphanzi." Wabahola nge uPetru Hermit, indela kusukela Amiens. Wakhanyisa abantu umbono isambatho sengcebo satiety e-mkhathi ezintsha.

Unyaka ka ekuqaleni Yenkolo Yokuqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu kwaqondana sokuvuna lokuqala ocebile emva kweminyaka nesomiso. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi amaningi akubona esibi njengoba yonke imikhaya lonke ngendlela ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Babekholelwa ukuthi "abafowethu abangamaKristu" ukuba abasize ukudla. Lo mkhuba saba khona, kodwa izihambeli ambalwa.

Lapha kwaba isixuku elambile eyakhiwe amadoda, abesifazane, izingane nasebekhulile. Kancane kancane waba munyu futhi waqala ukuba baphange imizana, okuyinto lukuvimbele. Bona ungaphumeleli amabutho bakulelo bandla bahlele izinkulumo. Sekuvamile kubahlanganyeli Zokholo kuqala leli kwenqwaba yezisulu, njengoba bengenayo izikhali, amandla namakhono empini ukulwa.

Nge nobunzima obukhulu le wodweshu safinyelela waseConstantinople, ngalahlekelwa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu, ingxenye yesine ka inani yasekuqaleni. Enhloko-dolobha, bona okuhleliwe ezinyantisayo zaphoqa umbusi WaseByzantium ukubathumela e-Asia Minor.

Kukhona ibutho ongumlimi zaneliswe ahlomile amabutho Seljuks.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi Yenkolo Yokuqala kwaba ekudumazekeni kuya ubumpofu. Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi inkathi, amadoda angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi abasha kwathengiswa abesifazane ebugqilini. Bangaphezu kuka-ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu abantu ubudala, izingane kanye nabantu oseqinile asewile sifo sabres wamabutho njalo.

Ukwahlulela evela emithonjeni ukuze edolobheni Christian WaseByzantium weza kuphela mayelana abantu abayikhulu kusukela amashumi amathandathu amawaka.

Lo mkhankaso German

Ukulandela ukuhamba kwezimoto kwaba emazweni isiJalimane isiFulentshi, ihlelwe knight esihle, wethiwa Gauthier isinxibi nje.

Izisusa ukuthi utshelwa ibutho eziyishumi oqeqeshwe ezisendleleni, zazimane esiyingqayizivele. Bona ukuwugcina ngokuphelele ukucabanga futhi isimo sengqondo, lezi zakhamuzi zazenza YaseYurophu isikhathi.

Pope Urban II ngokuthi ukuze izingalo ukuvikela ubuKristu nezinye izinkolo, kuhlanganise ukuba baphinde Lethuna Elingcwele. Kodwa lezi Knights wezwa kuphela ingxenye yokuqala isikhalazo. AmaJalimane sanquma ukuthi akufanele uhambe kuze kube komunye umkhawulo wezwe, ngoba nanka kahle futhi kudingeka balwele ukholo.

Ngakho-ke, amaJalimane ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi behlomile French nje waqhubeka "ukuzingela", wahlanganyela ezimpini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi baqhutshwa ntshonalanga, ohlangothini okuphambene ngokuphelele kusukela isiqondiso eJerusalema.

Nakuba iSonto LamaKatolika futhi wazama asilahle ukuziphatha okunjalo, kodwa izinyathelo sobala kungukuthi kuthathwe. AmaJuda wazama ukuba ahlele amabutho abazithandayo noma amasosha waqasha for ukuvikelwa. Kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Eminyakeni embalwa waqhubeka ukuguqulwa ngempoqo infidels ebuKristwini. Labo ababenqaba, wayelinde ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa.

Ngakho, umphumela Yenkolo Yokuqala kumaJuda European saba sibi. Kodwa izenzo ezinjalo Knights kuphela anda inzondo lamaJuda futhi amaSulumane kubo. Kusukela imiphakathi zamaSemite emazweni ahlukahlukene sebeqala zithuthelekela ayizinkulungwane igolide ukusiza amaSulumane be-Afrika kanti i-Middle East, lapho bamelana Crusaders.

Izicukuthwane e Yenkolo Yokuqala

Impumelelo enkulu eminyakeni Yenkolo sokuqala sifinyelelwe ibutho ngaphansi kobuholi yezikhulu. Yize abazange bakha yomkhakha owodwa, kodwa babengenamduduzi eziningi eziqeqeshwe kahle amasosha, cuirassiers, crossbowmen nabamahhashi.

Ngokungafani impi abalimi olungenakuzisiza ', babekwazi ukuxosha amabutho njalo Turkish futhi Arab.

Ezicukuthwaneni ukubeka phambili amayunithi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nempahla yabo, kancane kancane ukuhlanganisa ibe elikhulu nezinqola multi-eyinkulungwane. Ngakho, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, eConstantinople babevela amahlanu amasosha ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.

Kodwa inhlangano yaze yaqala ngemva kokubhujiswa ibutho ongumlimi kanye ezimpini amaningi eYurophu. abantu eqaphelekayo engafuni ukulahlekelwa isivuno esihle. Ngandlela-thile, ngokungafani kuya ubumpofu, baya naso hlinzeka izikhali kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo. iyunithi ngalinye wakwenza ukulwa iyunithi.

Izimbangela Yenkolo Yokuqala zale namanenekazi kwakusobala. "Lackland iba umnikazi we zezinceku nengcebo fabulous ku iJerusalema lasezulwini. '

Zonke izenzakalo ezenzeka eMpumalanga Ephakathi 1096 i 1099, zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi eziningana. Border phakathi kwabo kuyoba esiphawuleka kunazo zonke okuvinjezelwa, lapho abadlali babehileleke Yenkolo Yokuqala.

Ithebula zalezi zenzakalo ivame ekhaya emlandweni izifundo lesithupha. Ake sibheke kubo ngokuningiliziwe, ukusiza abafundi.

Inkambo izenzakalo iminyaka 1096-1099

Empeleni, waqala impi kuphela emva amabutho iConstantinople. Lapho, izicukuthwane zaseYurophu bacela ukusekelwa uMbusi WaseByzantium. Ngo exchange, bathembisa ukuze uthumele kuye zonke izindawo ehlasela, okuyinto kanye kwakungekaNkulunkulu yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Ukuhlolwa yokuqala amandla isibe kusiqalekiso Ukuvinjezelwa komuzi Turkish WaseNicaea. Saqala ngo-1097. Sturm akuphumelelanga ngoba ibutho eziMpini Zenkolo ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka okuhlaselayo emva uzowanqoba sultan Turkish. Obloga lwathatha izinyanga eziningana.

Umbusi WaseByzantium-Aleksey Komnin esolwa kufanele abaholi ibutho chivalrous ngilangazelela kuphula sivumelwano. Ngakho-ke, ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi, lapho kwaba sobala ukuthi lo muzi ngokuqinisekile bawe ezinsukwini ezizayo, + khona manjalo wathumela izakhamuzi kuthula yabo. Kugcine okuxoxiswene yokubuyiswa umuzi amabutho WaseByzantium, ukuze ugweme kuphangwa amabutho empi yenkolo.

Futhi kwenzeka kanjalo. Ngokungabaza, Knights kwadingeka ukuba ugcine isifungo futhi uqhubeke nokuphila. Into elandelayo kwaba e-Antiyokiya. Umuzi, okwakuyindlela nengxenye eJerusalema.

Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwadonsa kusukela Okthoba 1097 June 1098. Bohemond of Taranto, uNorman isikhulu eningizimu ye-Italy, ephethwe ukugwazela isikhulu emzini ovinjezelwe. Wethembisa ukudonsa isitebhisi ku kwesigaba omunye odongeni ukusiza bamba le nqaba.

Ukuze lensizakalo wamabutho European Bohemond yafuna emva ukuthunjwa Antiyokiya seningene efeni lakhe. Ngokwengxenye ukukholisa lonke Knights Kwatholakala, kuphela endabeni ka-esisongela ukunqotshwa ukucabanga kakhulu. On indlela ezinkulungwane eziningi kwaba le-Turkish ibutho Kerbogha.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa phansi inqaba lomuzi zibulawa cishe zonke izakhamuzi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva ukuthunjwa Antiyokiya yi Crusaders, it waphinda wavinjezelwa. Yafika amabutho Turkish. Siege ikubekezelele nzima baseYurophu, kusukela zimbalwa kakhulu amalungiselelo.

Bohemond wakhetha ukunika impi evulekile ukubuswa abaseTurkey. Kodwa ngaphambi ukuthi wenza ngobuqili isibili (ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi) yaphakamisa isimo salo ibutho. Ngolunye usuku ekuseni, Kwabikwa ngalo mbono, okuyinto okwenzeka ongumlimi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngaphakathi kwezindonga Antiyokiya, eduze elinye lamasonto, ke wangcwatshwa umkhonto wabulala Kristu. Ngempela, bemba.

Army, "eliholwa isandla seNkosi," sakwazi ukuhlula amasosha Kerbogha.
Esigabeni esilandelayo kwaba eJerusalema. It wakwazi uthwebule kuphela izindleko izinkulungwane zezimpilo. Kwadingeka ugcwalise umsele omkhulukazi emhlabeni edolobheni ukuze imibhoshongo yokuvimbezela umuzi eyakhiwe wafika izindonga. Ngemva ukuthunjwa edolobheni, ngokuvumelana zemihla ngemihla, yaqala lwalesi sibhicongo, futhi ngemva ukuphanga. Ngokusho umlobi wezenzakalo, eJerusalema izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa babulawa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Ngakho, umphumela Yenkolo Yokuqala yayingacacile kahle futhi wahlukanisa umlando saseMpumalanga Ephakathi eYurophu nezikhathi "phambi kwakhe" futhi "ngemva."

Imiphumela umkhankaso

Ukuphathwa tingentiwa kulandela imiphumela Yenkolo Yokuqala.
Okokuqala, yisikhathi kuphela lapho kufezekiswe ngokugcwele izinjongo ezibekwe ekuqaleni.

Okwesibili, njengoba sengike wajwayelana isiko zaseMpumalanga, ukuthola impahla, umhlaba, izinceku, eziningi amasosha babengafuni ukuba abuyele ekhaya. Akha phansi kancane kancane wathatha phezu isiko labantu bendawo.

Kodwa umcimbi main ezenzeka phakathi neminyaka engu-Yenkolo Okokuqala, isisekelo amane uthi obusha bobuKristu. Bahlakazeka bonke phezu Levant (endaweni eyayihlanganisa eningizimu Turkey yesimanje naseMpumalanga Ephakathi), kulawulwa noMbusi wababusi ezahlukene futhi yathatha iminyaka engaba yikhulu.

Ngakho, owokuqala kwamiswa esiFundeni Edessa. Empeleni, igama liye okuthiwa enhlokodolobha. It yasungulwa ngu Baldwin ka Boulogne, cishe ukhona omunye wabafowethu ezintathu - Lorraine Knights. It ahlukaniswa eziMpini Zenkolo ibutho emuva 1098, endleleni eya e-Antiyokiya, futhi waya empumalanga. Kube wayinqoba insimu futhi wadala isimo sabo siqu, eyathatha cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka.

Ngawo lowo nyaka futhi zakha ubukhulu wase-Antiyokiya. Umsunguli wawo futhi waba umbusi wawo Boemund Tarentsky, okuyinto esikhulume ngazo ekuqaleni. State eyathatha iminyaka eyodwa namashumi ayisikhombisa.

Ngemva bamba kweJerusalema ngo 1099, idaliwe umbuso eJerusalema. Waba umbusi wokuqala Gotfrid Bulonsky, umzalwane Baldwin, ngubani bazinza Edessa. Esikhathini ifa kwenkosi kwakukhona futhi abadala abane. Kwamakhosi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba Okwesithathu Crusade, kodwa yawela ngo-1291, ngemva ukuthunjwa Acre.

Okwesine eziMpini Zenkolo isimo yasungulwa ngo 1105 by Ukubala of Toulouse. Raymond IV, umbusi walo wokuqala, ngokuthi esifundeni Tripoli. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kuze 1289.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sizobe ufunde mayelana izimfanelo, izinjongo kanye izenzakalo Yenkolo Okokuqala, futhi kukhulunywa ngalo nemiphumela yaso.