Phambili White: sezindawo, ukukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, umonakalo empilweni

Mineral imibala white, wenza ngesisekelo phambili, yaqanjwa amaminerali likhona Ukwakheka kwabo - phambili esimhlophe. Kuye ezweni, isikhathi kanye indlela yokukhiqiza zipendwe ngopende owenziwe ngomthofu ezisekelwe Libizwa ngamagama ahlukahlukene ngokuthi: psimition, Dutch, cerussite, isiliva noma Foam nje esiliva, Klagenfurt, Venetian elimhlophe, elihlanzekile phambili zimhlophe ezinye ziluhlaza.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Ngokokuqala ngqá phambili ezimhlophe ziye ezichazwe emibhalweni yesiGreki umbhali uDioscorides e IV ekhulwini BC. Isiyakwazi property phambili futhi ayikwazanga aphume ke ukukhiqiza imibala. Ngemva kwesikhashana ngomcako yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe, noma, njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le mibhobho, cerussa, uye okwachazwa abalobi Roman ezifana Vitruvius, uPliny futhi uTheophrastus. Ukukhanya "entsha" lomthofu ezimhlophe okokuqala uvele Netherlands Ephakathi. ukukhiqizwa Factory elimhlophe ngokushesha okukhulu Uthole ukusakazwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo sanda. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, usosayensi Bergman kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, kwaba akwazi ukwambula Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emhlophe.

Njengoba-Russia, umlando ukusetshenziswa kanye womshini phambili esimhlophe akuyona usukhule kangaka, eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, baqala ukunyathelisa kithi. upende Hola ezisekelwe inqwaba akhiqizwa Yaroslavl, okuyinto ubhekwa maphakathi ukukhiqizwa ngomcako. Kuze kube manje, kukhona izimboni eziningana wahlanganyela womshini imikhiqizo white-eyaziwa ezidumile emhlabeni wonke.

sphere kwesicelo

Ngeke ukwazi ukuthi usebenzise ukuhola emhlophe njengoba kuphela ngoba eminye imibala. I esifanayo siyasebenza endleleni akusebenzisa yabo Umdwebo usebenza ngenxa ubuthi eliphezulu umkhiqizo. Emacaleni angakajayeleki ukusetshenziswa phambili ezisekelwe upende imhlophe ilungele metal evele.

Nokho, uma kukhona ukusetshenziswa phambili emhlophe emsebenzini, kubalulekile ukwenza ngokuvumelana neminye imithetho yokuphepha ebekiwe endabeni ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinjalo. Ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi emzimbeni womuntu, ngisho njengengxenye upende kwenqatshelwe zisebenzisa phambili esimhlophe.

Ngenxa ubuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusetshenziswa mhlophe ezilungisiwe ezingeni zomthetho. Ngakho, imithetho 1909 kanye 1926 abathintekayo ukwehla elibukhali ukukhiqizwa yonyaka yalezi upende eFrance. Nambili upende izimboni kulelizwe ngonyaka ukhiqiza engaphezu kwengu-20 000 amathani whiting esikhathini samanje, le mali ayeqi amathani 1,000. Le mithetho, ngeshwa, zisebenza endaweni yaseFrance, in the kwamanye amazwe, ukusetshenziswa phambili esimhlophe awugcini ngumthetho.

Izakhiwo lomthofu mhlophe

Basuke akhiqizwa uhlobo ezisindayo powder emhlophe kokuba isakhiwo luyimbudumbudu. Lapho eyizwa umusi we acetic acid ukwakha phambili nomthofu emhlophe. Faka umbala kubo, nahlulele ngegama, amhlophe. Ngenxa yesimo yenqubo ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo wokugcina iqukethe esincane ushukela phambili. Lokhu kuthinta ngephunga phambili esimhlophe, banayo ukunambitheka kancane sourish, kanye isilinganiso acetic eziyisisekelo phambili usawoti akumele leqe 1% of ukungcola Imininingwane.

Mineral upende, okuyinto akhiwa phambili emhlophe, abe namandla ucashile iDemo omiswe isikhathi. Kufika ama-10% isisindo ingqikithi uyinki lamafutha ukumuncwa kwabo. Outdoors White ngokushesha eqinisa, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kuwo wonke ukushuba we ungqimba upende. Kuyinto sibonga le mfanelo njengoba yafuna in umdwebo kwezobuchwepheshe multilayer nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi kwenziwa uwoyela phambili esimhlophe.

Ukwakheka, futhi kungakho amandla omiswe okusheshayo uyinki kalula idluliselwe ezinye izinto, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi ngisho inki kancane-omiswe ngokushesha zome kulo ungqimba yayo. Yinzuzo zitholwa ngoba podmalevki njengoba ekahle staining okwalandela, ezihambisana kahle enezingxenye okwalandela futhi ngeke inqamuke.

Lows e ukusetshenziswa phambili esimhlophe

Ngaphandle izinzuzo ezisobala ukusetshenziswa phambili esimhlophe, banayo inombolo yokuntula onohlonze.

Ngokuyinhloko kuyafaneleka le ubuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu powder. Lapho bezihlikihla zonke imithetho yokuphepha kufanele kulandelwe, ukuze, ukuze powder wafutha. It is hhayi kuphela ubuthi ezinzima, kodwa futhi ebulalayo ezaziwayo.

phambili White bayakwazi ukushintsha ukukhanya kwabo. Lapho wadalula hydrogen sulfide upende kuqala ziqala ukumila nsundu, bese ujika ngokuphelele abamnyama. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela uma kukhona ingxenye anenombolo enganele ezimhlophe isibopho isici. Nokho, le nqubo kuba esethola. Ukuze kokuqala yokufuna ngesineke ebusweni uhlobo udayi kumele aphathe i-hydrogen peroxide, okwazi ukuwaguqula black phambili sulphide laba mhlophe sulphate.

Endaweni ane-alikhali, emhlophe eziguquguqukayo, yingakho ayifanele ane-alikhali tempera kanye Umfanekiso.

Ngo yokudweba ngokucacile abanjalo livele. phambili White, uwoyela linseed yashaywa nge, unekhono okushintsha umhlaba. Uma isithombe is wamuka iwindi futhi siqondiswe upende odongeni esekelwe phambili esimhlophe ophuzi, kodwa ngakwazi ukubuyela umbala yokuqala, ngesikhathi uma elangeni ngqo.

Okunhlobonhlobo mhlophe

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene emhlophe. Lead, zinc kanye titanium kuyizinto ezivamile.

Hola - omdala, bavame ukusebenzisa abaculi ubudala. Ukusizakala ngazo ukuthi singasetshenziswa izingqimba esobala, kanye upende seyomile ngokushesha kakhulu. It has a isakhiwo nezimo futhi uzinze ngokwengeziwe. Kodwa ethile eyinhloko esikhathazeka ngayo ubuthi bayo.

Titanium emhlophe. Abayona kancane lidumile abaculi kanye izici zifana phambili esimhlophe. Lokhu upende yilona ithoni whitest, kodwa kusimo yayo siwukuthi ngokuphelele esobala futhi igcwalise ngokuphelele ezinye amathoni.

Lezi ethandwa kakhulu nge white zobumba okuyinhloko. Bona ukungenela ngokuqondile siyibumba, uma lokho akwanele, zizosetshenziswa ungqimba elincanyana phezulu kwenye.

Zinc oxide. Ababona zilingana titanium ezimhlophe , futhi ngakho asetshenziselwa toning nokusebenzisa izingqimba esobala. Yini embi ngalo lokhu upende kuphela omiswe isikhathi eside.

indlela i-Dutch

Lena indlela yokuqala futhi eminingi yasendulo zokukhiqiza phambili esimhlophe. Ukuze le nqubo, phambili amapuleti 2-3 mm strip ububanzi iyasikwa ibe nobude 6 cm ibekwe endaweni ezicwebezelisiwe sobumba amabhodwe, ngaleyo ndlela displacing Kuvunguza. Izimbiza kufanele kube ngu-1 litre, futhi ukuphakama 20 cm. Nalokho ingezwe 250 ml uviniga. Izimbiza ezibekwe imigqa isitini ikhamera bese okufakwe enezingxenye of umquba wamahhashi zingezwa. Ezansi ungqimba zimbozwe umquba wamahhashi isethwe ungqimba wokuqala amabhodwe, basuke ihlanganiswa phezu umthofu amapuleti namabhodi, izikhala phakathi kwezibaya nayo igcwele umquba. Ngakho amabhodwe elalakhelwe izingqimba phezulu.

Phakathi umquba ukuvutshelwa uphehla ukushisa, egqugquzela ukuhwamuka we acetic acid. Lapho catalyzing-oksijini evela emoyeni phambili-kukhiqizwa usawoti acetic, is ibe uglesvintsovuyu, okuyinto phambili esimhlophe. Le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa elimhlophe kusukela amapuleti oholayo kuleli kukhathaza kakhulu, ngokuvamile abahlanganyela kulo mshini. ezisetshenziswa kakhulu le njongo yidivayisi sezintaba.

indlela German

Umehluko kusuka inqubo-German-Dutch kuphela imininingwane. Ukuhola amashidi ungawuphazamisi e amakhanzi, alengiswa e isitini nezinkuni amaseli. A kuchutjekwe neluhlelo lwekwenta onweba acetic acid ne-oksijini ezifanayo. Ngokuvamile le ndlela isetshenziswa lisebenze Okukhulu.

indlela French

Tenar kwahlongozwa by indlela French for yokukhiqiza phambili esimhlophe. Ngoba ekhiqizwa ikhambi wokuqala acetic phambili nosawoti, bese lapho carbon dioxide sidlulile. Ngenxa yalokho, emhlophe ekhululiwe, kanti isilinganiso acetic usawoti Lead uhlala isixazululo. Le nqubo eqhubekayo, njengokungathi wachitha isixazululo redissolved litharge, ukwakha usawoti eziyisisekelo.

indlela isiZulu

Le ndlela yokukhipha phambili white eziyinkimbinkimbi eziningi bese-ke isetshenziswa ngaphansi muva. Imigqomo ovundlile ibekwe litharge, oswakanyiswe isixazululo 1% phambili ushukela. Elapho usebenzisa uvukela iwaphe-. Kulokhu, ukusakaza carbon dioxide icutshungulwe.

Ukuze le nqubo, kubalulekile ukuthi litharge babengekho ukungcola, noma ezimhlophe zingase zithole umbala engathandeki.