Pipelines: Pipelines Russia

namapayipi kawoyela Russian - kwenye yezingxenye ezisemqoka kukaphethiloli namandla wemboni komnotho. Kuze kube yimanje, Russian Federation usebenza i Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina namapayipi kawoyela, igesi ahamba amafutha ahamba olubaluleke obuhlukahlukene. Pipeline ezokuthutha izixhumanisi iningi izikhonzi Federation, futhi ikhonza yokukhipha hydrocarbon nemikhiqizo yabo.

Ukwahlukaniswa amapayipi

Pipelines zihlukaniswe ngokwenjongo zabo:

• izinto Local ukuxhumana ngaphakathi zokudoba, uwoyela isitoreji gas izindawo, zokuwuhluza.
• Amapayipi amakhulu Regional abe nobude amashumi amaningana of amakhilomitha. Oilfields abophele master esiteshini, ngamafutha izinto ukulayisha (iyalayisha) phezu kwamanzi noma wesitimela, iphayiphi main.
• Backbone - amapayipi, okuyinto engaphezu kwengu-50 km, ipayipi ububanzi kusukela 200 mm kuya ku-1400 mm nangaphezulu. Ibanga lapho imikhiqizo kungenziwa enikeziwe in amapayipi Ngalokunjalo, ezinkulungwaneni noma amakhilomitha. Ukudonswa kwalawo manzi Kwenziwa yini umuntu compressor esiteshini futhi amaningi, esilinganayo endleleni ka iphayiphi. Kuye uwoyela akhishwa, iphayiphi main libizwa iphayiphi (ongahluziwe uwoyela ukudonsa) futhi umkhiqizo (uwoyela), uwoyela abamnyama, a uphethiloli, iziketekete abanye.

Wendlovu imigqa ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, lokhu kungaba stop besikhashana esimeni esiphuthumayo, ukunakekela noma esikhundleni izingxenye.

Ukuthuthukiswa namapayipi kawoyela e-Russia

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa amapayipi eRussia inikeze exhumene ukuthuthukiswa embonini kawoyela. Ngo-1901, isimo ukhiqiza cishe ingxenye zokukhiqiza Imininingwane uwoyela emhlabeni. Njengoba kwanda amavolumu izinto zokusetshenziswa uya kwaphakamisa umbuzo yezokuthutha yayo. zibheke kwezomnotho ukwakhiwa amapayipi okuye kwabonakala ukunciphisa umsebenzi wojantshi futhi sinciphise izindleko zokuhamba.

Eyokuqala Russian isiqu amapayipi nge obuphelele ingqikithi 1147 km sekwakhiwe ekuqa- le XIX futhi XX eminyaka futhi axhunyiwe Amasimu eduze Baku uwoyela zokuwuhluza. Lo mkhankaso wokwakha umkhiqizo iphayiphi lokuqala okungewakho DI Mendeleev. Loluhlelo waqalwa ngo-1906. Ubude iphayiphi of 831 km, 200 mm amapayipi kanye iziteshi compressor 13 kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi futhi olunikezwe kaphalafini kusukela Baku ukuba Batumi emazweni angaphandle.

Eminyakeni eyandulela impi, notshwala main imikhiqizo uwoyela lamafutha ezazisemizini iCaspian Sea, eCaucasus kanye iVolga umcengezi. Kungenzeka wayethunywe e Grozny-Tuapse uwoyela iphayiphi (649 km, 273 mm ububanzi), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 km, 300 mm) kanye umkhiqizo Mangyshlak - Samara futhi Ust-Balik - Almetyevsk.

A round esisha yentuthuko namapayipi kawoyela Russian (ke USSR) yazuza eminyakeni post-yimpi. It kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba esikhathini yentuthuko okusheshayo izimayini kanye ukucutshungulwa namafutha iVolga-Urals Basin nokuthuthukiswa imali eSiberia. namapayipi ka eside obuphelele kuze kube 1200 mm ububanzi zazakhiwa. Ngenxa ezinye zazo (isib, Surgut - Polotsk), uwoyela laseSiberia waqala zithunyelwe ezindaweni ezimaphakathi of Russia, Belarus aseBaltic.

Izinzuzo ezokuthutha iphayiphi

Ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu kakhulu uwoyela negesi amapayipi laseRussia lathola engxenyeni kwekhulu XX yesibili. Namuhla, ivolumu kanye gravity ethize ye zithutha hydrocarbon amapayipi kuyinto kancane kancane displaces izindlela amanzi ujantshi zokuthutha imikhiqizo uwoyela lamafutha. Izinzuzo main uwoyela negesi amapayipi yilezi:

• Ububanzi abalulekile ukudonsa, ukusebenza elingenazinkinga, a-bandwidth abalulekile, ukulahlekelwa ubuncane.
• A ububanzi viscosity uhla uwoyela akhishwa.
• operation esitebeleni zokuzamazama ezahlukene zezulu.
• Kungenzeka ukwakha iphayiphi cishe kuzo zonke izindawo.
• Izinga eliphezulu imishini e wokwakha.
• Automation izinhlelo for the ukulawula izinqubo zobuchwepheshe.

Ububi eyinhloko ezokuthutha iphayiphi ubhekwa ukutshalwa ngokwanele ezinkulu esigabeni ukwakhiwa.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke namapayipi kawoyela Russian

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - iphayiphi ukumpompa uwoyela iCaspian oluya echwebeni Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - iyona Russian ipayipi elithwala uwoyela kuqala ukusebenza ngo-1878. Wendlovu iphayiphi uxhuma ukudoba Balakhani ku yonke iNhlonhlo Absheron nokucwengisiswa umthamo eduze Baku.
3. inethiwekhi iphayiphi iBaltic. Design umthamo - kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-74 lamafutha ngonyaka. It uxhuma ngokushesha amyisa ethekwini laseKhesariya Primorsk ezivela emikhakheni uwoyela e Western eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ural-iVolga esifundeni.
4. Eastern eSiberia - Pacific Ocean - iphayiphi yokuxhuma Amasimu laseSiberia nge port uwoyela Kozmino eduze Nakhodka. iphayiphi opharetha - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Ubude 4188 km kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthekelisa uwoyela Russian Asia-Pacific ne-US izimakethe.
5. I ipayipi elithwala uwoyela "Druzhba" - simiso amapayipi main, eyakhelwe imikhiqizo uwoyela petroleum emazweni sezenhlalo eziseMpumalanga Yurophu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Manje eziqhutshwa ukuthekelisa eYurophu.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - ngowokuqala Russian isiqu iphayiphi naphakathi ubukhulu, elakhiwa ngo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ngenxa uwoyela Caucasian ogwini Black Sea.
7. I iCaspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) iphayiphi uxhuma emkhakheni entshonalanga ye Kazakhstan ukuba lingasetshenziswa esigungwini ku Sea coast eduze Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk iphayiphi ephethe namandla kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-80 uxhuma uwoyela okusendimeni Western eSiberia naseMpumalanga port Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - iphayiphi uwoyela ngokuxhumanisa Western eSiberia kanye Belarus bese emazweni aseBaltic nasengxenyeni Poland.
10. A evuthayo main iphayiphi esiyingqayizivele uwoyela Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Export nge namapayipi kawoyela

Okwamanje, i-akhawunti namapayipi kawoyela Russian ngoba 84% lemikhiqizo ezivela ezweni uwoyela. Labo abasele abanga-13% iyona zokuthutha ujantshi 3% - ezokuthutha aqueous futhi emfuleni. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- kuphela opharetha namapayipi kawoyela e-Russia. It ebangela 97% yamafutha zithutha ekhiqizwa kuleli zwe. Ubude uhlelo iphayiphi lenkampani -. Ngaphezu 217 ayizinkulungwane amakhilomitha, okuyinto uxhuma izifunda eyinhloko umkhiqizo kawoyela eRussia kanye yokuthengisa izimakethe e-Europe. 46,7 thous. Km wenani nekambiso yeenthuthi ezihlobene namapayipi kawoyela kanye 19.3 thous. Km basesimweni amapayipi.

namapayipi kawoyela Main eRussia, zinengxenye zokuthumela:

• I Baltic umthamo amapayipi - amathani ngonyaka kwezigidi ezingu-74;
• Uhlelo iphayiphi "Druzhba". Omunye amagatsha iphayiphi uya ePoland, kwesibili - eSlovakia. Ubude umthamo - kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-90;
• Black Sea amafutha iphayiphi - kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-43.

Le ndawo ethembisayo sokuthuthukiswa uwoyela nokuthengiswa isiRashiya East laseSiberia, ngenxa ukukhula ngamandla emafutheni ukusetshenziswa e China.