Prince Dmitry Shemyaka: Biography. Ezifuywayo angaphandle Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

Emlandweni isiRashiya, le nzalo ka-Moscow ezo grand babenedumela lokuba indoda wamandla engachazeki: wayengumuntu esizulazulayo ngubani aligcini nje lutho ukuze ukufeza umgomo. Lingubani leli qhawe? Umzukulu Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Dmitry Shemyaka. Ubizwa akakhumbulanga migilingwane izikhali, futhi kwakuthethwa amacala yimpumelelo ekuphathweni i ubukhulu ezimele, futhi ezaholela ukulwa engapheli ukuthola ubukhosi. Dmitry Shemyaka wafuna ozobusa wonke uhulumeni waseRussia, kunokuba izingxenye zayo ngazinye. Kulokhu, njengoba kakade kugcizelelwa abezindaba, awusebenzisa ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi, isikhulu kwakungelona ngikhetha ikakhulukazi. Indida itholakala lokuthi ukuthi wakwazi afinyelele umgomo wakhe futhi laba yinhloko le ubukhulu eMoscow. Pho-ke, uDmitri Shemyaka kungathatha sobukhosi inhlokodolobha Russian? Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Amaqiniso kusukela biography

Dmitry Shemyaka (iminyaka yokuphila: 1420-1453) wayeyindodana Grand Prince of eMoscow Yuri Dmitrievich.

Kakade esemncane, Prince kwadingeka umbono ukuba agqoke "cap Monomakh", naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uyise siyimiqemane. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, equkethe Biography emfushane ka cishe kunoma iyiphi amabhuku okufunda ngesikhathi umlando, waqala iqhaza feuds dynastic ngokumelene Basil II (Omnyama), ngokusekelwa umfowabo omdala Vasiliya Kosogo. Isikhulu abasha uye walungiselela zisekela ngokugcwele kuyise Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, uma kuziwa izimangalo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umzabalazo ilungelo uphathe isimo phakathi contender angenhla 'kanzima': yahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi yanjalo.

ukushona kukayise

Lapho Grand Prince Yuri Dmitrievich efa (kwenzeka 1434), uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo indodana yakhe endala - Vasily Diagon. Dmitry Shemyaka wathatha ngalezi zindaba kuyacasula undisguised; wayengabhekiseli aneliseke eziyimbangela yalokhu. Ndawonye umfowabo omncane Dmitry Krasnov zisiza yezingodo Basil II nomfowabo u-amadala ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi. Ngo ayasazisa le sevisi Dmitry Shemyaka (wokubusa: ubukhulu ka galich - (1433-1450), ubukhulu of Uglich - (1441-1447), eMoscow - (1445-1447) othola ifa waba umbusi Uglich futhi Rzhev ..

Race for amandla

Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile Shemyaka liphenduka inkosana wokuvelela: unquma ukuyisingatha ujoyine wokulwela sobukhosi, ukuhlangana ngabo kuye kuphikiswa amaningana boyars.

Nokho, nokufezekisa amaphupho abo uma akazange aphumelele ukubuyisana nomkakhe, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba bakwemukele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi Vasily II. Noma kunjalo, izazi-mlando eziningi, kwaba isimanga ephelele Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Dmitry Shemyaka isikhathi esithile kwaba isikhulu eMoscow. Lapha-ke kwenzeka kanjani.

Ngo 1445 kwathiwa impi ngokumelene Golden zidlamlilo, okuyinto amasosha i- imingcele Russia. Ngemva kokushonelwa Battle of Suzdal, Basil II elathunjwa futhi, ngaphansi imithetho ilandelana, umlandeli wakhe, siqala yesikhashana, baba Dmitry, ngokuba kwakunguye owayehola ekukhulumeni ngingowokuqala kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka-Ivan Kalita.

ekuphatheni izwe

Imithombo abonisa ukuthi Grand UMbusi Uglich, galich futhi iMoscow yayingenye "ezingasebenzi" umphathi. Dmitry Shemyaka, izinqubomgomo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo okwakunzima kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqinisa izikhundla zabo kwamandla akazange nomthofu yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe isimo eya ekuchumeni nokuchuma.

Kusukela ngezinye izikhathi izinqumo yakhe eyathatha isikhathi esifushane-sekuqhamuke wahlupheka wonke amakilasi: ezicukuthwaneni, abathengisi, impi izikhulu. intukuthelo Ukwandiswa phakathi kwabantu ngokuthi izinkantolo okuthiwa Shemyaka. Prince upstart wayebadelela nabazazisayo indoda, ngakho imisho esasibizwa ubulungiswa adalwe kuye sengathi kuncane kakhulu enibaziyo ubulungiswa.

Mayelana nangobudlova, okuyinto zazisebenze ke abameleli Themis, eyaphuma kuyi ezichazwe satirical "The Tale of Shemyakinsky enkantolo." Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, njengoba neze yaqhakaza ezinjengokungcoliswa ukufumbathisa, ephanga, ukuhlukumeza amandla abo abahluleli. Izitshiwe kwezinkambiso agunyaza lasendulo, izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokuvamile eziphoqelelwe ukungabi nangqondo. Karamzin mlando babekholelwa umzukulu ibangelwa isimo Dmitry Donskoy.

nangobudlova okunjalo wadala zonke izimfanelo for inhlokodolobha kwakukhona outflow okukhulu kwabantu. Inani inqubomgomo Angenelisekile Dmitry Yuryevich wakhula usuku nosuku.

Inqubomgomo angaphandle Russia phakathi nokubusa Shemyaka futhi nezidingo isikhathi. Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow ukuthatha ubukhosi, akazange ozokhokha inani lesihlengo yabayisa Basil II, futhi ukubambelela amandla, wazama ukujabulisa khan iGolden zidlamlilo. Wabuye bacela ukusekelwa yakhe brother-- Grand UMbusi Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, ukukuziba lokho izithakazelo zombusazwe Novgorod Republic.

standoff uyaqhubeka

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Basil II uphatha ukuba bagqashule Tatar ekuthunjweni ngo oyokhokha isihlengo omkhulu. Lapho bezwa ngalokhu, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich ngeke bathathe izikhundla bamphuthumisa ukuvimba indlela abaphikisi e-"itshe elimhlophe". Ebhekene nazo Basil at Holy Trinity Monastery, Omkhulu iSikhulu Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow bancishwa kuye ikhono ukubona futhi wadingiselwa Uglich.

Kodwa ngokushesha Shemyaka bekhululiwe umzala wakhe wamnika ifa Vologda. Kulomuzi zaqala ukufika abasekeli kanye abalandeli Basil II, owabe emva kwesikhashana eqoqwe ibutho omkhulu wahamba inhlokodolobha ukunqoba yena esihlalweni sobukhosi. Futhi ephumelela. Dmitry Yu wedluliselwa Grand UMbusi Uglich futhi Rzhev Bezhetskaya lesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, afunga ukuyibuyisela endaweni yomcebo isimo futhi ayisekho walala isimangalo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Nokho, ngokuphindaphindiwe waphula zithembiso esikhathini esizayo.

Tron elahlekile

Kusukela 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich uthatha ukulawula Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod umhlaba, futhi esikhathini kusuka 1451 kuya 1453 iminyaka bayakubusa le Novgorod Republic. Kodwa lapha wayeka iDemo. Waphinde waqala ukuzindla imigomo emikhulu ukunweba imingcele wokubusa kwakhe. Dmitry Yu nebutho lakhe bamasha phansi Dvina wathatha Ustyug ngaphandle ukumelana kakhulu. Nokho, akubona bonke abakhileyo kuleli edolobheni bajabula Grand Duke, bazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ithonya lakhe emandleni nsuku uyafa. Shemyaka kodwa wayesafuna ukulawula abantu, ngisho ubukhulu olulodwa, ngakho ngesihluku aqhephukile phansi ustyuzhanami ababonisa ukungamlaleli ngakuyo.

Futhi kuye ebonisa ukuthi isebenza izinyathelo ezinzima iningi ukusabisa: abanye babulawa esebeke entanyeni itshe, yaliphonsa emfuleni. Abantu bakule ndawo wayengafuni ukuthi emhlabeni wabo abakwenzayo nangobudlova ezinjalo, ngakho wacela usizo vymechey futhi vychegzhan njengoba indawo lapho behlala, ene kwakungekaNkulunkulu Ustyug. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa Dmitry Yuryevich ungase ayilawule edolobheni Russian lasendulo. Ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba, wayaleza vyatchan ababaphangayo esifunda grand, etholakala endaweni Vychegda-Vym emhlabeni.

anathematization

Ukweqisa nobudlova ezazenzeka ngomyalo wabaholi Elikhulu iSikhulu Uglich, galich naseMoscow, ayikwazanga ziphazamisa abefundisi. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, e 1450, Prince Dmitry Shemyaka esontfweni, "idiploma Damned," eyabhalwa ngo yokuqinisekisa. Le dokhumenti ngemvume uMbhishobhi Pitirim Permian. Nokho, kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando zisaphikisana ukuthi umzukulu Dmitry Donskoy wayengubani ngempela kwakuzondeka, kusukela imithombo kule ndaba ziyangqubuzana. Ikakhulukazi, Metropolitan uJona encwadini ayibhalela uMbhishobhi Efrim wabhala ukuthi isikhulu "yena esontfweni."

Kungani Shemyaka?

Ngakho, thina esiphethweni kanjani liqala ukubusa, Dmitry Shemyaka. Kungani i-moniker elinjalo enamathiselwe Grand UMbusi Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow? Lo mbuzo akukanciphi ezithakazelisayo ngco kulofundzako.

Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona izinguqulo eziningana. Omunye wabo kusekelwe yokuthi igama elithi "Shemyaka" lifana Tatar-Mongol "Chimek", okusho ukuthi ingubo noma umhlobiso. Enye incazelo yaleli zwi uthi "Shemyaka" - segama "Sheemyaki" (ngokuthi nguye unamandla amakhulu). Kodwa umzukulu Dmitry "edumile" Don ngenxa nezinye izimfanelo: ngobuqili, unya, inkohliso nothando kwamandla. Ngenxa izinzuzo + zabo siqu nhlobo wayekulungele Dmitry Shemyaka. Isidlaliso wathola e abantu, yahlakazeka ezweni lapho igunya elikhulu kwadingeka isikhulu Galician. Kungenzeka ukuthi isikhulu Aleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky waqala egqoke emva wahlangana ngobuhlobo Shemyaka. Imithombo ibonisa ukuthi ngo 1538 ayephila Ivan Shemyaka izikweletu-Saburov, izihlahla umkhaya owawunamalungu izimpande kwaqala ngo Kostroma. Ngo 1562, ikhuluma Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: okhokho baso babengabapristi Vologda. Ngo-1550 yena wayesebenza eRussia Vasily Shemyaka, okuyinto beyiba usawoti imisebenzi yayo. Ekhulwini XVI, ngokusho emithonjeni endaweni ye Novgorod Republic futhi inabantu enegama Shemyaka.

Umkami nezingane

Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow washada UZandile Dmitrievna, ngubani eyindodakazi Prince Dmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. Dmitry Shemyaka umalokazana wayengumzukulu St Prince Fedor Black. izincwadi zomlando zibonisa ukuthi umzukulu Dmitriya Donskogo Zomshado Sofey Dmitrievnoy labetibambile ngaphambili kuka 1436. Emshadweni, bathola indodana, u-Ivan Dmitrievich. Kwathi Uglich kuka 1437. engu-12 kamuva inzalo wayehlala nonina eSt George Monastery.

Futhi UZandile D. wabeletha indodakazi Maria. Kamuva washada no-Aleksandru Czartoryski wahlala Velikiy Novgorod. Ukufa kwakhe kwabamangaza: wembelwa ebusika 1456 e-St George Monastery.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Isigaba sokugcina we ukuphila isikhathi umzukulu Dmitry Donskoy engakaze okucwaningwe ngokuphelele ngazo, njengoba izincwadi zomlando awaqukethe ulwazi oluphelele ngalokhu. amapulani akhe okufuna ukuvelela awazange ezimiselwe igcwaliseke ngezinga elikhulu: ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, yayingakwazi eMoscow, futhi uzame ukuba ngibe ngumbusi we ubukhulu futhi bekwazi kabani dolobha kufanele kube Ustyug, futhi kuhlulekile. Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow uyesaba kakhulu yokuziphindiselela ngezenzo zabo phezu ingxenye Basil II, sehlazweni okwakukhona abashisekeli kanye Novgorod Dmitry Yuryevich. Okwesikhathi esithile, "yaphenduka amehlo" kuya eminingi zonya umzukulu Dmitry Donskoy, wakhetha ukuba ahileleke udweshu phakathi eMoscow Ustyug. Shemyaka Same abayeki ngokwami ukucabanga nendlela waphinda ngumbusi ematheni Russia, kodwa abantu kakade ukhathele internecine izimpi nemibango: bonke bafuna kube nokuthula. Metropolitan uJona ayesesiswini ukuxhumana ne Bishop Euphemia, okuyinto ucele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba Dmitry Yuryevich bashiya yonke imizamo bazithole sobukhosi ezandleni zakhe kanye qha kwenela kungavunyelaniswa Basil II. Kodwa, ngeshwa, imiphumela emihle ayenakho: Shemyaka akazange ufuna ukwenza ethize. Kodwa ngokushesha lapho esanikezwa Bajeziselwa amacala abo.

ukufa

Izindaba wafa umzukulu Dmitry Donskoy "avela" iyinhloko-dolobha ye Novgorod Republic kule "itshe elimhlophe" ehlobo lika-1453. Emibhalweni yaminyaka ebhaliwe ukuthi kusho umabhalane izindaba okuthiwa Basil, abathwala isidlaliso of "enkingeni." Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva kwalokhu wakhushulwa kuya onobhala. Ngesizathu esithile wafa Dmitry Shemyaka? Inani kwemibhalo ebonisa ukuthi Grand Duke wadliswa ushevu. Yini ngalokhu Eqinisweni laziwe? Imithombo ithi ukuthi Potion anobuthi inhlokodolobha baletha, njengoba besho, "umphathiswa Basil II" - umabhalane UStepan darnel. Wayeyindoda uhlakaniphile futhi wagcwalisa Injongo yayo efanele. Imithombo ethile ithi ukuthi darnel ushevu wamnikela Boyar Ivan Kotov, abanye: imeya Boretsky. Okulandelayo sibonwe chef Dmitry, ubani Ubuthi wadluliswa. Yahlala icala elincane: ukwethula Shemyaka Potion, owawenziwa. Pischevar bafaka inkosi yayo inkukhu. izinsuku eziyishumi nambili zakwa-Grand Duke wakunqoba "hvoroba", okwathi ngemva kwalokho ekugcineni wafa. Ukutadisha izinsalela Dmitriya Shemyaki uqinisekisa ukuthi zabulawa ubuthi.

Ingxenye ethile mlando uyaqiniseka ukuthi ukufa umzukulu wakhe Dmitry Donskoy - lena umsebenzi we Novgorod boyars owaphana ngokuthi ngazo zonke izindleko owayefuna ukulungisa ingxabano yabo nge Basil II. Ngoba izikhulu Novgorod Grand Prince of Uglich, galich futhi eMoscow, okuyinto aqala ukuphelelwa igunya futhi abaseenkhundleni, ngokushesha esaba sibi.

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa nokufa ngokungalindelekile kwesihlobo umzukulu wakhe Dmitry Donskoy kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi emphakathini. Iqiniso ukuthi wadliswa ushevu kule ubugwala, savuk 'umbhejazane. ISikhulu umgabadeli Dmitry Shemyaka waphenduka ngokuphazima kweso ku umfel 'ukholo, lapho izitha wahlulwa empini yokungathembeki.

Kamuva, nge kuyacasula undisguised zobudlova engalungile ngokumelene Grand Duke batawubhala umzala wakhe okude - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.