Vasily Ebumnyameni 2: Phakathi nokubusa, Biography

Moscow Prince Vasily Ebumnyameni 2 imithetho ngesikhathi lapho ubukhulu bakhe zaziya umnyombo isimo esihlanganisiwe Russian. Ukuze kwesikhathi wokubusa Rurik futhi zaba yombango phakathi kwakhe nezihlobo zakhe ezinkulu - contender for amandla Kremlin. Lokhu kulwa izinduna Wagcina emlandweni Russia.

umndeni

Ikusasa Prince uVasili 2 Dark wayeyindodana wesihlanu Basil mina UZandile Vitovtovna. ingane Maternally kwaba kummeleli lwamakhosi Lithuanian elibusayo. Ngobusuku obandulela ukufa kwakhe, Basil ngathumela kuyisezala yakhe Vytautas incwadi futhi phakathi nayo wacela ukuvikela umshana kwezinsana.

Amadodana okuqala amane we Grand Duke wafa ebuntwaneni noma osemusha njalo lapho lesi sifo, okuyinto emibhalweni yaminyaka eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- "isifo." Ngakho, indlalifa Basil ngahlala 2 Basil Dark. Kusukela iphuzu isimo umbono, khona inzalo olulodwa kwaba nje plus, ngoba ivumela umbusi ukwehlukana amandla phakathi izingane zakhe eziningi. Ngenxa yalokhu ngokwezifiso ethize ufile Kievan Rus neminyaka eminingi wahlupheka ezweni uVladimir-Suzdal.

Isimo sezombusazwe

ubukhulu iMoscow yayingenye isibili kudingekile ukuhlala bengashadile ngenxa yosongo angaphandle. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Umkhulu Basil II Dmitry Donskoy wahlasela Tatar-Mongol ibutho Kulikovo Field e 1380, iRussia wahlala sincike Golden zidlamlilo. Moscow kuseyindlela Slavic Orthodox isikhungo amakhulu ezombusazwe. ababusi bawo yibona ubani obengama kuze kube khans, uma kungekhona enkundleni yempi, ngosizo ebucayini zezombusazwe.

Kusukela entshonalanga, ababusi East Slavic ezisengozini Lithuania. Kuze 1430 ke Vytautas imithetho - Umkhulu Basil II. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka edlule, i-nokwehlukaniswa Russia ababusi Lithuanian bakwazi unamathisele ezintweni zakhe entshonalanga Russian ubukhulu (Polotsk, galich, naseVolyn, Kyïv). Lapho Basil Ngilahlekelwe ukuzimela yami Smolensk. Lithuania ngokwayo uya igxile Poland Katolika ezaholela ukungqubuzana ngenakugwemeka nge iningi Orthodox eMoscow. Basil II kwakudingekile ukulinganisela omakhelwane eziyingozi bese ugcine ukuthula esimweni yabo. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi waphumelela ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ingxabano, yena nomalume wakhe

Ngo 1425, Prince uVasili Dmitrievich washona, eshiyela esihlalweni sobukhosi kuya Indodana yabo eneminyaka engu eyishumi ubudala. izikhulu Russian wavuma umbusi wayo oyinhloko eRussia. Nokho, naphezu ukwesekwa uzwakalise of isikhundla Basil omncane wawuhlangene esintengayo kakhulu. Isizathu kuphela akekho owaba nesibindi uthinte, umkhulu wakhe - esinamandla eNgophezukonke Lithuanian Vytautas. Kodwa waguga futhi wafa 1430.

Lokhu kwalandelwa lonke uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezaholela ngezinga elikhulu empini yombango. Imbangela eyinhloko yale nkinga kwaba Basil II uMalume Yuri Dmitrievich - indodana edume Dmitry Donskoy. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, owawina Mamaia ezimfundisweni washiyela ngomncinyane wakhe ifa. Eqaphela le ngozi ukuthi leli siko, Dmitry Donskoy yayivinjelwe yokuthi Yuri wanika idolobha elincane: Zvenigorod, galich futhi Vyatka Ruza.

Izingane kwesikhulu oshonile wahlala ngokuthula futhi basizane. Nokho, Yuri yayaziwa kokufuna kwakhe ukuvelela uthando kwamandla. Ngo intando kayise, kwakufanele bonyana enze ifa zonke Muscovy uma kwenzeka ukufa kwanoma nomfowabo omdala Basil I. Kodwa ukuthi babenamadodana ayisihlanu kuyimina, uthunjana wabo futhi babe umbusi ezibiyele e 1425.

Sonke lesi sikhathi, Yuri Dmitrievich wahlala minimis Zvenigorod kokwesikhulu. ababusi eMoscow ukulondoloza isimo sabo bese lingezelelwe ngenxa yokuthi oda ngokulandelana wavunyelwa ngokomthetho, owawuthi sobukhosi basukile nguyise owamazibulo, ngokudlula abazalwane abasebasha. Ekhulwini xv, le nqubo kuba empeleni esasisesisha. Ngaphambi kwalokho, e-Russia, ngokuvumelana namandla ngofuzo ubudala agnatic, noma ilungelo ubudala (ie omalume wathatha okuqhubekisa abashana).

Yiqiniso, Yuri kwaba umsekeli umbuso ubudala, ngoba akuvumelekile ukuba abe umbusi esisemthethweni eMoscow. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungelo akhe yayisekelwa isigatshana eMqulwini intando kayise. Uma ususa ubuntu esithile futhi, kule ubukhulu eMoscow ngaphansi Basil II ubhekene namacala amabili izinhlelo yefa, omunye okwakumele ashanele nezinye. Yuri kulindile nje ithuba bagomela izimangalo zabo. Ngemva kokufa kuka-Vytautas, leli thuba ethulwa kuye.

Inkantolo e-zidlamlilo

Phakathi amaMongol khans umthetho okhishwe amalebula lokubusa, okuyinto wanika Rurikovich kwesokudla hlala lokhu noma lokhuya sobukhosi. Njengomthetho, leli siko kungaphazamisi ukulandelana evamile, ngaphandle uma umfakisicelo enikezwa hhayi sibambe abayimizulane. izinqumo okungenakudanjiswa Khan Bajeziselwa iqiniso lokuthi ku ifa labo ukuhlasela izindimbane begazi.

Dmitry Donskoy inzalo Usazoqhubeka wamukela amalebula ukubusa, uncome, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaMongol futhi baqala ukuhlupheka kude nokuxabana sakhe. Ngo-1431, i-esekhulile 2 Basil Dark waya Golden zidlamlilo, ukuthola imvume yabo ukuba bagibele. Kanyekanye it asemaqeleni waxosha Yuri Dmitrievich. Wayefuna ukufakazela uKhan ukuthi has ilungelo ngaphezulu yesihlalo sobukhosi kuka umshana wakhe.

UJehova Golden zidlamlilo Ulugh Muhammad lavuna Vasily. Yuri zalahlekelwa yakhe yokuqala, kodwa ngeke vuma. Ngamazwi wayekuqaphela "mfowethu big" umshana wakhe abuyela efeni lwakubo, ukulinda emathubeni amasha lokuteleka. Umlando wethu has izibonelo eziningi isifungo sokukhuluma iqiniso, futhi ngalo mqondo, Yuri Dmitrievich akuyona okuningi ezahlukene kusukela kwabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe futhi ngaphambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yasihlephula isithembiso sakhe futhi Basil. Ngezinye enkantolo Khan ayekuthembisile umalume wakhe ukunikeza isinxephezelo edolobheni Dmitrov, kodwa ungenzanga kanjalo.

Ukuqala ukuxabana

Ngo-1433, Prince ngonyaka eyisishiyagalombili ekuqaleni eMoscow wadlala lomshado. Basil II nomkakhe kwaba Maria - indodakazi umbusi ethize Yaroslava Borovskogo (futhi kusukela lwamakhosi eMoscow). Imigubho izihlobo eziningi bamenywa ukuba isikhulu, kuhlanganise nezingane Yuri Dmitrievich (akazange lingaveli, kodwa wasala Galicia yakhe). Dmitriy Shemyaka futhi Vasily Diagon namanje izodlala indima enkulu impi yombango. Kwathi sebebodwa izivakashi Grand Duke. In the phakathi scandal lomshado. Umama Basil II Sofia Vitovtovna waqiniseka Basil Koos ibhande okuthiwa okwakungokweNkosi Dmitry Donskoy, futhi webiwa wasendlini. Yena wadabula ucezu izingubo ingane, okwabangela ingxabano sina kwezihlobo. ngokushesha amadodana Abalimala Yuri Dmitrievich wasuka waya kuyise endleleni phansi e Yaroslavl. Leso senzakalo nebhande intshontshiwe laba impahla yabantwana temdzabu kuncike othandwayo kuleli yezinganekwane.

ukuxabana Domestic baba ngaleyo ndlela yokuthi Zvenigorod Prince wayebheke ukuqala impi enkulu ngokumelene umshana wakhe. Ukufunda ngalokho okwakwenzekile emkhosini, wabutha ibutho abathembekile waya eMoscow. izikhulu Russian waphinda ukulungele uthele igazi zezikhonzi zabo ngenxa izithakazelo zabo.

Ibutho Grand UMbusi eMoscow, Yuri owahletjhulwa ngasogwini Klyazma. Ngokushesha umalume wathatha enhlokodolobha. Basil wathola isinxephezelo Kolomna, lapho, eqinisweni, bagcina ekudingisweni. Ekugcineni, Yuri wagcwalisa iphupho lakhe mayelana esihlalweni sobukhosi sikayise. Nokho, ukufinyelela oyifunayo, wenza amaphutha ambalwa ebulalayo. New Prince waya engashayisana boyars eMoscow, aba nethonya elikhulu emzini lalilikhulu kakhulu. Ukusekela kwale ekilasini nemali yabo ke izimfanelo ezibalulekile kakhulu kwamandla.

Lapho Izicukuthwane eMoscow waqaphela ukuthi ababusi baso omusha waqala ngawakhamela out abantu ubudala kusuka ehhovisi futhi esikhundleni sawo ukhetho zabo siqu, inqwaba nabasekeli bakhe abayinhloko wabalekela Kolomna. Yuri wayehlala kude futhi nginqume ibutho inhlokodolobha sika. Khona-ke wanquma ukuya ezweni nge umshana wakhe futhi wavumelana ambuyisele esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wokubusa.

Kodwa Basil kwakungelona kuhlakaniphe kangakanani kuyisekazi. Emuva ngo-dolobha, waqala ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu frank ngokumelene nalabo boyars ezasekela George e ukutjho kwakhe amandla. Abaphikisi enza iphutha elifanayo izikhathi, hhayi ikhumbula nakho okubuhlungu kwabaphikisi bakhe. Khona-ke uVasili yamemezela bakwa-Yuri impi. Grand Duke wahlulwa futhi eduze Rostov. Umalume wakhe futhi waba umbusi eMoscow. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kwenye izinguquko Yuri wafa (5 Juni, 1434). Enhloko-dolobha, kwakukhona amahemuhemu eziphikelelayo ukuthi wadliswa ushevu omunye yizikhonzi zakhe. Ngaphansi intando George, iNkosana u baba nendodana yakhe endala Basil Diagon.

Etshekile Basil eMoscow

Zonke wokubusa Yuri eMoscow Vasily 2 abaleka, ukulwa, kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya amelane namadodana akhe. Lapho Diagon watshela umfowabo Shemyaka ukuthi manje uyabusa e Moscow, Dmitry ayikakamukeli lolu shintsho. Wenza ukuthula nge Basil, lapho, uma kuphumelela, umfelandawonye wathola Shemyaka Uglich futhi Rzhev. Izikhulu ezimbili, ngubani ubukade izitha, wajoyina impi ukuze uxoshe lendodana eMoscow endala, Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo.

Etshekile Basil, yokufunda kusondela amabutho esitha wabaleka inhlokodolobha eNovgorod, ngemva kokuthatha naye yengcebo kayise. Yena proknyazhil eMoscow ngenyanga ehlobo eyodwa nje 1434. Ngokuhamba-ekudingisweni ukuthatha imali saqoqa ibutho lempi futhi wahamba naye eceleni Kostroma. Ekuqaleni, wayehlanganyela wahlulwa ngesikhathi Kotorosl emfuleni oseduze Yaroslavl, bese futhi Battle of chereh River ngoMeyi 1436. Vasily lathunjwa namesake wakhe futhi barbarously waphuphuthekisa. Kuyinto ngenxa yokulimala kwakhe, yena wethiwa Squint. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka Prince bafela ejele e 1448.

Impi nge Kazan Khanate

Ngesikhathi abanye eRussia nokuthula. Grand Prince of moskovskiy Vasily II ubezama ukugwema impi nomakhelwane balo, kodwa akazange aphumelele ukubuyisana nomkakhe. Imbangela zokuchitha igazi etja le gade Khanate Kazan. Ngalesi sikhathi, le eyodwa zolotaya Orda lahlukaniswa laba ulus eziningana ezimele. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi enamandla kakhulu kwaba Kazan Khanate. AmaTatar wabulala abathengisi Russian futhi ihlelwe njalo kuyiwe ezindaweni umngcele.

Ngo 1445 phakathi izikhulu Slavic neKazan Khan Mahmoud impi likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa evulekile. Julayi 7 eduze Suzdal impi okwenzeka, lapho squad Russian lahluleka kwasani. Isiboshwa sathathwa Michael Verey nomzala wakhe Vasily Ebumnyameni 2. Phakathi nokubusa le nkosana (1425-1462) ezazigcwele iziqephu lapho elahlekelwa ngokuphelele amandla. Lapha futhi manje, ngokuba basekuthunjweni uKhan, wabizwa kafushane nginqume izenzakalo ekhaya.

kalowo amaTatar

Nakuba Basil wahlala kalowo kuya AmaTatar, yena waba umbusi eMoscow Dmitry Shemyaka - indodana yesibili ngasekupheleni Yuriya Zvenigorodskogo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wathola abalandeli eziningi enhloko-dolobha. Khonamanjalo Vasily wathonyelwa Kazan Khan umdedele. Nokho, kwadingeka ngisayine inkontileka eyodwa emaceleni lapho le ndoda kwakudingeka ikhokhele i lokumiswa omkhulu futhi, kodwa kunzima nakakhulu, ukunikeza eminye yemizi yakhe eya AmaTatar ukondla.

Lokhu kwabangela igagasi yentukuthelo eRussia. Naphezu nokububula abantu abaningi kuleli zwe, mina wabusa eMoscow Vasily Ebumnyameni 2 futhi. Inqubomgomo ezivuna zidlamlilo ayikwazanga kodwa kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhulu wafika ezibiyele eholwa amasosha Khan, owawunikwe kuye AmaTatar, sokubuyisa sobukhosi ngokuqinisekile.

Dmitry Shemyaka ngemva kokubuyela ophikisana naye umhlala Uglich. Maduze Yaqala bathutheleka abasekeli eMoscow, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izikhulu kanye abathengisi, awujabuli ukuziphatha Basil. Ngosizo lwabo, Uglich isikhulu ihlelwe kombuso, ngemva kwalokho futhi wabusa the Kremlin.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bacela ukusekelwa nabathile bezikhulu zakwa, ababeke babezithiba ingxabano. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Mozhajskij umbusi Ivan A. futhi Boris Abakwazi Abakwenzayo. Lezi izikhulu ezimbili ezasiza Shemyaka amanga etilongweni Vasily elalisemagcekeni engcwele ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra. Februwari 16, 1446 lapho waba impumputhe. Ukubulawa walungisiswa yokuthi Basil waya ziphathelene zidlamlilo ezinenzondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sake ngaphambilini ukuze aphuphuthekise isitha. Ngakho Shemyaka siphindiselelwe isiphetho umfowabo omdala Vasiliya Kosogo.

ngemva aphuphuthekise

Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, ngesikhathi sokugcina wadingiselwa 2 Basil Dark. Kafushane, Isiphelo sakhe edabukisayo ungeze abasekeli bakhe phakathi akashintshashintshi ukhomba ngophakathi. Aphuphuthekise njengoba ukubuza ukuthi iningi izikhulu State eMoscow, okuyinto baye baba ardent bangi Shemyaka. Ngasheshe ngathatha Vasily Ebumnyameni 2. Kungani Dark ithole isidlaliso sakhe, siyazi kusukela zemihla ezichaza lokhu ubumpumputhe epithet. Naphezu ukulimala, isikhulu wahlala ekhuthele. Indodana yakhe u-Ivan (kamuva Ivan Iii) baba amehlo akhe nezindlebe, nokusiza ezindabeni zonke isimo.

Ngu-oda Shemyaka Vasily nomkakhe wawuba ngasekuqaleni Uglich. UMariya Yaroslavna, efana umyeni wakhe, futhi ngeke ulahlekelwe inhliziyo. Lapho inkosana abadingisiwe baqala ukubuyela abasekeli bakha icebo ukuze uthwebule eMoscow. Ngo-December 1446 Basil impi wathatha inhlokodolobha, kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho Dmitry Shemyaka esahambile. Manje isikhulu ekugcineni ekufeni kwakhe ukuqinisekisile Kremlin.

Umlando wethu asazile eziningi ezingenawo umbango. Ngokuvamile babegcina e ukusilela, futhi ukunqoba okuphelele omunye amaqembu. Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu xv, kwenzeka into efanayo. Shemyaka saqoqa ibutho lempi futhi uzilungiselele baqhubeke nokulwa ne Grand Duke. ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ukubuya Basil e Moscow, January 27, 1450, kwaba khona impi galich, okuyinto mlando cabanga zokugcina internecine impi eRussia. Shemyaka yanqotshwa kwemibandela futhi ngokushesha wabalekela Novgorod. Leli dolobha ababevama litheku wabathunjwa le Rurik lwamakhosi. Izakhamuzi akazange ukukhipha Shemyaka, wayesefa azifele ngo 1453. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi yena wabonakaliswa, ngasese ubuthi Basil ejenti. Yaphela kanjalo-ke i-zombango eRussia wokugcina. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izikhulu iyunithi akazange izindlela noma ukuvelela ukuba simelane igunya central.

Nokuthula Poland naseLithuania

Esemncane, Prince Vasily Ebumnyameni 2 akazange ihluke ukubona izinto kusengaphambili. Yena akazange agodle ngisho izikhonzi zakhe uma kwenzeka impi futhi ngokuvamile benza amaphutha amasu, ibe imbangela wokuchithwa kwegazi. Aphuphuthekise kwakushintsha kakhulu uhlamvu yayo. Waba othobekile, ezolile, futhi mhlawumbe ohlakaniphile. Ingabe ekugcineni yokutholwa e Moscow, Vasily wasiphakamisa ukuthula kudivayisi nomakhelwane balo.

Ingozi enkulu uyiNkosi Poland futhi Grand UMbusi Lithuania Casimir IV. Ngo 1449 phakathi kwababusi ke waklonyeliswa inkontileka lapho isixuku sibona ukuthi imingcele osungulwe futhi wathembisa ngokuthi ngeke ukusekela ekhaya umakhelwane izimbangi sika. Kazimierz, kanye Basil, wasongelwa kwempi yombango. Umphikisi wakhe omkhulu kwaba Mihail Sigizmundovich, sithembele ingxenye Orthodox umphakathi Lithuanian.

Isivumelwano ne-Republic of Novgorod

Ngemva kwalokho ibhodi Basil 2 Dark baqhubeka ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi wawuhlala Shemyaka Novgorod, Republic wazithola todvwa, okuyinto, ngaphansi inkontileka, kusekelwa inkosi yasePoland. Ngemva kokufa kuka-isikhulu sihlubuki efika e Moscow singamanxusa ukukhansela ukuvimbela ukuhweba namanye Prince izixazululo, ngenxa lapho izakhamuzi ukuphila kuba eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

I 1456 isivumelwano sokuthula yazhelbitsy kwaphethwa ngokuthi phakathi kwezinhlangano. Yena kuvikelwe isikhundla selikhonza weRiphabhulikhi Novgorod kusuka eMoscow. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we futhi de jure waqinisekisa isikhundla eziholayo Grand Duke eRussia. Kamuva, isivumelwano wasetshenziswa indodana Ivan III Basil ukuze ujoyine imizi ocebile futhi wonke aleli eMoscow.

Ezenye leBhodi

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila Vasiliy Temny labetibambile ezindaweni ezinokuthula nokunokuthula. Washona ngo 1462 sofuba kanye nokwelashwa engafanele nalesihlava. Wayeneminyaka engu-47, 37 ngawo (ngekhefu) kwaba isikhulu eMoscow.

Basil wakwazi ukuqeda fiefdoms ezincane ngaphakathi kwamandla ayo. Wagcizelela ukuthi uncike eMoscow kwamanye amazwe Russian. Lapho-ke aphethwe isenzakalo esibalulekile ecclesial. Ngu-oda we Prince Bishop of Metropolitan uJona wakhethwa. Lo mcimbi kwaba ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe kuncike eMoscow Church omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ngo-1453-dolobha WaseByzantium sathathwa abaseTurkey, ngemva kwalokho isikhungo langempela zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni wathutha eMoscow.