Radioactivity njengobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-athomu. Umlando ukutholakala, ucwaningo, izinhlobo radioactivity

Ngemva umthetho gqwa uvulekele isikhathi eside ngoba ososayensi wahlala umbuzo asizwakali nhlobo. Kungani property chemical kuncike mass yabo-athomu? Abacwaningi ayikwazanga ukuqonda izizathu imvamisa kakhulu. Babefanele ukubhekana kwemithetho yemvelo asenkulumweni uhlelo gqwa.

Ngesithelo sezandla zomuntu, noma engokwemvelo?

mkhuba emisebeni empeleni kwathi nhlo ukhona. Abantu kusukela ekuqaleni komlando walo wahlala phakathi okuthiwa ensimini yemvelo enemisebe. Kodwa-radioactivity njengobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyi-athomu ye isibe lomkhuba eyaziwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Kusukela isikhala surface eMhlabeni ifinyelela we emisebeni ionizing. Abantu nawo zishiswe kulezo imithombo ukuthi eziqukethwe emathunjini omhlaba namaminerali. Ngisho ingxenye enkulu yomzimba womuntu yilezo izinto ababiziweyo radionuclides. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19 konke lokhu, ososayensi babeyogcina.

Ukungazi mayelana radioactivity

Radioactivity njengobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-athomu ayikaziwa izisebenzi zasemayini abavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-16th phambili ngekhulu ezimayini e-Austria, izincwadi zabo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi intaba abavukuzi ukugula babulawa ngobuningi e kweminyaka eyi 30-40 kuphela. abesifazane Local washada izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, njengoba izinga lokufa lalilide kulabo yabavukuzi elula ngokwempilo yangenyama by izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-50. Khona-ke, lapho ethola ezifana nesilinganiso radioactivity angazanga. Abantu babengavunyelwe ngisho ucabange ukuthi i-uranium esiyingozi kungenziwa eziqukethwe phambili imikhando. Kuphela ngo-1879, odokotela baye bafunda ukuthi "entabeni ukugula" - empeleni umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Ukutholakala enemisebe icubungula Becquerel

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 lenzeka yi cwaningo, okwaphumela radioactivity njengobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-athomu kucaca emphakathini. Ngo-1896, umcwaningi A. A. Bekkerel wathola ukuthi izinto nokwe-uranium-equkethe kungaba kukhanye ipuleti enezithombe ebumnyameni. kamuva Ososayensi bathola ukuthi le ndawo akuyona kuphela uranium. Okulandelayo wemithi Polish Marie Sklodowska-Curie nomyeni wakhe Pierre Curie wathola radionuclide ezimbili ezintsha: polonium futhi Radium.

Becquerel isipiliyoni uqobo kwaba pretty elula. Wathatha usawoti uranium, bopha kubo ngendwangu emnyama-ezinemibala bese embukisweni ilanga ukuba sibone indlela lo izidakamizwa zanqwabelana amandla reemitted. Kodwa esinye isazi sesayensi waphawula ukuthi ipuleti iqala ukuba kuvuthe ngisho nalapho i-uranium nosawoti awazange nelanga. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi radioactivity kwatholakala. Becquerel ngokuthi imisebe engaziwa X-ray (efana igama X).

ucwaningo Rutherford

radioactivity Landelayo wathumba usosayensi oyiNgisi Ernest 'uRutherford. Ngo-1899 kwathiwa kwenziwe ukuhlolwa ukufunda lo mkhuba. Siqukethe e okulandelayo. Usosayensi wathatha usawoti uranium bese efakwa isilinda eyenziwe phambili. Ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa ekusakazeni ewumngcingo alpha izinhlayiya kwesigameko plate enezithombe, elise phezulu. Ekuhloleni ekuseni, uRutherford abaningana abazange bayisebenzise le ipuleti kagesi.

Ngakho-ke, plate, njengoba kule ucwaningo langaphambilini, kukhanyisa e iphuzu elifanayo. Khona-ke 'uRutherford waqala yokuxhuma kazibuthe. Lapho kuba lwenani elincane leyabantu ezimbili ugongolo uqalise. Lapho amandla kazibuthe luyanda nakakhulu, kukhona ibala elimnyama kwirekhodi. Ngakho izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba radioactivity Kwatholakala:-alpha, beta-gamma ngemisebe.

Iziphetho zezifundo ilandelwe

Phela lezi zifiso, futhi waduma njengobufakazi bokuthi radioactivity eziyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo zama-athomu. Empeleni, kwabonakala sengathi ukuthi icubungula ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu kuholela ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo. Kuyafaneleka ukuba akhumbule ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, i-athomu kubhekwe kuyizinhlayiyana indivisible universe. Igama elithi "athomu" kusho "indivisible". Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi ucwaningo abakufundile abantu nokuguqulwa emisebeni kagesi, kanye izinhlayiya entsha yama-athomu - luyisinyathelo esingathí sina kangaka phambili eyenziwe physics. Imisebe, okuyinto wavulwa izinkanyiso isayensi ngaleso kwekhulu entsha, wafakazela ukuthi i-athomu empeleni uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye.

isakhiwo athomu

izifundo kokulinganisa, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi i-athomu has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Siqukethe nucleus futhi electron omubi icala. Ngo-1932, abacwaningi Russian Ivanenko futhi Gapon E., futhi kungakhathaliseki imodeli kwabo isakhiwo athomu kwahlongozwa yi physics German Heisenberg ngokuthi i-proton-neutron. Ngokusho lo mqondo, athomu kwakhiwa izinhlayiya, okuthiwa ama-proton kanye neutrons. Ayavumelana iqembu ezivamile nucleons.

Cishe wonke mass ye-athomu ungaphakathi nucleus yayo. Proton, neutron nama-electron yakha isigaba izinhlayiya aphansi. Ngenxa yalokho izifundo zokuhlola, kwatholakala ukuthi inombolo ye-serial ketshezi ohlelweni gqwa izakhi ilingane ophethe kuyi-nucleus yayo.

I izakhiwo radionuclides

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini radioactivity futhi sihlobana kanjani isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu, kubalulekile ukuba balukhulume a imigomo ezimbalwa ezilula. Ngokwesibonelo, manje ebizwa ngokuthi radionuclides, isotopes enemisebe. Basuke zihlukaniswa kusukela engazinzile ukuthi ahlukile isigamu-izimpilo.

isotopes Radioactive, kuphenduke nezinye isotopes, imithombo ionizing emisebeni ye. Okunye radionuclides babe ngamazinga ahlukene simo esishubile. Abanye bangase ukubola amakhulu futhi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. radionuclides okunjalo eside waphila ngokuthi. Njengoba isibonelo ongakhonza zonke isotopes ka-uranium. radionuclides esifushane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sokudiliza ngokushesha okukhulu e indaba ngemizuzwana, amaminithi noma izinyanga.

Iyini i-radioactivity?

Iyunithi radioactivity - 1 Becquerel. Uma kukhona cishe ngomzuzwana owodwa kwamazinyo, kuthiwa umsebenzi a IKhompyuthaYami ethile ingenye Becquerel. Umsebenzi - lena ukubaluleka esenza ukulinganisa ngokuwa amandla izibalo. Ngaphambili, ososayensi wasebenzisa enye futhi iyunithi radioactivity - Curie. Isilinganiso phakathi kwawo kanje: ama-akhawunti 1 Key 37 bhiliyoni BQ.

Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba umuntu ahlukanise phakathi umsebenzi ezingafani lomcebo, isibonelo 1 kg, futhi 1 mg. Umsebenzi we nemali ethile efana isayensi ngokuthi umsebenzi othize. Lokhu inani lingu inhlukanozigaba lokho inxenye ukuphila.

radioactivity ingozi

Radioactivity njengobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwesihluku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-athomu elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe asho into eyingozi kakhulu. Funda kabanzi mayelana lesi simanga, abantu banesizathu esizwakalayo besaba. Abaningi ube nomuzwa wokuthi olukhulu gamma emisebeni singase sithwale. Kodwa akunjalo, okungenani, akusiyo ukuphila kusengozini. Ukuchayeka emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni kakhulu babe yingozi nakakhulu ngenxa yamandla ayo okungena ekujuleni. Yiqiniso, gamma ray, lesi sibalo ephakeme kunaleyo, isibonelo, i-beta-reyi. Kodwa ingozi ayinqunywa lokhu Inkomba futhi umthamo.

Omunye futhi umthamo ofanayo kungenzeka ephephile abantu nge esisindo futhi eyingozi nezinye. Ukuchayeka emisebeni ionizing kunqunywa usebenzisa Inkomba umthamo ugxile. Kodwa ngisho lokhu kunganele ukuhlola umonakalo. Kakade, ukungabondli zonke emisebeni kuyingozi ngokulinganayo. Hazard emissivity ngokuthi sisindvo. Iyunithi radioactivity esetshenziswa ukulinganisa umthamo ngemisebe nge Coefficient sisindvo, ngokuthi Sievert.