Ubani owasungula le ibhomu le-athomu? Umlando ibhomu le-athomu

Noma ubani owasungula le ngebhomu le-athomu, sayiqonda nangemiphumela eyinhlekelele kungaholela yafika emangalisayo kwekhulu XX. Ngaphambi lokhu superweapon olutholwa izakhamuzi imizi Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, kuye kwenziwa ibanga elide kakhulu.

isiqalo

Ngo-April 1903, engadini Paris physics esidumile yabangane bakhe bahlangana France uPawulu Langevin. Kwakubhapathizwa ngivikele mqondo ye ososayensi abasha futhi abanamakhono Marii Kyuri. Phakathi tivakashi letihloniphekile kwaba se-physics esidumile waseBrithani uSir Ernest 'uRutherford. Phakathi the fun kwathiwa acime ukukhanya. UMariya Kyuri yamemezela konke kuyokushiya umangele namuhla. Nge onesizotha Per Kyuri wenza ishubhu elincane nge Radium nosawoti, okuyinto ikhanyisa oluhlaza, okubangela injabulo samanje okungavamile. Kamuva izivakashi ashisayo wakhuluma ngekusasa lesi simo. Bonke bavumelana ngombono ukuthi ngenxa Radium alinge inkinga yokwentuleka kakhulu amandla ukushoda. Konke uphefumulela ucwaningo olusha amathemba olwengeziwe. Uma-ke, batshelwa ukuthi umsebenzi laboratory oluxube enemisebe kungaba isiqalo XX leminyaka isikhali esibi, yokulibiza ayaziwa ukuthi kungaba indlela abasabela ngayo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqala umlando we ngebhomu le-athomu, okuyinto abulala khona amakhulu ezinkulungwane izakhamuzi Japanese.

Game ngaphambi ijika

Disemba 17, 1938 usosayensi German Otto Gannom yatholwa ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda ka ukubola uranium ku izinhlayiya ezincane aphansi. Empeleni, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa athomu. Ezweni yesayensi, kwakubhekwa njengendlela ingqophamlando emlandweni wesintu. Otto Hahn akazange ukwabelana imibono zombusazwe Third Reich. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esifanayo, ngo-1938, usosayensi waphoqeleka ukuthuthela Stockholm, lapho, kanye Fridrihom Shtrassmanom baqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe ngokwesayensi. Sesaba ukuthi eJalimane lobuNazi kuqala uthole isikhali esibi, wabhala incwadi eya UMongameli waseMelika ngesixwayiso ngakho. Izindaba mayelana yokuvimbela kungenzeka ukwethuka kakhulu uhulumeni wase-US. BaseMelika Baqala ukwenza ngokushesha futhi esiwujuqu.

Bani qamba ibhomu le-athomu? iphrojekthi American

Ngisho nangaphambi kokugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili, iqembu lososayensi American, abaningi babo abangamalungu e zababaleki ababevela kuwo umbuso German-undlovukayiphikiswa e-Europe, uthweswe ekuthuthukiseni sikhona yini isikhali senuzi. Ekuqaleni ukuhlola, kufanele kuphawulwe, Kwakuseshwa eJalimane lobuNazi. Ngo-1940, uhulumeni wase-United States of America ukuqala nokuxhasa uhlelo ayo ukuthuthukisa izikhali athomu. Ukuze ukuqaliswa kwe-project kwabelwe i isamba Amazing kulabo izikhathi ezimbili zamadola yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo imfihlo iphrojekthi zesayensi esivelele ekhulwini XX bamenywa, phakathi kwabo engaphezu kweyishumi abazuza izindondo zikaNobel. Sekukonke, ke abathintekayo abasebenzi kungathi izinkulungwane 130, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi ezibulewe kwezempi kodwa futhi. Ithimba ukuthuthukiswa eliholwa uColonel Leslie Richard Groves, Umqondisi Robert Oppenheimer. Nguye - umuntu owasungula ngebhomu le-athomu. imfihlo yokwakha ekhethekile ubunjiniyela lakhiwa Manhattan, okuyinto yaziwa kithi ngaphansi kwegama ikhodi "Manhattan Project." Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, ososayensi bebelokhu umutu abambisene naye emsebenzini imfihlo nge ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo ye-uranium futhi plutonium.

athomu Unpacific Igor Kurchatova

Namuhla, wonke umfundi uzokwazi ukuphendula umbuzo owasungula ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union. Futhi-ke, ekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, akekho owayazi.

Ngo-1932, Academician Igor vasilevich Kurchatov omunye izifundo lokuqala nucleus yama-athomu iqala emhlabeni. Ngokuletha abantu abanazo, Kurchatov ngo-1937 kudala cyclotron wokuqala eYurophu. Ngawo lowo nyaka, yena nabantu bakhe abanazo bese udala nucleus lokuqala yokufakelwa.

Ngo-1939 I. V Kurchatov iqala ukufunda ohlangothini olusha - Ikhalenda Elibukwa Kuqala. Ngemva impumelelo eziningana kulolu cwaningo laboratory lokhu usosayensi mkhuba uthola ekuchithweni kwayo imfihlo ucwaningo centre, ethiwa "Laboratory № 2" ngesikhathi. Namuhla lesi sakhiwo imfihlo ngokuthi "Arzamas-16."

Le ndawo target kwalesi sikhungo kwaba ucwaningo sína futhi ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Manje kuyacaca owadala ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union. Ithimba lakhe Yingaleso sikhathi lapho abantu abayishumi kuphela.

ibhomu le-athomu kube

Ekupheleni kuka-1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu uphathe ukuba babuthane iqembu kakhulu ososayensi ka engaphezu kwekhulu abantu. I izingqondo best of specialisation ehlukene kwezesayensi angene lab kusuka ezweni lonke ukwakha izikhali zenuzi. Ngemva kwamacala le ibhomu le-athomu eHiroshima ngo amaMelika ososayensi Soviet ukuthi lokhu kungenziwa nge eSoviet Union. "Laboratory № 2" etholakele ekuphathweni ukwanda wezwe elibukhali ngezimali kanye kwatheleka enkulu kwabasebenzi abanekghono. Lubhekele iphrojekthi enjalo ezibalulekile babelwe Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. imisebenzi enkulu ososayensi Soviet iye yathela izithelo.

Semipalatinsk

I ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR yaqale ihlolwe kusayithi isivivinyo Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). Agasti 29, 1949 idivayisi umthamo enuzi 22 kilotons lanyakazisa umhlaba Kazakh. Owazuza uMklomelo KaNobel physics Otto Hants wathi: "Lokhu kuyizindaba ezimnandi. Uma Russia kuyodingeka sikhona yini isikhali senuzi, ngaleso sikhathi kuyoba khona impi. " Kuyinto lokhu ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR, njengoba inombolo 501 ebethelwe umkhiqizo, noma I-RDS-1, kwavala ayitholwa US izikhali zenuzi.

I ngebhomu le-athomu. 1945 th

Ekuseni ngo-July 16, "I = The Manhattan Project" kwadingeka test zayo zokuqala ngempumelelo kudivayisi-athomu - ibhomu plutonium - endaweni Alamogordo US saseNew eMexico.

Imali etshaliwe kuphrojekthi, ziye wachitha. Eyokuqala emlandweni wesintu ukuqhuma-athomu kwenziwe emahoreni 5 futhi imizuzu engu-30 ekuseni.

"Senzé umsebenzi uSathane," - wathi Kamuva uRobert Oppenheimer - lowo owasungula le ibhomu le-athomu e-United States, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe "uyise ngebhomu le-athomu."

Japan akazange sokunikela

Ngesikhathi kuvivinywa sokugcina futhi ngempumelelo ngebhomu le-athomu, amabutho aseSoviet kanye nomfelandawonye ekugcineni wanqoba eJalimane lobuNazi. Nokho, kwakulokhu isimo esisodwa, okuyinto isiveze ukuthi ukulwa okubusa ePacific. Kusukela maphakathi no-April kuya maphakathi no-July 1945, ibutho Japanese yayisiboshwe kaningi kwenziwe emoyeni amabutho ahlangene, senze ukulahlekelwa esindayo US Army. Ekupheleni kuka-July 1945 uhulumeni kwezempi Japanese sinqatshiwe nesidingo we Allied umaluju ngokuhambisana Potsdam Declaration. Kuyo, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi uma kwenzeka yokungalaleli, ibutho Japanese imele ukucekeleka phansi okusheshayo nokuphelele.

uMongameli uyavuma

Hulumende waseMelika uye wasigcina isithembiso sakhe futhi ekuqaleni nokubhonywa okubhekiswe amaJapane isikhundla kwezempi. iziteleka Air akazange alethe nemiphumela ayeyifuna, futhi uMengameli waseMelika Garri Trumen enquma ayehlasela amabutho US e-Japan. Nokho, umyalo lempi kubadumaze umengameli wayo kusukela isinqumo esinjalo, bephawula lokuthi ayehlasela American Kwakuyohlanganisani inqwaba izisulu.

Ngokusikisela Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson futhi Dwight David Eisenhower kwanqunywa ukuba afihle lokho ayikho enye indlela ephumelela ngaphezu ukuqeda impi. A umsekeli omkhulu we ngebhomu le-athomu, umongameli wase-United States uNobhala Dzheyms Frensis Birns, wayekholelwa ukuthi nokubhonywa indawo Japanese ngokuqondile ukuqeda impi futhi ukubeka United States esimweni evelele, okuyinto kunomthelela omuhle ngokuhamba eminye imicimbi emhlabeni ngemva kwempi. Ngakho, uMengameli waseMelika Garri Trumena qiniseka ukuthi lokhu akuyona inketho kuphela elungile.

I ngebhomu le-athomu. Hiroshima

Njengoba target kuqala likhethiwe idolobha elincane Japanese Hiroshima elinabantu abantu nje phezu ayizinkulungwane 350, etholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha anamakhulu mahlanu kusukela inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane Tokyo. Ngemva kokungena US base wamabutho asolwandle esiqhingini Tinian Ushintshe B-29 webhomu "Enola Gay", le ibhomu le-athomu sifakwe ndiza. Hiroshima kwadingeka ukuba ezwe isenzo ayizinkulungwane 9 amakhilogremu nokwe-uranium-235.

Lokhu izikhali bonobumba abangu senzelwe izakhamuzi edolobheni elincane Japanese. Bomber umkhuzi kwaba uColonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US ibhomu le-athomu kwaba igama baphikise "The Kid". Ekuseni ngo-August 6, 1945, ngisebenza amahora angaba ngu-8 futhi imizuzu engu-15, i-American "Boy Little" uyekiswe phezu Hiroshima Japanese. Abangaba yizinkulungwane 15 amathani TNT ubhubhise konke ukuphila ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ezinhlanu. Izingalo eziyikhulu namashumi amane amawaka abakhileyo kwabulawa indaba ngemizuzwana. Abasinda Japanese wafa wafa kabuhlungu ekuguleni ngemisebe.

Bashisa American enuzi "The Kid." Nokho, kwaba nomonakalo Hiroshima akuzange kumenze sokunikela ngokushesha of Japan, kanje, bonke kulindeleke. Khona-ke kwanqunywa omunye bombardment ngensimu Japanese.

Nagasaki. Sky ngomlilo

American ibhomu le-athomu "Fat Man" sifakwe ndiza B-29 9 August 1945 zonke endaweni efanayo, e-US base wamabutho asolwandle ngesikhathi Tinian. Ngalesi sikhathi, umlawuli izindiza kwaba Major Charlz Suini. Ekuqaleni, ilitshe amasu okwakuseduze layo umuzi Kokura.

Nokho, izimo zezulu akazange avumele ukuba uqaphele sisakha, uvikelwe amafu esikhulu. Charlz Suini waya emzuliswaneni wesibili. Ngezinye 11 ezimpondweni imizuzu 02 laseMelika yezikhali zenuzi "Fat Man" igwinywe Nagasaki. Kwaba namandla kakhulu elimazayo emoyeni kuhlasela, okuyinto ngamandla ayo izikhathi eziningana ephakeme kunaleyo nokubhonywa Hiroshima. Nagasaki lakuthola isikhali-athomu amaphawundi acishe abe yizinkulungwane 10 kanye 22 kilotons of TNT.

I ezindawo Indawo yedolobha Japanese encishisiwe umphumela olulindelekile. Into wukuthi idolobha itholakala esigodini emincane phakathi kwezintaba. Ngakho-ke, lapho kubhujiswa 2.6 skwele akazange ukudalula zonke engaba kungenzeka izikhali American. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ibhomu le-athomu e Nagasaki kubhekwa kuhlulekile "Manhattan Project."

elaseJapane lacela umaluju

Emini ngo-August 15, 1945 uMbusi Hirohito yamemezela umaluju ezweni yakhe ikheli umsakazo kubantu of Japan. Izindaba yasheshe emhlabeni. E-United States baqala ukugubha ukunqoba Japan. Abantu bajabula.

Septhemba 2, 1945 ababegibele US yempi "Missouri", usufikile e Tokyo Bay, yasayina isivumelwano esisemthethweni ukuqeda impi. Yaphela kanjalo-ke empini ngesihluku kakhulu futhi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho emlandweni wesintu.

emphakathini international eside iminyaka ayisithupha aya kwalolu suku abalulekile - kusuka 1 September 1939, lapho isibhamu okokuqala baxoshwe iJalimane lamaNazi ePoland.

Atoms For Peace

Zonke eSoviet Union 124 ukuqhuma yenuzi Kwakuseshwa. Isici ngukutsi Kwakuseshwa ukuze kuzuze emnothweni kazwelonke. bobathathu kuphela babe izingozi eholele kulokhu ukuvuza izakhi enemisebe. Program ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi obunokuthula lwenteke kuphela emazweni amabili - i-United States ne-Soviet Union. amandla enuzi obunokuthula uyazi futhi izibonelo inhlekelele yembulunga yonke, lapho ngo-April 26 1986 , kwi iyunithi wesine eChernobyl zenuzi ophendulayo Ukuqhuma kwenzeka.