IsiZulu noSozibalo futhi Economist Petti Uilyam: Biography, ukubukwa kwezomnotho, imibono, imisebenzi

Petti Uilyam (1623-1687 GG.) - Economist isiNgisi, usosayensi sefilosofi. Waba abadumile lapho afike wakhonza khona U-Oliver Cromwell kanye IsiZulu Republic. Usosayensi isungule izindlela eziphumelelayo ahlolisise ezweni nakhelwe nokudliwa. Ngemva Cromwell wawusebenza ngaphansi kaCharles II futhi Kuthiwa uJames II. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ehlezi lePhalamende LaseBrithani. Nokho, eyaziwa kakhulu ukubukwa kwezomnotho Uilyama Petti. It is udumo sivikele isimiso laissez-Faire esimweni ezombusazwe.

Uilyam Petti: Biography

Ikusasa owaziwa Economist dosmitovskoy inkathi wazalelwa emkhayeni abathungi. Yakhula ingane nelukuluku futhi ohlakaniphile, futhi 1637 ngathola umsebenzi engumfana gumbi emkhunjini. Nokho, maduzane nje, uKristu ngaphuka umlenze wakhe futhi emkhunjini laseNormandy. Ngemva kwalowo nyaka Petti Uilyam wafunda Latin futhi wazakhela uthisha English bendawo. Waphinde wabuyela eNgilandi. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Economist esizayo kakade ababeyizazi Latin, isiGreki, isi-French, izibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi kahle. Ngemva kwesikhashana bengamaphayona yesevisi Navy, waya eHolland, lapho aba nesithakazelo nokwakheka. Ngo-Amsterdam, uWilliam wathola unobhala siqu Hobbes owamsiza ukuba simazi nge Descartes, Mersenne futhi Gassendi.

Ngo 1646 wabuyela eNgilandi futhi waqala ukutadisha imithi e-University of Oxford. Wakwazi usungula futhi patent siqu ukukopisha umshini yabo, kodwa ukusungula ukudayiswa yayo kuhlulekile. Ngo 1652 wathatha ikhefu waya Ireland ibutho Cromwell sika. Wayehlezi ngaphansi ephalamende, wakhonza makhosi amabili. Ngemva 1660, unyaka isithakazelo sakhe kososayensi zashintsha ekubeni physical sciences kuya emphakathini. Ngo 1667 washada Elizabeth Waller. Economist washona ngo 1687 e-London, lapho ebuya Ireland ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.

ukubukwa kwezomnotho

On mbono zesayensi kuthonywa imithombo ezimbili:

• Thomas Hobbes. UWilliam nonobhala wakhe siqu isikhathi esithile futhi nhlo kahle okufunwa okunengqondo "ukuthula civil kanye inala yezinto ezibonakalayo." Ngakho-ke, ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe ayekufuna umthombo ukuchuma Ireland.
• Frensis Bekon. Usosayensi Kwavunyelwana ukuthi Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona umuzwa okufanele ibe yisisekelo yazo zonke izinhlobo zesayensi okunengqondo. Ngakho-ke, eminakweni yabo yesayensi, wayehlale wafuna ukuthola izinkomba ambalwa. Lena yindlela okuthiwa izibalo zezombusazwe.

Uilyama Petti evame ukubizwa ngokuthi lokuqala kweqiniso usosayensi-Economist. I ucwaningo lwakhe nokujula ikubeka ngenhla Thomas Mann, uJosiya Ingane futhi Dzhona Lokka. umsebenzi Petty sika kwandulelwe emnothweni zezombusazwe. ayekucabanga eyaziwa kakhulu ezihlobene intela, Umcebo kazwelonke, supply imali kanye izinga kwegazi, izindleko, zenzalo, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kanye nohulumeni walo utshalomali. Petty, ngomunye wabokuqala babemelene ukubukwa mercantilist. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngesisekelo izindleko noma yimuphi umkhiqizo kufanele esekelwe okunikezwa umsebenzi walo ukukhiqizwa. Umcebo kazwelonke yezwe, ngokombono wakhe, akuyona kuphela ngegolide nangesiliva, futhi kuyalimaza hhayi kuphela ukuswela imali, kodwa futhi enaleni yabo.

Izintela, izibalo kanye kazwelonke engenayo ezimali

Ezikhathini Petty umqondo ovelele kule laseNgilandi laliphethwe mercantilism. England ilwa eHolland kwaba imali edingekayo. Ngakho-ke Petty wahlanganyela beyofuna izimiso ezifanele intela. Labo okwakulindeleke ukuba basize ekugcwaliseni igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini empini. Petty ngamnyama ezindaweni eziyisithupha kweqoqo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele njalo futhi ngokulingana. Petty wakhuthaza ukuqoqwa izintela efomini hhayi kuphela of amatshe ayigugu, kodwa futhi imali. Isimiso esifanayo awasebenzisa ukubala imali kazwelonke. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ingcebo isimo akuyona kuphela igolide nesiliva, kodwa futhi imali. Ngokusho izibalo yakhe, imali kazwelonke we -England e-1660s zaba amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-667.

Izibalo Petty esetshenziswa ezomhlaba elula. Nokho, ngalezo zinsuku kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Cishe akekho phambi kwakhe akawasebenzisanga izinkomba ambalwa. idatha yokubalwa kwabantu, ngisho e-Ireland, kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthola. Ngakho-ke, Petty necebo nendlela yabo ahlola isibalo sabantu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwanda emazweni angaphandle ngo-30% kuholela ukwanda ezilinganiselwe sabantu, futhi umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-amathathu abafa unyaka ngamunye. Ngakho kulinganiselwa isibalo sabantu e-London. Kulo lonke izwe, ngoba kucatshangwa Petty kwadingeka abantu kasishiyagalombili. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndlela iye bagxekwa ngesikhathi impilo usosayensi othile.

Theory lenani futhi isithakazelo

Petti Uilyam aqhubeka mpikiswano okuqalwe Aristotle. Waqhubeka bakhe imfundiso yokuziphendukela value, eyayisekelwe bachithe emsebenzini okhiqizwayo. Yena wakhetha izinto ezimbili: umhlaba kanye nabasebenzi. Bobabili umthombo ukudalwa imali encane yentela. Petty ubufuna ukudala equation, umphumela elaliyoba intengo efanele kwezimpahla. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela ke Uphinde abhekwe kusebenta jikelele. Petty isicelo kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela Inani ukubala intela imba. Ngokuphathelene zenzalo, ngalezo zinsuku, abantu abaningi namanje kubhekwa isono ukuthola inzuzo. Nokho, Petty akazange avumelane ukuwachaza ngale ndlela. Wethula nomqondo imivuzo Ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa imali umboleki.

esekelwe isimiso noninterference Management

Omunye Empeleni kubalulekile ukuthi uye wasiphakamisela emsebenzini wakhe Petti Uilyam, iyona ifilosofi laissez-Faire kuhulumeni. Lapha wancika isimiso sezokwelapha of non-kuphazamisa umsebenzi umzimba ube nempilo. Wasebenzisa ke futhi monopolies, kanye nokulawula ukuthekelisa yimali, futhi lokudayisa izimpahla. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni enza kungalimaza kakhulu kunokuba kusize.

Uilyam Petti: ithiyori

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, usosayensi waphendukela ezindaweni eziningi ezomnotho esizayo. Imisebenzi zingatholakala ku ukubukwa Uilyama Petti intela ekubalweni izibalo ingeniso kazwelonke, supply imali kanye velocity kwegazi, imfundiso yokuziphendukela value futhi isithakazelo, nokubusa, ukulawulwa lwemali exchange rate futhi ukuhweba, ukusebenza okugcwele, nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kanye nezinye izihloko eziningi. ayekucabanga bathonya ukubukwa zezomnotho eziningi owaziwa. Ngomqondo othile, abalandeli bakhe ezifana izingqondo ezinkulu njengoba u-Adam Smith, Marx no Dzhon Meynard Keyns. izindawo kakhulu ezibanzi isithakazelo ziye zasiza Petty isikhathi eside abantu bahlale bemazi.

Imisebenzi futhi ifa

Uilyam Petti - Umsunguli ilungu yi-Royal Society. Waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe kumlando kwezomnotho kanye nezibalo. Umsunguli we amasu esimanje lokubalwa kwabantu - kuyinto Uilyam Petti. Ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yesayensi zihlanganisa:

• "Treatise on Izintela Imisebenzi" (1662).
• "Political Aritmethikhi" (1676).
• Verbum Sapienti (1664).
• "Political Anatomy of Ireland" (1672).
• "On the Imali" (1682).
• "Indzaba phezu nokwengezwa isintu" (1682).