KumiswaIsayensi

Golden ulwelwe: izinhlobo kanye izihloko

Umnyango we-Golden algae (isithombe, incazelo kanye nencazelo yezinhlobo ezihlukene ozothola kulesi sihloko) uyaziwa, mhlawumbe, ikakhulukazi yizinto eziphilayo kuphela. Noma kunjalo, abameleli bayo badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emvelweni. I-algae yegolide - enye yamaqembu asendulo ama-algae. Okhokho bawo kwakuyizinto eziphilayo eziyinhloko ze-amoeboid. I-algae yegolide ifana ne-yellow-green, i-diatom kanye ne- algae enobumba obuncane eqoqweni lezingulube, ukuba khona kwe-silicon emagobolondo amangqamuzana, ukubunjwa kwezinto ezigciniwe. Kukhona isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi bangabokhokho be- diatom algae. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kucabangela akukwazi ukucatshangwa ngokuphelele.

Umnyango we-Golden algae: isici esivamile

Izitshalo esinesithakazelo zinezinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha. I-algae yegolide (isithombe sabo sinikezwe ngenhla) kokubili kukhona ama-unicellular and multicellular, kolonial. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwe-algae yegolide kunommeli ovelele kakhulu. I-thallus ene-Multi-nyukliya iyinhlangano ye-plasmodium eyimfihlo. Ngakho, ama-algae egolide ahlukene kakhulu.

Isakhiwo samangqamuzana alezi ziphilayo sibonakala ngokuba khona kwenani elihlukile le-flagella. Inani labo lincike ezinhlotsheni. Ngokuvamile kukhona ezimbili, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye izinhlobo ze-algae zegolide kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-flagella. Owesithathu, ongenakuzulazula, ukhona phakathi kokubili okuhambayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-ganthone futhi ibonakala ngesandiso ekupheleni. Umsebenzi we-gantoneme wukuthi iseli linamathele ku-substrate ngosizo lwayo.

Umbala

I-algae yegolide iwumnyango ohlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Ama-chloroplast yabo, njengomthetho, anemibala ephuzi egolide. Kulezi zingubo, kukhulunywa ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe nge-chlorophyll A. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chlorophyll E, kanye ne-carotenoids eminingi, kuhlanganise ne-carotene kanye nenani lama-xanthophyll, ikakhulukazi i-fucoxanthin yegolide, itholakale. Abamele imibala yomnyango wesithakazelo kithi bangaba nemithunzi ehlukile, kuye ngokuthi yikuphi okunye kwalokhu noma okunye kwalokhu kuhlobisa. Kungaba kusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nombala ophuzi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Inani nokukhiqizwa

I-algae yegolide, izinhlobo zazo eziningi, ziyizinto eziphilayo. Ukubaluleka kwabo amanga, ngokuyinhloko, ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko emagodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babamba iqhaza ekwakheni uketshezi kwama-hydrobionts ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlanzi, i-algae yegolide. Izinhlobo zazo zithuthukisa umbuso wegesi wamagumbi ahlukahlukene amanzi, lapho ekhula khona. Bakha ama-sapropel imali.

Umnyango we-Golden algae ubonakala ngokuphindaphinda kwabameleli bawo ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli elula, kanye nokubola kwe-thallus yama-multicellular noma amakoloni abe izingxenye ezihlukene. Ososayensi bayazi futhi inqubo yezocansi, okuyi-autogamy evamile, i-hologamy noma i-isogamy. Ngenxa yendlela yokukhiqiza, i-cysts engapheliyo ebonakalayo ivela, ehlukile ngaleyo ndlela njengobunjwa bobunjwa begobolondo labo. La ma-cysts enza umsebenzi obalulekile - azisiza ama-algae ukuba asinde ezimweni ezimbi.

Ukusakazeka kwe-algae yegolide

I-algae igolide emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile bavame ukukhula ezindaweni ezilula. Lezi zitshalo zihlala ikakhulukazi emanzini amasha amasha. I-Algae golden yiyona ndlela ephawulekayo emanzini ase- sphagnum ngamanzi acidikhi. Inombolo encane yalezi zinhlobo zihlala emachibi olwandle nolwandle. Emanzini angcolisiwe, ajwayelekile kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nomhlabathi, izinhlobo ezilodwa kuphela ezihlala kuzo zihlala kuzo.

UMnyango we-Golden Algae uhlanganisa nabamele amakilasi amaningana. Ngezansi, sichaza kafushane ezinye zazo.

I-Class Chrysolops

Abameleli bayo bahlukaniswa ngokubona i-thallus eyinkimbinkimbi, emele isakhiwo esihle. I-chrysocamps ifaka amafomu e-colonial, immobile, ahamba kancane noma athunyiwe. Amangqamuzana alezi zinhlobo azinawo ama-flagella noma ama-protrusions angaphandle. Zibumbene ngokukodwa ngokukodwa kwamakoloni, ngokuvamile atholakale ezingxenyeni zalo zomgwaqo, kodwa futhi angase abe ingxenye ephakathi.

I-Class Chrysotrich

Leli klasi lihlanganisa i-algae yegolide ene-lamellar, i-filamentous ne-heterogeneous structure. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ziyi-multicellular, ngokuvamile i-benthic, ifakwe. I-Thallum imelelwe yi-branched noma i-strings elula noma eyingqayizivele, amapleletthi noma i-platex etholakalayo. Awugcwaliswanga emcimbini jikelele.

Leli klasi lihlanganisa amafomu amanzi ahlanzekile, kaningi amanzi angasolwandle nolwandle. I-Chrysotrich yiqembu elihle kakhulu kunazo zonke lezizinto eziphilayo phakathi kwazo zonke izintaba zegolide. Abameleli bayo bafana no-ulotriksovymi, abavela eMnyangweni we-Green Algae, kanye ne-heterotriks, abangomnyango we-Yellow-green algae. Abanye abameleli bama-chrysotrichs bafana nezinye ze-algae ezibomvu ezihlelwe kakhulu.

I-Class Chrysosphere

Leli klasi lihlanganisa i-algae yegolide, isakhiwo somzimba sayo siphunga i-coccoid. Amaseli alawo mzimba ahlanganiswe nekhanda le-cellulose. Ubuqotho kanye ne-rhizopodia kulabo abamele leli klasi abangekho ngokuphelele. Lezi zitshalo ziyi-unicellular, immobile. Okungajwayelekile kakhulu amafomu e-colonial, amaqoqo amangqamuzana axhunyiwe ngokungaxhunyiwe futhi angabhapathizwa emcimbini jikelele. Awenzi ama-plates noma ama-filaments ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.

I-Class of Chrysophytes

Leli klasi lihlanganisa i-algae yegolide, enezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlangano ye-thallus. Yisisetshenziswa sakhe esiyisisekelo salokho okulandelayo kuleli klasi: i-rhizochrhizal (ene-rhizopodial structure), ama-chrysomonadal (ama-moped), ama-chrysocapsular (ama-palmelloid), ama-feotamnal (ama-filamentous), nama-chrysospheric (ama-coccoid amafomu). Siphakamisa ukuthi ujwayele imiyalo ngayinye yalesi sifundo.

I-Chrysomonadal (ngaphandle kwalokho - i-chromulin)

Lona uhlelo olubanzi kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa i-algae yegolide, isakhiwo se-monadic, kokubili koloniyali kanye ne-unicellular. I-systematics ye-chrysomonads isekelwe kwisakhiwo nenombolo ye-flagella. Kubaluleke kakhulu uhlobo lwamasango abo eseli. Kunamafomu angashadile futhi amabili-gland. Ngaphambilini kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngaphezulu kokuqala, okokuqala kungokuqala. Nokho, i-microscope ye-electron yasiza ososayensi ukuba bathole ukuthi amafomu okuthiwa angashadile anama-side flagellum wesayizi encane. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi labo bokuqala bangaba ama-chrysomonads ama-flagellate amabili anama-heteromorphic and heterocellular flagella, futhi amafomu okukodwa-gland avele ngenxa yokunciphisa okwenziwe kwesikhwama esifushane.

Ngokuqondene nokumbozwa kwamaselula kwabamele abakwa-chrysomonadal, bahlukile. Kunamafomu avulekile, agqoke kuphela nge-plasmalemma. Amaseli ezinhlobo zezilwane afakwe ezindlini ezikhethekile ze-cellulose. Ngaphezulu kwe-plasmalemma yesithathu kukhona iveli eliqukethe ama-silicic esikali.

Ngosizo lwesigaba sehlukanisa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-chrysomonads iyasebenza. Kwezinye zezilwane kukhona nenqubo yezocansi.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-chrysomonads yizinto eziphilayo zamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngokuvamile bahlala emanzini acacile. I-Chrysomonads ivame ukutholakala ngenkathi ebandayo, ekwindla ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Ezinye izilwane zihlala ngaphansi kweqhwa ebusika. Nokho, njengoba ososayensi bekutholile, kubo ukushisa kwamanzi akubalulekile kakhulu. Inomqondo oqondile kuphela. Amakhemikhali yamanzi yisici esinqunyiwe. Unyaka wonke uyashintsha: ngenkathi ebandayo emanzini ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanye ama-vegetation aqukethe i-nitrogen ne-iron eningi. Iningi le-chrysomonads lihlala e-plankton. Zinezinto ezikhethekile zokuphila kweplankton. Amalungu omuntu ngamunye we-chrysomonad adle amanzi embala obomvu, okwenza ukuba aqhube.

Siphakamisa ukuthi ujwayele umndeni wakwa-Ohromonadovye, okukaleli klasi.

Umndeni we-Ohromoded

Siyaqhubeka sicabangela uMnyango we-Golden algae. Abamele umndeni u-Okhromonadovye - amafomu ahlukahlukene. Amangqamuzana abo ahlanganiswe kuphela nge-cytoplasmic membrane, ene-flagella eyodwa noma amabili (ukungalingani).

Rod Ochromonas

I-Algae yalolu hlobo ihlala e-neuston noma epankton yamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngaphansi kaningi abatholakala emagodini amanzi ase-brackish. Leli gama limelelwa ngamangqamuzana angamanye ombala wegolide, abe ne-heteromorphic amabili ne-heterocomposite flagella. I-Ochromonas iyiselula ehamba-ze, eboshwe ngaphandle ngaphandle nge-membrane ye-cytoplasmic. I-cytoskeleton, ehlanganisa ama-microtubules akhiwe ngenye indlela, isekela ifomu layo elihlehlisiwe. Phakathi nendawo yeseli enjalo kukhona i- nucleus yeseli. Lizungezwe imvilophu ye nyukliya enamabhande amabili.

I-plate chromatophores (ezimbili zazo) zifakwe ekwandeni okukhona phakathi kwezingqimba ze-imvilophu yenukliya. I-ultrastructure yabo iyinto ejwayelekile yomnyango abakubo. I-vacuole enkulu kanye ne-chrysolaminarin itholakala ngemuva kwalesi sisele. I-mitochondria ihlakazekile ku-cytoplasm, idivayisi ye-Golgi ingxenyeni yangaphakathi yaleso selinye. Kusukela ekupheleni kwayo kwangaphambili, i-flagella isuka. Zikhona ezimbili zazo, azifani ngokude.

UG. Buck wafunda umsuka we-mastigonem nesakhiwo esibucayi e-Ochromonas danica (i-algae yegolide). Izithombe ezinegama zisiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo izinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo. Esithombeni ngenhla - i-Ochromonas danica. Lolu hlobo lungcono ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amadokhumenti we-mastigoneem yentuthuko. Iqiniso liwukuthi amangqamuzana alo anesici esisodwa esithakazelisayo - alahlekelwa kalula i-flagella, ngemva kwalokho avuselele kabusha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uhlole izinto ezihlukahlukene ngezigaba zokuvuselelwa kwamaparathuluzi azo.

Igama lomndeni i-Mallonamas

Abameleli balo bavame ukuhlala emiphakathini yamanzi ahlanzekile. Le genus yiyona ecebile kunazo zonke izinhlobo. Amaseli abameleli bawo ahlukile ngendlela. Zigcwele izikali ezinezikhwama noma izikali ezingasetshenziswa. I-Mallomonas caudata (evezwe ngenhla) ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwabameleli baleli gciwane. Ichaza ngokuningiliziwe i-ultrastructure yezinto ezenziwe ngama-crystals, izilinganiso kanye nokuqukethwe kwamaseli, kanye nendlela yokwakhiwa kwazo, ukukhululwa nokuthunyelwa okulandelayo endaweni yeseli. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zolu hlobo zisezincane kakhulu.

Ngamafuphi, ake sikhulume nge-flagella yommeleli we-Mallomonas, njenge-caudata. Zinezibili, kodwa eyodwa ihlukaniswa kuphela kumakrofrikhi optical. Le-flagella inesakhiwo esivamile. Iphethe imigqa emibili ye-mastigonem enezinwele. Ku-microscope ekhanyayo, i-flagellum yesibili ayifani nhlobo, ehamba ibanga elincane kusuka kuseli. Isembozo sezikali siyifihla.

Rod Sinur

Leli gciwane libhekwa ngamakoloni ellipsoidal noma achungechunge ahlanganisa amangqamuzana afane ngamaparele. Phakathi nendawo yekoloni baxhunywe emuva, emuva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu. Kusukela embhedeni we-cytoplasmic ngaphandle, amangqamuzana agqoke izikali ezingenalutho. Lezi zilinganiso zihlelwe nge-spirally, zithandana ngokuzimela. I-ultrastructure kanye nokuma kwalezi zilinganiso, njenge-mallonamas, zinenani elibalulekile lokukhokha intela. Isibonelo, kummeleli onjengo-S. sphagnicola (okufanekiselwa ngenhla), ipuleti ye-basal ehlolwe ekunqunyeni okuphambene nendawo, okungukuthi, ine-thickness efanayo. Ama-perforations amancane ayaphenya. Umngcele we-apical owukhuni usemkhawulweni wangaphakathi. Umkhawulo osisekelo ugobile. Uzungeza ipuleti ye-basal, ekwakheni into efana nendawo enkulu kule alga yegolide. Abameleli bayo banomgogodla ongaphakathi ogobile ngaphandle. Ihlanganiswe kude kancane ukusuka emaphethelweni wangaphambili epuleti. Isikhathi sesisezingeni layo.

Ngokuqondene nabanye abamele umnyango onjalo njenge- algae yegolide , isakhiwo sesilinganiso sabo sinzima nakakhulu. Lokhu kusebenza, ikakhulukazi, ku-S. petersonii. Phezu kweplate yase-basal ekhonjiwe kahle, lezi zinhlobo zine-crest medial (engezansi). Kuyi-apical, ecacile noma ekhomba. Ukuphela kwalo kungadlulela ngaphesheya komkhawulo wangaphambili wezikali, ngaleyo ndlela ulingisa i-spike. I-pore enkulu itholakala ku-crest medie, phambi kwayo. Ukuphela kwesisekelo salesi flake yiholide yamahhashi. Uphanyeka phezu komzimba wakhe. Izilinganiso zangasemva nezangaphakathi ezimboza umzimba weseli zinezimbambo ezihambayo ezidlulayo kusuka emgodini ophakathi. Ngaphandle kokudlulayo, umlamuli naye unezimbambo ze-longitudinal. Esitokisini, izikali azihlali phansi, kodwa zihlanganiswa, ngokusobala, kuphela ekupheleni okuhlukile. E-S. sphagnicola (okufanekiselwe ngenhla), amaphrofayili omzimba angase abe khona kuma-cytoplasmic vesicles, ikakhulukazi atholakala eduze kwendawo yangaphandle ye-chloroplast, nakuba zingabonwa phakathi kwawo nama-vesicles ane-chrysolaminarin.

Iqembu le-kok-colitoforid

I-algae yegolide, izinhlobo namagama esiwafundelayo, ziningi. Phakathi kwabo yiqembu elikhethekile - kok-colitoforid. Abameleli bayo banezici zabo siqu. I-pellicle ibhajwe ngaphandle ngaphandle koqweqwe olungeziwe lwe-coccoliths (okubizwa ngokuthi izidumbu ezibalwe nxazonke). Basesimweni sokuthi i-protoplast ifihliwe.

I-Class Haptophytes

Leli klasi lihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko ekwakheni amangqamuzana e-monadic ane-haptonemia, ngaphezu kwe-flagella. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sifundo kubandakanya imiyalo emithathu. Cabanga ngomunye wabo.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-primitive

Ngokuvamile kubonakala nge-flagella amabili yesomorphic ne-nonocontained, kanye ne-gaptoneum ende. Ngaphandle kwe-plasmalemma, ubukhulu bamaseli bumbozwa izilinganiso eziphilayo ezingenakwenziwa noma imizimba ye-coccolith (calcareous), ehlanganisa ndawonye i-coccosphere eseduze neseli.

Omunye wemindeni yalo myalelo yi-Prymnesiaceae. Njengama-fresh fresh, nasolwandle, uhlobo lwe-Chrysochromulin lumiwe. Amaseli e-oval noma aphephile aphethe i-flagella ebushelelezi yobude obulinganayo, kanye ne-haptoneum ehlanganiswa ngaphandle kwesikhumba se-cytoplasmic ngama-organic scales. Lezi zinsuku zivame izinhlobo ezimbili. Zihlukile noma zibe ngesayizi noma ngesayizi.

Isibonelo, i-Chrysochromulina birgeri inezinhlobo ezimbili zezilinganiso ezimboza umzimba wayo. Ahluke kuphela ngobukhulu. Lezi zilinganiso ziqukethe amapulangwe e-oval, iphethini elimelelwa ngamagquma aphansi. Kukhona futhi ama-protrusions amabili aphakathi, afakwe ngendlela yezimpondo. I-cell surface kwezinye izilwane ihlanganiswa nezikali, eziphikisana ngokweqile ngokuphambene nangaphezulu. Isibonelo, izikali zangaphakathi, ezizungezile zangaphakathi ku-Ch. I-Cyanophora ine-crests encane kakhulu. Bahlangana, bese benza icala elizungeze ikamelo. Ngokuvamile zifihliwe izikali eziningi zamasondo ezitholakala ngaphandle.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zezilinganiso zitholakala ku-Ch. I-Megacyiindra yi-cylinders namacwecwe. Ama-cylinders asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kweseli. Ngamunye wabo unamathele epulini yayo yase-basal ngokuphela kwawo okuphansi. Izinhlangothi zalezi zindilinga zithinta cishe. Ngezansi zazo, zikhona izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezinezigaxa ezenza izingqimba eziningi.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zezilinganiso zikhonjiswe ku-Ch. IKiton. Ukuhlelwa kwabo kuyisici: izikhulu eziyisithupha ezingenawo umgqomo zitholakala nxazonke, ezinkulu nezinhlanga. Izikhala eziphakathi kwazo zigcwele ama-flakes amancane kakhulu.

Ekuphetheni, sicabanga ngomunye umndeni.

Umndeni Kokkolitoforidovye

Lokhu kuhlanganisa zilwane ngokuyinhloko zasolwandle. Ukukhethwa kuyinto gimenomonas - angenasawoti bohlobo. amaseli Monadic amalungu omkhaya kufanele msila ezimbili ezifanayo. Gaptonema ngokuvamile ebonakalayo kahle impela. Noma kunjalo, eziningi coccolithophorids kubonakala sengathi encishisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, it is hhayi ebonwe N. coronate.

Amaseli we amalungu omndeni e isakhiwo sabo akahlukile evela kwamanye amangqamuzana gaptofitsievyh. Sinenkosi-nucleus futhi chloroplast, okuyinto zizungezwe reticulum endoplasmic. Ziqukethe trehtilakoidnye lamellae, kungekho lamella ibhande. Esikhathini cell kukhona futhi pyrenoids. thylakoids Kubhangqiwe uyihambisa. Futhi mitochondria samanje, Golgi apharathasi , kanjalonjalo. Mayelana ishidi cell, it is abatholakala ngaphandle kwe-ulwelwesi cytoplasmic. Coccoliths - ishq elifakwe carbonate zazo liqukethe. Coccoliths kwakha kokkosferu emhlabeni cell. Ezinye izinhlobo abe ishq non-aligugu amanengi organic ndawonye.

Coccoliths nekubhala wokulinganisa

Umsuka lokubhala wokulinganisa, ijwayelekile sonke, ithakazelisa kakhulu. Uma kubhekwa ngesibonakhulu, uma kungekhona khulisa kakhulu isithombe, abacwaningi ngokuvamile ukubamba iso foraminifera amagobolondo. Nokho, ngezinye kokukhulisa ephakeme lembula sebuningini amapuleti esobala lapho unenye imvelaphi. Inani wabo ngaphansi kuka 10 microns. Lezi zingqimba kukhona coccoliths begodu ejamele igobolondo kuyizinhlayiyana coccolithophorids ulwelwe. Ukusebenzisa i-electron microscope avunyelwe ososayensi ukunquma ukuthi coccoliths cezu zabo bakha 95% yamadwala Cretaceous. Lezi Ezemfundo ezithakazelisayo okwamanje wafunda ngokuya ultrastructure. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi wayecabange genesis yabo.

Ngakho, sixoxe kafushane Golden ulwelwe Division. Amakilasi bese kuthi amalungu ngamanye ke iye yachazwa yithi. Yiqiniso, sakhuluma kuphela ezithile, kodwa lokhu kwanele ukuze uthole umqondo jikelele eMnyangweni zisithakazelise. Manje ungakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo: "? Golden ulwelwe - kuyini"

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