Kumiswa, Isayensi
Izindlela Physico-chemical sokuhlaziya
Uhlaziyo physico-chemical usebenzisa izindlela eziningi, ngayinye yaba kusala iqoqo imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye namasu. Ngosizo lwabo, isifundo Kwenziwa izici qualitative ambalwa of izinto futhi izinto. Physical futhi amakhemikhali izindlela zocwaningo elisetshenziswa laboratories emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngesimo izindlela, okungukuthi, amadokhumenti indlela zikhuluphele futhi alethwe algorithm noma imiyalelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ukuze bathole imiphumela nge ukunemba unikezwa, setha izimo (kuhlanganise izimfuneko imishini sokulinganisa) okuyiwona inqubo kuthiwa wenziwa iphutha (ukungaqiniseki), izingxenye zalo ehlelekile futhi okungahleliwe.
Physical futhi amakhemikhali izindlela - ebalulekile utho lomklamo. Bahlanganisa chemical ukuguqulwa noma kuqedwa isivivinyo isampula (Aliquot), lokuhlushwa ingxenye oyifunayo, ukuqedwa ithonya kwaphazamiseka izinto nokunye. izindlela Analytical zingahlukaniswa zibe classical nowezinsimbi. izindlela Classical (eyaziwa ngokuthi 'ukuhlaziya ezimanzi ") zisebenzisa izinga (iphunga, umbala, kwezulu, igesi ngokwahlukana noma ancibilikise) futhi ukuhlaziywa ambalwa (nesilinganiso okuningi noma umthamo). Abaningi babo owasungula esikhathini kusuka 17 kuya ekhulwini le-19 futhi isasetshenziswa ezimweni lapho embundwini ukuzwela yanele.
Ingabe esinembile physico-chemical izindlela ukuhlaziywa okusekelwe izifundo wezinsimbi. Kulokhu eyenziwa esebenzisa amadivayisi ukala ngokomzimba ezifana ukumuncwa ukukhanya, fluorescence, zamanje, umehluko kungenzeka kube nokungqubuzana, conductivity kagesi, emisebeni ngegalelo, kanye nabanye. Kwezinye izimo kucatshangwa isampula ukulungiselela kwangaphambilini (isampuli) by ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu, ngokwahlukana tincenye hromatografichekoy ikholomu, electrophoresis nokunye.
izindlela Physico-chemical sokuhlaziya zisetshenziswa yonke indawo. Ezempilo, ezemvelo, wezokwelapha, ezithaka imithi nokudla laboratories. Iziphathimandla Supervisory futhi izifundo forensic. I kuyisayensi nakwezezimboni izinjongo. Asekelwe eluhlaza impahla kokuhlaziywa izinga, amasampula Lesisemkhatsini imikhiqizo siphelile nezimpahla chemical, Petrochemical futhi uwoyela. Uma analysis besebenzisa izindlela classical kohlaziyo kungaba abasebenzi nge ziqu ongaphakeme (izingcezu 2 kuya ku-4 ukuze ETCS), futhi ezimweni eziningi kwaba lesibili noma secondary education ekhethekile eyanele, izifundo wezinsimbi ongoti nge ziqu ephakeme (izingcezu 5-6) kokuba imfundo ephakeme.
Esikhathini izifundo zakudala njengendlela yokuthola nesilinganiso ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ibhalansi sicubungule ntathu Glassware (amasilinda futhi flasks, pipettes, burettes). izindlela Physico-chemical sokuhlaziya ezihilela photocolorimeter ukusetshenziswa, refractometers, spectrophotometers, chromatographs, spectrometer mass, nokunye. Iningi lawo Inama-computer siqu, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise isikhathi esiphelele kanye asebenzayo ukuhlaziywa, okudlekayo (ishadi iphepha, njll), encishisiwe indima isici womuntu, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ingozi kokuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa olungalungile.
Physico-chemical izindlela ukuhlaziywa okusekelwe ukusetshenziswa izindlela zakamuva, naphezu izindleko zabo eziphakeme, enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba sinciphise okwengeziwe izindleko control kohlaziyo ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa ukuncipha eziphawulekayo ukuhlaziywa isikhathi. Kungaba kubhekwe isibonelo izindlela chromatographic. Ukuhlaziya onobuhle amadala kudingeka emva amasignali nenkanuko edlulele umtshina kushadi ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:
- ukususa kushadi insimbi;
- isignali ngamunye (ivela njengendlela isiqongo ofana unxantathu), elihambisana isakhi ethize, ekhuthaza elibonakala isikhathi uphume kukholamu;
- ukubala indawo isiqongo ngamunye njengoba endaweni unxantathu (umbusi yokukala ukuphakama ububanzi Maphakathi-ukuphakama isikhulisi);
- ukubala izingxenye okuqukethwe;
- ukuhlela isivivinyo yi olandelwayo noma enye i-akhawunti.
Endabeni chromatography yesimanje, isiginali umtshina is ngokukhishwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kukhompyutha, yonke imisebenzi ngenhla kuyaqedwa, ngoba lwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, acishe kweso. Kodwa akunjalo inzuzo kuphela uma usebenzisa izindlela zesimanje ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali sokuhlaziya. Imiphumela ngaleyo ndlela etholwe ithunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokushesha hhayi kuphela e-database kolwazi laboratory nohlelo lokuphatha (LIMS), kodwa futhi enhlanganweni solwazi, futhi phezu emaphakathi inqubo izilawuli.
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