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Siyini isihloko ukukhethwa? I impumelelo yokuzalanisa yesimanje

Ukukhethwa ingenye sciences esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi eziphambili. Ngenxa impumelelo yalo wadala izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo ophilayo, okuye kwaletha izinzuzo eziningi esintwini. nodaba, izinjongo kanye izinkomba main yokuzalanisa kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

imisebenzi Isifundo Ukukhetha

Siyini isihloko ukukhethwa? Isayensi ekuthuthukiseni ekhona nokuthuthukisa isilwane izinhlobo ezintsha, zezitshalo nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. kuncike Its cwaningo kanye nokuqaliswa in umkhuba lwamaphethini ethize ukuziphendukela kwaso. Okwafezwa akhawunti yesimanje yokuzalela amashumi ezinkulungwane amaminerali nomzimba womuntu. Ngesisekelo theory kulesi siqondiso enye isayensi - zofuzo. Icabangela izici zofuzo kanye kokuhlukana wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko zizalela kuyinto ukuzalela izinhlobo ikhiqize kakhudlwana izitshalo nezinhlobo kwande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi bazama ukuletha abantu abangasinaki linesizotha kwizimo imvelo futhi ushintsho ecaleni okungekuhle ngabo. Micro-eziphilayo ethulwa njengoba ngenkani. Lokhu ukumelana izinqubo mutational nokuhlukanisa ngesilinganiso ewusizo amagciwane amaseli.

izindlela Basic yokuzalanisa

Siyini isihloko okukhethile, sithole. Kodwa njengoba zonke izinto eziphilayo wafunda zihluke ngokuphelele olimini nomunye isakhiwo kanye nezici, yilowo nalowo kubo kunamaqembu ezahlukahlukene zezindlela. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babevame ukukhetha ngisho ngokungazi. Ukukhethwa indlela eyinhloko. Kanye naye usebenzisa hybridization futhi isenzo mutagens. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko isetshenziswa izindlela ngokuyinhloko entsha yokuhlola - zofuzo iseli zobunjiniyela.

i-biotechnology

Okwamanje, izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlelo kufanele esikalini ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Umphumela etholwe kakhulu izinhlobo ezincane, isiko kwamangqamuzana nezicubu zezitshalo nezilwane. Futhi impumelelo yokuzalanisa yesimanje ukhiqiza umkhiqizo yemvelo ne izakhiwo kusengaphambili.

Izici zokuzalanisa izitshalo

ifomu Ngakho eyigugu yasekuqaleni - okungukuthi isihloko Ukukhetha. Nokho, isakhiwo esithile zalesi sihlahla evumela ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithile kuphela ukwakha izici ezintsha esekelwe yasekuqaleni. Lokhu inbreeding, polyploidy, futhi hybridization mutagenesis. Phakathi kwabo singaqokomisa zendabuko ezingaphezu. Lena Ukukhetha ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo futhi hybridization. Ukuletha ezihlukahlukene entsha nge izinga ziqondakala, kubalulekile ukuqhuba operation eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ihlala lapho ukhetha amafomu kokuqala hybridization kulandele Ukukhetha. Ngale ndlela, by ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa ne apula ukunambitheka kanye frost izakhiwo ezibalulekile zazitholakala izinhlobonhlobo ngokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezibalulekile nzalo.

Effective zokuzalanisa izitshalo iyona ndlela heterosis. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele nilethe uchungechunge esizimele Imigqa ehlanzekile bese inqamula kubo nomunye. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka izinhlobo ikhiqize kakhudlwana kwabaningi izitshalo nezithelo aklaba.

Lo mkhuba polyploidy kuwukwanda amaningi inani lezakhi zofuzo. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ngokwesimo ngendlela ejwayelekile lapho zihlatshwa mutagens izitshalo. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje, abazalanisi bavame isinyathelo amaseli diploid colchicine alkaloid. ifomu etholwe aye anda wenzalo kuqhathaniswa kwegciwane. A genotype ishintshelwa tetraploid yabo.

imfuyo

I imfuyo asetshenziswa izindlela kuyiwa, ngoba abakwazi ukuveza vegetative. Ososayensi ukusebenzisa Ukukhetha ikakhulukazi ngabanye kanye hybridization ezimbili zama. Lapho inbreeding ukwanda ebonwe homozygosity, okuholela ukonakala kwazo zilwane kanye nokulahlekelwa izimfanelo zalo zenani elikhulu. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, abalimi enye esifushane futhi outbreeding. ososayensi zenani elikhulu ngamunye wakwazi ukuthola e kwasetshenziswa abantu zinhlobo ezahlukene. Izibonelo ezinjalo kukhona hybrid zizalela imbongolo ihhashi - umnyuzi, futhi izinkomo Yak - haynak. Inkinga wukuthi iningi abantu eyatholakala kusukela iziphambano enjalo azinamagciwane futhi ngeke zikwazi ukuveza inzalo evundile. Okuhlukile mthetho kuyinto Liger futhi Tigon, izinsikazi zazo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha eminye.

Ezincane, futhi ikakhulukazi endaweni ezizalela

Manje, ake sibone ukuthi yini isihloko ukukhethwa nezilwanyana ezincane. Lena zonke izinhlobo zama-bacterium prokaryotic, lenyama, isikhunta owumphumela nezitshalo aphansi - ulwelwe. Abaningi babo imithombo kwemithi, okuphakelayo izithasiselo, umquba, elisetshenziswa womshini iwayini, isinkwa nemikhiqizo yalo. Ukuze idlulisele uhlobo eyigugu futhi ithele kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezimboni, kumele zidlule izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala ezikhonjwe amaseli esitebeleni kunazo. Ngesisekelo le Ukukhetha kunokwehlukahluka zofuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho zamagciwane eyigugu iphathwa nge mutagens. Ngemva kubalulekile ukukhomba amaseli ezikhiqiza kakhulu kakade okushintshiwe genotype. ukufaniswa ekhethiwe babhekana amavesi wakuphinda medium omusha wokukhula. Nasezinhluphekweni zakulezi kakade akhethiwe okusakazwa ngezinga ezimbonini.

Amathemba ukuthuthukiswa biotechnology

I impumelelo yokuzalanisa yesimanje iye yasiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, esanda etholakala, ikhiqize kakhudlwana zezitshalo nezilwane izinhlobo zisiza ukunikeza izindawo ukudla planethi ukuthi kukhona ikakhulukazi isidingo.

Ukusetshenziswa Vermicompost fertilizer ukuthi zisekelwe chemotroph kanye nemisundu eminingi ahlinzeke yashesha ukukhula uyaca isitshalo. Uma usebenzisa izinto etholwe abalimi, inhlabathi kahle bephethe nitrogen ne phytohormones.

I kabusha izitshalo ziya ziba mandla ekusebenziseni izicubu ezithile indlela, lapho ungathola impahla zokutshala is hhayi ezingenwa ngamagciwane. Ngesisekelo amagciwane eminyakeni yamuva abalimi baye wadala amaprotheni entsha ifolishi ukuthi zingcono amuncwa izilwane.

Ukukhethwa futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile imboni eyenza imithi yesimanje. Nge-hormone biosynthesis uzilungiselele, imithi elwa namagciwane, futhi ama-enzyme.

Ngakho, ukukhethwa yetifundvo izindlela ungakwazi ngcono ukukhiqiza kwezolimo, ukudla kanye eyenza imithi izimboni. Okwamanje, sibonga ipumelelo yesimanje nesayensi wadala izinhlobo, izinhlobo futhi amagciwane, ngenxa okuyinto izinkinga eziningi lwesintu ziyoxazululwa.

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