Skeleton yesandla esingenhla. Imisebenzi yamathambo ezinyawo ezingenhla

Esikhathini sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-squelet of the lidalwa zomuntu athola izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, imilenze, ukwenza imisebenzi yokunyakaza nokusekela, kuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa komzimba endaweni eqondile, futhi izandla zaba amathuluzi okusebenza. Okulandelayo, ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ngamasipha omzimba ongaphezulu: isakhiwo nemisebenzi eyenziwa.

Ulwazi jikelele

Amasipha emilenze engenhla yomuntu athola ukuhamba okukhulu ngesikhathi se-phylogenesis. Ngenxa yobukhona be-clavicle, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwamathambo wezandla nesiqu, abantu bangenza ukunyakaza okukhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ezifaka ama-squelet of the free upper leg zinezinkulumo ezihambayo komunye nomunye. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endaweni yesandla nangaphambili. Imisebenzi yamathambo ezinyathelo ezingenhla impela kakhulu. Amandla athintshelwe izinhlobo ezinzima zomsebenzi wezabasebenzi. Ngenxa yobuningi bamathambo nokukhuluma, iminwe ingenza umsebenzi ohlukile: kusukela ekubhaleni ukuya ekuhlanganiseni noma iyiphi indlela. Umlenze, osebenza njengesigungu sokunyakaza nokusekelwa kwe-trunk esikhaleni, kufaka amanye amathambo amakhulu futhi anamandla. Ukuhamba kwabo isihlobo komunye nomunye kubalulekile. Amasipha wezingxenye ezingenhla nangaphansi ayenziwe ngokwendlela ejwayelekile. Ihlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili.

Iminyango yamasipha omlenze ophezulu: ithambo lebhande

Le ngxenye ihlanganisa:

• Ngene. Imelelwa njengethambo elincane lensiza. Kunemiphetho emithathu kulayini. Ngokuyinhloko, kukhona ingxenye yangasese, ephakathi naphezulu. Futhi ku-scapula kukhona izingalo ezintathu. Enye - ephansi, eyesibili - ephakathi, neyesithathu - i-lateral, ngokulandelanayo. I-scapula iseduze nesifuba sesifuba. Itholakala endaweni ephakathi kwezimbambo ze-II-VII. Esigabeni kukhona i-articular cavity. Isebenza ukuxhumana ne-clavicle. I-projection ibonakala kusukela ngemuva kwesikhala se-scapula. Itholakala ngapha nangapha. Lokhu okufakwe kuyi-tip isisindo se-scapula, esihlukanisa i-fossa ne-suppraative fossa.
• I-Clavicle. Imelelwa njengethambo le-tubular elifana ne-S. Ihlukanisa imikhawulo emibili - ihlombe (i-acromial) ne-sternum, nomzimba. I-Clavicle yiyona nto kuphela lapho amahlumela emilenze engaphezulu yomuntu exhuma kwisakhiwo samathambo esiqu. Ukuphela kwe-sternum kwesigaba kuqinisiwe. Ijoyina isibambo sternum. Ukuphela kwehlombe lamapulangwe kuxhunywe emgqeni wehlombe.

Ingxenye yesibili

Kulo, amasosha omlenze ongaphezulu anesandla, isici kanye nesici sehlombe. Ingxenye yokugcina imelelwe ithambo elilodwa - i-humerus. Ibhulashi lihlanganisa iminwe ye-phalanges, i-pastern nesandla. Izakhi ezimbili zihlukaniswa ngaphambili. Imelelwa ngamathambo namagundane.

Ithambo lesifuba

Ihlinzekwa ngesimo se-element eside ye-tubular. Emathanjeni, i-diaphysis (umzimba) kanye ne-2 epiphyses (ekupheleni) iyahluka: phezulu futhi ephansi. Eyokuqala iyinhloko ejikelezayo ye-articular. Isebenza ukuxhuma ne-scapula. Ukuphela okuphezulu kuhlukaniswe nomzimba ngezintambo ezithinta umzimba. Ngezansi, ngaphandle, kukhona ama-hillocks (ukuphakama) - amancane nezinkulu. Bahlukaniswa umdwebo. Ingxenye encane emzimbeni, esiseduze nekhanda, ibizwa ngokuthi "intamo yokuhlinzwa". Phezu kwethambo kukhona nesifo sofuba. Isebenza njengesayithi lokujoyina isidumbu se- deltoid. I-epiphysis ephansi inesandiso futhi idlula ngaphakathi kwe-condyle. Isebenza ukuxhuma ekuhlanganyeleni namathambo e-radial ne-ulna.

Hlela phambili

Kulesi sigaba, amasipha omlenze ongaphezulu ahlanganisa izakhi ezimbili:

• I-ulna. Lilele ebusweni obungaphakathi lomunwe omncane (V finger). Ukuphela okuphezulu kwesici kukhulu kakhulu. Ihlukanisa izinqubo ezimbili: ngemuva kwesigqoko naphambi kwe-coronary. Zihlukaniswa ngendwangu efana ne-blocks yokuxhuma nethambo lehlombe. Uhlangothi lwangaphandle (lateral) lwenqubo ye-coronoid liqukethe ukucubungula kwe-radial. Yakha ukuhlanganyela nombuthano. Ekugcineni okuphansi, i-ulna iyakha inhloko. Ihlukanisa ubuso bomhlaba ngesimo sombuthano wokuxhuma ne-notch ekhanda ku-elemental radial. Ohlangothini lwangaphakathi (oluphakathi) luhlelo lwenqubo ye-styloid.
• I-bone radial. Ihlinzekwa ngesimo se-tile long tubular. Uhamba ngethambo lomswakama ohlangothini lwangaphandle ukusuka ohlangothini lomunwe omkhulu (wokuqala). Ukuphela kwayo okuphezulu kunqunywa ikhanda le-cylinder. Iqukethe i-articular fossa nombuthano. Amaphethelo aphezulu emathanjeni omsakazo ne-ulnar ahileleke ekubunjweni kokuhlanganyela. Ingxenye ephansi ine-incnision ulnar, inqubo ye-subulate lateral. Kukhona nendawo ephezulu ye-carpal. Izinhlangothi ezingezansi zamathambo omsakazo ne-ulnar zenza ihlangothini elihlangene nomugqa ophezulu wezintambo zesandla.

Ibhulashi

Amasipha omlenze ongaphezulu kule ndawo amelelwa ngamathambo wesandla, i-pastern neminwe. Indawo yokuqala iqukethe imigqa emibili yamathambo amafushane (amane kuwo ngamunye). Esikhathini samathambo esithombeni. Uhlangothi olungenhla lomugqa wokuqala luxhumano ne- radius, ngokuya phezulu. Ingxenye engezansi yesibili ijoyina isisekelo sezingxenye ze-metacarpal. I-pastern imelelwa amathambo amahlanu ambalwa nje. Ukuqala ukubala kumunwe omkhulu. Ithemba ngalinye le-metacarpal linenhloko, isisekelo nomzimba. Isici sokuqala sichazwe nge-phalanx ephezulu kumunwe ohambelana . I-Phalanges yizici ezincane ze-bone ezibulalayo. Unenhloko, isisekelo nomzimba. Ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokuqala, izakhiwo ze-articular zihlukile. Esikhathini esiphezulu se-phalanx le nxenye inezihlanganisi nekhanda emathanjeni ahambelanayo we-pastern, ezingxenyeni eziphansi naphakathi ine-phalanx ekhonjiwe ngenhla (cishe). Emunwe omkhulu kukhona amathambo amabili we- tubular, kolunye - amathathu.

Izici zobudala zentuthuko: ithambo lebhande

Zonke izakhi zifakwe emasendeni omlenze ongenhla, ngaphandle kwe-clavicle, udlulise isisindo sesisindo somzimba, i-cartilaginous, ithambo.

• Ngene. Indawo eyinhloko ye-ossification yenziwa ngenyanga yesibili yentuthuko ye-intrauterine. Kusukela kuleli phuzu, i-awn kanye nomzimba wesigaba ukuthuthukisa. Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila enkambweni enomlomo oyisimo se-ossification isayithi, futhi ngeminyaka engu-15-18 yenziwa ku-acromion. Ngomhla ka-15-19, inqubo ye-coracoid ihlangene ne-scapula.
• I-Clavicle. I-ossification yayo ivela ekuseni kakhulu. Lesi sigaba samathambo sidlula isisodwa esisodwa - isigaba. Ngeviki le-6 kuya ku-7. Ngaphakathi kwesibeletho kubonakala iphuzu lokungasebenzi. Itholakala phakathi nendawo yokuxhumanisa izicubu ezixhumeneyo. Kusuka kule sayithi ukwakheka kokuphela kwe-acromial kanye nomzimba we-clavicle, okwenzeka ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa cishe kunamathenda amathambo. Engxenyeni yangaphandle, i-cartilage ikhiwa. Ingqalasizinda ye-ossification ivela kuyo kuphela eminyakeni engu-16-18, ehambisana nefu eminyakeni engu-20-25.
• Ngene. Ku-epiphysis ehamba phambili, amaphuzu ase-secondary ossification akhiwa: kumatrikhi amakhulu nezincane kuya ku-1-5, futhi ekhanda, ngokuvamile eneminyaka engu-1 ubudala. Lapho uneminyaka engu-3-7 amalitha. Kukhona i-fusion yabo, futhi iminyaka engu-13-25 - ukujoyina i-diaphysis. Esikhathini se-epiphysis distal, isayithi le-ossification lakhiwa kuze kube yiminyaka engu-5 yokuphila, i-epicondyle ye-lateral - kuze kufike ku-4-6, okuphakathi - kufika ku-4-11. Ngonyaka we-13-21 zonke izingxenye zihlangene ne-diaphysis.

Ngaphakathi

• I-ulna. Eminyakeni engu-7-14 e-epiphysis ehamba phambili i-ossification iphuzu. Iqala inqubo ye-elbow, lapho kunomshini omelele khona ovimba. Ngama-ostification ama-3-14 eminyaka amasayithi akhiwa ku-epiphysis ye-distal. Ukukhula, amathambo amathambo enza inqubo ene-awl kanye nenhloko. I-fusion nomzimba we-epiphysis ehamba phambili iyenzeka ngonyaka we-13-20, i-distal epiphysis yenzeka ngo-15-25.
• I-Radial Bone. Ngonyaka we-2.5-10 isayithi le-ossification e-epiphysis eseduze. Ukuthakazelisa nge-diaphysis kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-13-25.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zokushayela

• Isandla. Emva kokuzalwa kwe-ossification kuqala. Ngomnyaka wokuqala nowesibili wokuphila, iphuzu lamafomu ossification emathanjeni enama-hook futhi angama-celiac, okwesithathu - enkundleni yezintambo, 4 - e-semilunar, e-5 - enkundleni yezempi, 6-7 emgqeni we-trapezoid, Esikhaleni.
• I-Pastern. Ukubeka amathambo okwenza le ngxenye kwenzeka ngaphambi kwekhanda. Izingxenye ze-ossification ku-diaphysis zibekwa yiviki le-9-10 le-development embryonic, ngaphandle kwethambo lokuqala. Kulo, isayithi lakhiwa ngamasonto angu-10-11. Ku-epiphyses, izingxenye ze-ossification zivela phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-10. Futhi iminyaka engu-7. Ngonyaka we-15-25 kune-fusion ye-diaphysis kanye nenhloko yethambo le-metacarpal.
• Phalanges. Amaphuzu okuthungatha izidumbu zezinto ezihlukaniswayo avela phakathi nenyanga yesibili yentuthuko ye-embryonic, okuyizona ezihamba phambili ekuqaleni, kanye nalabo abaphakathi kuya ekupheleni kwenyanga yesithathu. Ezindaweni ze-phalangeal, amasayithi avela phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-5. Futhi iminyaka engu-7. Ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-14-21.

Amasipha ezinyawo ezingenhla anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi lapho ingxenye ngayinye idlala indima yayo.