ImpiloImithi

Skull amathambo: komzimba womuntu

Skull, Lat. Nogebhezi lwawo, - lena skeleton ekhanda. It wenza imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile. Lokho nguye ayesisebenzisa nobuchopho umvikeli nezinzwa ezifana emehlweni, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, ukuthinta, ukunambitha kanye nokulinganisela. Iphinde asekelwe izixhumanisi kokuqala kwemigudu yokuphefumula kokudla. Njengomthetho, anatomy skull ngesiLatini ukuchaza umbono lesifanele zomhlaba.

Isakhiwo ugebhezi

skull impumuzo kunalokho nzima. I ezitsheni ithambo hhayi kuphela ingqondo, kodwa futhi eziningi izitho sezinzwa eziyisisekelo, ngokusebenzisa ngokusebenzisa imigudu akhethekile ukuvuleka kuthiwa imizwa ehlukahlukene futhi imithambo yegazi. Siqukethe amathambo 23, nge 8 wabo zibhangqwe futhi 7 - ayibhangqene. Phakathi kwabo kukhona amathambo flat, sithambile futhi okuxubile Yekhanda, umumo womzimba ku-akhawunti kanye compounds zabo, njengoba besebenza ndawonye ukudala ebumbene.

skull anatomy Human is zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: ngobuchopho phambi ehhovisi. Ngamunye has imisebenzi yayo kanye nezici. Brain skull (lat. Cranium ukugubha) ezinkudlwana ngobukhulu futhi isendaweni obverse (Nogebhezi lwawo viscerale). Ucingo ugebhezi kuphela umhlathi ongezansi.

Cabanga amathambo cranial. Anatomy uqokomisa occipital, frontal, igridi nhlonhlo emise, amathambo olulodwa yesikhashana futhi parietal umbhangqwana, kanye compounds zabo.

Njengengxenye ugebhezi ebusweni isehlane:

- amathambo apharathasi masticatory - umhlathi ongezansi futhi engenhla, umbhangqwana engenhla libhekisela bezwe namathambo;

- amathambo ezakha ekhaleni kanye umlomo futhi iso enethiwekhi, okungukuthi olulodwa-ngikwazi ukuqala kanye hyoid futhi palatal abhanqiwe, acinene, lacrimal, ithambo zygomatic kanye turbinate bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi.

ithambo uxhumano

Kuyadingeka ukuba ucabangele amathambo cranial nezihlanganiso zazo. komzimba womuntu futhi ukufunda kuwo njengabantu ngabanye ekuhlanganisweni. Iningi amathambo Yekhanda zihlangene izimele. Okuwukuphela umhlathi ongezansi kuyinto nezinqe enamathiselwe imisipha nemisipha ithambo hyoid.

Ezivuzayo yokuxhuma zonke izingxenye ndawonye, zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ukuze ezivuzayo ebusweni kanye namathambo alowo egumbini cranial libhekene ikakhulu toothed, zibe maholoholo futhi flat. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba zezakhi skull ngokuvamile uqwanga okwesikhashana noma unomphela, okuthiwa synchondrosises. Sutures zinamagama lisuselwa amathambo, ezihlanganyela kuwo (Stony-occipital, frontal, sphenoid) noma indawo nobujamo (lambdoid, sagittal).

cranial

Ake sicabangele amathambo Nogebhezi lwawo: lwamathambo bone. Le ngxenye kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: (. Calvaria Latin) base (. Isisekelo lat) Futhi egumbini, ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi ophahleni Yekhanda.

Isici setha ukuthi kungenza ukuhlukanisa amathambo kwangaphakathi kanye amapuleti yangaphandle nge sithambile therebetween diploe impahla. Diploe iqukethe iziteshi diploic emithanjeni eziningi diploic. I bushelelezi ipuleti yangaphandle has periosteum. ipuleti Inner kuba ohlabayo futhi ethambile, futhi periosteum ngeqhaza ke yenza igobolondo kanzima zobuchopho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlukumezeka singenzeka ngaphandle ukwaphuka we blade kwangaphakathi umonakalo yangaphandle.

Periosteum kuphela emalungeni has ukuhlobana okuseduze kakhulu ngamathambo, futhi kwezinye izindawo uxhumano esinophawu lwesehluleki, ngakho kukhona isikhala subperiosteal ngaphakathi ithambo. Kulezi zindawo, kwesinye isikhathi kokuba hematoma, noma ngisho izilonda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthinta nje amathambo ka anatomy skull ihlukane womoya kanye nevozduhonosnye. Esikhathini umnyango ubuchopho amathambo womoya zihlanganisa engaphelele, nesigaxa emise, igridi futhi yesikhashana. Basuke ngakho okuthiwa i-khona izimbotshana nomoya futhi ngaphakathi ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.

Kukhona izingebhezi futhi izimbobo esetshenziselwa ukudlula emithanjeni emissarnyh. Zikuxhuma ne yangaphandle emithanjeni diploic futhi sinuses emithambo yegazi kuyoshaya e-Dura zobuchopho. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke e Nogebhezi lwawo kukhona mastoid futhi imbobo parietal.

Incazelo isakhiwo amathambo eyinhloko Nogebhezi lwawo

Ngamunye ithambo Yekhanda inezingxenye eziningana anezici zabo wamakhasi nokuma kwawo, kungenziwa kulekelelwa projection, spikes, uhlevane, cutouts, izimbobo, anemifantu, sinuses nezinto. limelela ngokugcwele Iningi zonke amathambo ekhanda Atlas yokwakheka.

isethi amathambo

Ithambo frontal (lat. Os Frontale) e isakhiwo sabo siqukethe acinene nezingxenye esemkhathini engaphelele kanye izikali. Kuyinto ayibhangqiwe. Kuyinto phambili ingxenye ophahleni futhi ehilelekile ukwakheka anterior cranial fossa futhi iso enethiwekhi.

Ithambo occipital (lat. Os occipitale) kuyinto lowback ayibhangqiwe elise ugebhezi. It ihlukaniswe yaba ingxenye basilar esikalini occipital nezingxenye ezimbili ezisemaceleni. Lezi zingxenye zimumethe imbobo enkulu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-occipital (lat. Foramen Magnum).

Intuthu parietal ithambo (lat. Os parientale) amafomu verhnebokovye iminyango egumbini Yekhanda. Ahambisana Naleli pair of amadayisi onqenqemeni sagittal axhunyiwe komunye nomunye. Emaphethelweni asele abizwa ngokuthi engaphelele, occipital, futhi zibe maholoholo.

amathambo base

Temporal ithambo okugeza (lat. Os temporale) itholakala ohlangothini udonga base Yekhanda. Itholakala kuya ezingemuva wethambo occipital, kanye phambi - nhlonhlo. Hlukanisa bone ku mbhoshongo (Stony), zibe maholoholo futhi sigubhu izingxenye. Itholakala izinhlaka ibhalansi nokuzwa.

Through the bone yesikhashana egcina izitsha eziningana nezinzwa cranial. Kubo, inikeza eziningana iziteshi: ukuwozela, phambi, isigubhu, ukuwozela, isigubhu, tympani, mastoid, musculo-igemfe, yangaphakathi canal sokuzwa, le cochlea futhi egumeni amanzi tubule.

Sphenoid (lat. Os sphenoidale) itholakala maphakathi base Yekhanda, kudingekile ukuze kwakhiwe zayo lateral, futhi yakha uchungechunge imigodi kanye izimbotshana. Kuyinto ayibhangqiwe. Siqukethe amaphiko ezinkulu kanye nezincane, umzimba kanye ezihlobene iphiko emise.

ithambo Ethmoid (lat. Os ethmoidale) uhlanganyela ukwakheka enethiwekhi iso futhi acinene ingaphakathi. It ihlukaniswe yaba grid futhi perpendicular ipuleti, futhi Maze emincane. Olfactory yezinzwa zidlule plate yegridi. Eheleni uxhaxha ngehele cell zigcwele emoyeni, kukhona amavesi acinene futhi sinuses thola okukhiphayo.

amathambo ebusweni sisonke

Amathambo ebusweni Yekhanda mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ebuchosheni. 15. Nampa ayibhangqiwe hyoid ithambo, vomer, mandible. Laba bobabili asele dice: ephansi turbinate, acinene, zygomatic, lacrimal, LasePalatine, kanye ongenhla. Kulaba bafundi, amathambo engenhla emhlathini siphathelene womoya kokuba umgodi nge ulwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye nomoya.

Lezi amathambo ngokuvamile bakha phambili ingxenye. Uhlola anatomy isakhiwo Yekhanda, ukusebenza hhayi nje amathambo ngabanye nosibalo yabo. Ugebhezi ebusweni kungaba ukuhlukanisa orbit, umlomo nekhala, ukuphi izitho ezibalulekile emhlathini. izimbotshana izindonga ndima unayo imizwa nemithambo yegazi izimbobo nokusasamba, futhi nesigijimi sabo usizo kwenzeka izimbotshana phakathi kwazo.

skull kobuso: izimbobo ezibucayi

Kufundza ngababili iso enethiwekhi zenzelwe endaweni izimbotshana zamehlo abo imisipha, izindlala izinyembezi nezinye izinto. Ezibalulekile ezibukwayo, nasolacrimal, alveolar neziteshi infraorbital, lo engenhla nengezansi slot esemkhathini, phambili nehele misa, futhi supraorbital imbobo skuloglaznichnoe.

I ingaphakathi acinene isehlane pyriform beso choanae, imbobo nasolacrimal futhi ishizolo, nesigaxa-palatal futhi ukuvuleka acinene futhi ukuvuleka the cribrosa lamina. Esikhathini ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo futhi yamiswa LasePalatine ezinkulu canal esiqondile, ezinkulu kanye nezincane palatal imbobo.

Futhi kule nokwakheka ugebhezi ebusweni kubalulekile ukuphawula khona amavesi acinene (esiphansi, esiphakathi kanye engenhla) sinuses, kanye engaphelele kanye sphenoid.

Incazelo isakhiwo eyinhloko amathambo ebusweni

I ongenhla (lat. Maxilla) libhekisela amathambo abhanqiwe. Siqukethe umzimba kanye zygomatic, frontal, LasePalatine futhi izinqubo alveolar.

LasePalatine ithambo (lat. Os palatinum), ekubeni i-pair uhlanganyela kumiswa Pterygopalatine-LasePalatine fossa, ulwanga nezisekelo iso. It ihlukaniswe yaba amapuleti evundla mpo futhi ezintathu inqubo: nhlonhlo emise, esemkhathini futhi pyramidal.

turbinate Lower (lat. concha nasalis phansi kunabaphostoli), eqinisweni aze abe nomzimba omncane ipuleti izimisele ngendlela ekhethekile. Inama spikes ezintathu kanye unqenqema: izinyembezi, Trellis futhi maxillary. Lokhu ithambo umusi.

Coulter (lat. Vomer) kuyinto ipuleti ithambo, kudingekile ukuze kwakhiwe ithambo we septum acinene. Bone ayibhangqiwe.

I acinene ithambo (lat. Os nasale) edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ithambo kwetinhlavu kanye acinene pyriform beso. Lokhu ithambo libhekisela umbhangqwana.

Cheekbone (lat. Os zygomaticum) kubalulekile ukuqinisa ugebhezi ebusweni, kungasiza ukuxhuma yesikhashana, engaphelele kanye amathambo maxillary. Yena abhanqiwe. Ihlukaniswe yaba lateral, esemkhathini nezesikhasana ebusweni.

ithambo lacrimal (lat. Os lacrimale) kuya medial odongeni esemkhathini iyona phambi ingxenye. Lokhu ithambo umusi. It has a ezingemuva Crest lacrimal kanye inkatho lacrimal.

amathambo Special ebusweni

Bese ubuka amathambo Yekhanda, umumo womzimba okuyinto ukuhluka bonke abanye.

Umhlathi ongezansi (mandibula Latin.) - amathambo ayibhangqiwe. Ukuthi amathambo kuphela Yekhanda, okuyinto ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. It liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: umzimba 2 futhi amagatsha.

Ithambo hyoid (. Lat Os hyoideum) ayibhangqiwe elise kwegilo ngaphambili entanyeni, ohlangothini omunye kuba umhlathi ongezansi, futhi enye - amalaka. It ihlukaniswe ibe ucezu olugobile lomzimba ezihlobene abhanqiwe - izimpondo ezinkulu nezincane. Ukuze lokhu skull ithambo enamathiselwe imisipha nemisipha, futhi ixhunywe nge amalaka.

skull komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane

Ngisho noma uvivinyo ku skull anatomy iphathwa nge iphuzu omdala umbono, ukwazi kumiswa ugebhezi kuyadingeka. Ngaphambi kokwenza ukubukeka kwakho kokugcina, ugebhezi sihamba isikhathi esiningi ezimbili esiteji. Okokuqala, kungenxa membranous, cartilaginous ke, bese kuphela iza ithambo isinyathelo. Uma lokhu Niyobe kancane kancane agelezele komunye nomunye. Zonke izigaba ezintathu yilezi amathambo base kogebhezi ebusweni ingxenye, lonke membranous ngokushesha baba ithambo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba imodeli nezimo kungase kudingeke akubona bonke ithambo, kodwa kuphela ingxenye yayo, futhi kwakhiwa okunye ngokuqondile ezicutshini ngaphandle uqwanga.

ekuqaleni Membranous esiteji kubhekwa ekupheleni 2 amaviki yentuthuko embryonic, futhi kusukela 2 izinyanga iqala uqwanga. Ukuqina sekuyenzeka yomnyango ngamunye okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Okokuqala kukhona isikhungo Ukuqina sekuyenzeka ke kusukela kuleli qophelo inqubo isakazwa ebusweni nokujula. Ngokwesibonelo, ngosuku 39 yentuthuko kokubeletha livela maphakathi umhlathi ongezansi, occipital ithambo Ukuqina sekuyenzeka e isabelo saso basilar iqala ezinsukwini 65.

Ukwakheka lokugcina

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ahlanganisiwe izikhungo Ukuqina sekuyenzeka emva kokubelethwa, ugebhezi ithambo lapha uchaza anatomy kakade ngobuciko kancane, njengoba lokhu kungase kube luyingxenye ngabanye. Kwamanye lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni: yesikhashana - kuze kube unyaka, occipital futhi umhlathi ongezansi - kusuka onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemine. Ezinye amathambo, ezifana zygomatic, ukuqeda inqubo engu-6 kuya 16, kanye hyoid - kusukela engu-25 kuya ku-30. Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa Yekhanda kungashiwo ukuthi isibalo skull osanda kuzalwa ngaphezulu, njengoba isikhathi eziningana zalokhu izakhi ihlangana zibe munye ithambo okokugcina.

Abanye kwetinhlavu uqwanga ahlale ngakho kuze kube phakade. Lezi zihlanganisa uqwanga futhi septum ikhala bese uqwanga elincane elise ngasesinqeni Yekhanda.

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