Stepan Dmitriyevich Erzya: biography nezithombe

Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya (igama langempela - Nefedov) - umdwebi odumile waseRussia, ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba wonke wafunda ngokuba khona kwesizwe saseMordvinian. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono omfushane wokuphila nomsebenzi wakhe.

Imvelaphi yomdwebi

U-Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya wazalelwa e-Ardatovsky esifundeni saseMordovia (umzana wase-Baevo) ngo-Okthoba 27, 1876. Abazali bakhe babeyizilimi eziseMordovian isizwe u-Erzya (ngakho-ke umcabisholo womdwebi). Kulesi sizwe, izinkolelo zobuqaba zaqhubeka ngekhulu le-19. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Erzya wayehlonipha imiphefumulo yemifula, iziphethu namatshe, akhulekela imithi engcwele. Noma kunjalo, uStean ngokwakhe wayengu-Orthodox, futhi kakade esizukulwaneni sesithathu.

Isikhathi sokuqeqesha

Umdwebi wesikhathi esizayo waqala ukuphila okuzimele eneminyaka engu-14. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, u-Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya wayehlanganyele emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nomdwebo wamasonto. Ngemva kokubuyela kubazali babo edolobheni lase-Alatyr, lapho bahamba khona ngaleso sikhathi, uStean waqala ukuhlanganyela kulokho okwaba yindumo yakhe yangempela. Abathengisi basekhaya bazisa kakhulu indawo, okwenza ukuba benze umsebenzi ka-Alexander Pushkin. Banquma ukubonisa imidwebo kaStean Dmitrievich kumqondisi weSchool Stroganov yaseMoscow.

Ngo-1901, cishe engazi ulimi lwesiRussia, u-Erzya waya eMoscow. Ngemuva konyaka eSchool Stroganov, lapho aye khona emakilasi emidwebo ebusuku, uStean Dmitrievich Erzya wakwazi ukungena eSikoleni Sokudweba saseMoscow, Ukudweba Nokudweba. Phakathi nonyaka, u-Erzya wayelungiselela ukuba umdwebi, kodwa wabe esenqume ukuya emnyangweni wezithombe. Wayengakwazi ukufunda kalula. U-Erzya Stepan Dmitrievich washeshe wazi kahle umdwebo womdwebi ngenxa yobuphiko bakhe bemvelo. Uthisha wakhe kwakunguSm Volnukhin, owaziwa ngokuthi umbhali wesikhumbuzo ku-Ivan Fedorov, umshicileli wokuqala waseRussia. U-Stepan wahlobanisa ubudlelwane obunobungane nomfundisi wakhe. U-Erzya wamsiza ngemuva kokuguquka. Wathatha u-Wolnukhin ogulayo eningizimu, ezama ukumsindisa. Nokho, uthisha wakhe washona ezandleni zakhe. Umsebenzi wommeleli we-impressionism uP. P. Trubetskoy nawo waba nethonya elikhulu ekubunjweni komdwebi ozayo.

U-Erzya Stepan Dmitrievich akazange agcwalise inkambo. Wacabanga ukuthi usemukele konke akwazi esikoleni. Ngo-1906 waya e-Italy. Yilapho lapho ekugcineni eqala ukuzibiza ngokuthi u-Erzey, ekholelwa ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela uyalandisa izwe abantu bakhe. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi waphendula ngalesi sidlaliso ngaphambili, futhi ngezinye izikhathi wasayina igama le-Nefedov-Erzya umsebenzi wakhe wokufunda.

Imisebenzi eyenziwa e-Italy

Ephefumulelwe umsebenzi kaMichelangelo, u- Erzya waqala ukusebenza nge-marble. E-Italy, washeshe waqonda amakhono adingekayo. Umdwebi wakhetha indalo yakhe ngesikhathi esisodwa etsheni. Akazange alungise amaphrojekthi noma imidwebo ngaphambili. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amakhosi ambalwa asebenza esebenzisa inqubo yokudweba ngokuqondile. Ngokujwayelekile basebenzisa izinsizakalo zabasizi. Ngesikhathi samanje, akuwona imisebenzi eminingi ka-Erzi ehlobene nalesi sikhathi. Phakathi kwalezi zithombe kubalulekile ukuqaphela isithombe sikaJohane uMbhapathizi. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ithempeli likaSpice.

Impumelelo yokuqala yokuqala

Ngo-1909 uStepan Dmitrievich weza empumelelweni enkulu yokuqala. Kwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi ku-8 Exhibition International eVenice, ukubunjwa kuka-Erzi kuboniswe, okubizwa ngokuthi "U-Night Last of the Convicted Before Execution". Lo msebenzi uStean Dmitrievich wadala ngemva kokuvakashela ejele laseMoscow eliseButyrskaya. Kumele kuthiwa phakathi neminyaka yokufundela umdwebi osithakazelisayo wayesebenza njengomthwebuli wezithombe. Ngalesi sikhathi, wadubula abavukeli ababoshiwe, u-Erzya Stepan Dmitrievich.

I-biography emfushane yenkosi ayifuni ukujwayela okuningiliziwe nomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana "nobusuku bokugcina bokugwetshwa ngaphambi kokubulawa," ngoba lo msebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. U-Stepan Dmitrievich ubonisa indoda ehlezi isigqila-ehamba naye, ohlukumeza ukuthi uzokwenzani. Kulesi sibalo, kufana nokuqhathaniswa nombhali, okuyinto ejwayelekile ngenani lemisebenzi yenkosi yesithakazelo.

Kumelwe ngitshele ukuthi lesi sithombe senziwe umbukiso omkhulu embukisweni. U-Erzya wabizwa ngokushesha ngokuthi "uRussia uRudin". Ngokuthakazelisayo, maduzane ngaphambi kombukiso, umsebenzi owawuzobekwa kulo kuwo wawunqanyuliwe. U-Stepan Dmitrievich kwadingeka abuyisele isithombe esisodwa ezinsukwini ezine kuphela. Njengamanje, indawo yalo msebenzi, eyenziwa ngokhonkolo, ayaziwa. Kukhona kuphela ukudlala kwayo.

Ukuthuthela eFrance

U-Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya, oqoshiwe ngaleso sikhathi esaziwa kabanzi, ngo-1910 wathuthela eFrance. Imikhonyovu yakhe enkulu eMunich, Nice naseMilan. I-museum e-Nice yazuza imisebenzi yakhe, yathengwa ngabathelisi abazimele. E-Paris ngo-1913, wabamba umbukiso wakhe wokuqala wokuqala u-Erzya Stepan Dmitrievich. I-biography yakhe ngaleso sikhathi yabonakala ngokudalwa kwezinombolo eziningi ze-sculptural, ezenziwe ukuhleleka. Lokhu kwanikeza inzuzo ebalulekile kumnikazi. U-Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya, umsebenzi wakhe owawudinga kakhulu, wakhumbula imodeli yasepulazi ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, wenza imiyalo ngokushesha - kwakuyinto eyodwa noma ezimbili okwanele.

Ama-portraits abesifazane

U-Stepan Dmitrievich ngo-1912 wadala isithombe somfazi othandekayo, uMarta. Lesi sithombe esibaziweyo (ukuthambekela okuhle kwekhanda, ukumemeza kwesigamu okungavamile), kanye namacebo akhethekile wokufanisa (ubuso obhekene nobunzima obuhlelekile, izinwele ezenziwe ngobuningi) emsebenzini wesikhathi esizayo womculi uzophindaphindiwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsikazi zesifazane. Emsebenzini "owesifazane waseNorway", owadalwa ngo-1914, umdwebi onamakhono amakhulu wadlulisela isimo esinzima sengqondo ye-heroine, hhayi owesifazane omuhle kakhulu futhi ongeyena osemncane kakhulu. Ucabanga ukuthi injabulo noma ukuhlupheka.

Buyela eRussia

U-Erzya wabuyela eRussia ngo-1914. Umakhelwane wakhe ngu- ST Konenkov, owathonya kakhulu umsebenzi oqhubekayo wenkosi. U-Stepan Dmitrievich, owahlanganiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, wayephethwe nguDkt. G. Suteev. U-Erzya waba ngumuthi. Udokotela, ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kuka-Stepan Dmitrievich, wabhala phansi izindaba zakhe ezigcwele izinselele ezingavamile, ngokuphila kwakhe kwelinye izwe. Lezi zindaba zanyatheliswa kamuva.

Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, umdwebi wadala hhayi kuphela nge-marble. I-Erzya nayo isebenzisa izinto ezibhekwa njengento engavamile ekuqosheni kwe-easel (ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, usimende). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mculi wasebenzisa ukhonkolo nge-shavings ensimbi. U-Erzya waqala ukusebenza emthini. Lokhu kwakusungulwa ubungane bakhe noKonkov, owayeyinduna eyaziwayo ekudalweni kwokhuni. Ukuzikhethela kwale ndaba kwakuthonywe yizimpendulo zezingane, ezenziwa nguStean Dmitrievich, ehlonipha imisebenzi yama-artists abaculi baseMordovian abenza izithombe ezenziwe ngamapulangwe.

Uhambo oluya e-Urals

I-Marble ihlala ihlale ihlala ku-Erzy. U-Stepan Dmitrievich waze waya nase-Urals efuna izinhlobo ezingavamile zemabula. Lolu hambo luhlobene nenkathi kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1921. Ngalesi sikhathi umdwebi kwakudingeka akwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke izinkinga ze-post post-revolutionary kanye nempi yombango eyamlandela.

"U-Eva"

"Eva" ngumsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu ka-Erzi, owenziwa ngo-1919. Umlandeli weBhayibheli uqoshwe kusuka emabhokisini. Uvela phambi kwethu ngomfanekiso wesifazane osemusha, ongenamahloni futhi ohlukumezayo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lesi sithombe sibonisa ukudala kwamakhosi we-Art Nouveau. Ukuqedwa kwalesi sitayela kubhekisela esikhathini sokubunjwa kwe-Erzi njengomdwebi.

Iminyaka engemva kwempi

UStean Dmitrievich wayehlala eYekaterinburg, eMoscow, eBatumi, Novorossiysk, naseBaku eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kwempi. Inkosi yafundisa, yahlanganyela ezenzakalweni eziphethwe iziphathimandla ezintsha. U-Erzya ngo-1922 wenza ama-portraits ka-Akaki Tsereteli, uShota Rustaveli, u- Ilya Chavchavadze. Wadala nemisebenzi elandelayo: "Leda ne-Swan", "Umama", "Ukuhamba ngezindiza." Zonke lezi zidalwa zenziwa ngokhuni. Umculi wadala futhi umsebenzi wokuhlobisa ukuze oda. Iningi lazo alilondoloziwe. Phakathi kwalezi zisebenzi kubalulekile ukuqaphela lezi zikhumbuzo zikaKarl Marx neSvoboda eYekaterinburg. Zombili zenziwe nge-samente futhi zibhekisela kuma-1920. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eqhubekayo yalesi sikhathi kukhona buthakathaka ngokuqondile, njengeNdlu Yezinyunyana eBaku. Kuzwakala ukuthi u-Erzya wayengenalo la mafomu. Wenza futhi ikhanda nezitsha zikaLenin umdwebi uStean Dmitriyevich Erzya.

Isikhathi sobuciko sase-Argentina

Umculi ngo-1925 waba yilungu leNhlangano Yabadwebi baseRussia. Ngonyaka olandelayo waya eFrance ngembukiso wakhe, ngemva kwalokho wanquma ukungabuyeli ezweni lakubo. U-Erzya wahlala e-Argentina, ngoba amazwe aseYurophu ayengafuni ukwamukela "umdwebi obomvu". Ngakho waqala isigaba esisha esikhulayo ekuphileni komculi onjalo, njengoStean Dmitrievich Erzya.

Isikhathi sase-Argentina sathonya kakhulu ukuqala kokudala kwekhono. U-Stepan Dmitrievich, njengoba athuthele kuleli zwe, wahlala endlini encane, engaphandle kwamaphethelo eBuenos Aires. U-Erzya wayevame ukubonisa imisebenzi yakhe embukisweni wendawo, washicilela incwajana ngemithombo yakhe siqu ngolwazi ngabo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okuwukuphela kwento ka-Erzi kwakuyizinkuni ze-algarrobo ne-quebracho, ekhula kuphela emahlathini aseNingizimu Melika. Lezi zinto zilukhuni kakhulu, ngakho wacela uStean Dmitrievich umsebenzi onzima, onzima. Umculi wasebenzisa ama-influx, ama-outgrowths, izimpande zezihlahla, ehlanganisa izingcezu ezidingekayo zeglue. Ngomnyaka we-1932 wabulala i-head-mask "Moses" (esithombeni esingenhla) uStean Dmitrievich Erzya. Isikhathi sase-Argentina futhi yisikhathi sokudala izithombe ze-sculptural zikayise nomama, "Leo Tolstoy" (ngo-1930). Ngo-1944 umculi wenza umsebenzi othi "Umuntu". Futhi u-Erzya wadala izithombe eziningi zobuhle obuhle.

Buyela ekhaya, iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila

Ngo-1950, u-Erzya (Nefedov) uStean Dmitrievich wabuyela e-USSR. Kanye nayo yonke imidwebo yakhe yafika (imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-300). Umculi naye waletha izingcezu ze-algarrobo ne-quiberach izinkuni ngemisebenzi yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Ehlelwe eMoscow ngo-1954, ukumboniswa komuntu siqu ka-Erzi kwaba impumelelo enkulu.

Umdwebi washona ngoNovemba 27, 1959. Izinsalela zokuphumula okukhulu eSaransk, okwakunguStean Dmitrievich Erzya. Isithombe sesithuna sinikezwe ngenhla.