Umngcele wase-Ukraine waphaphi ngaphambi kuka-1917?

Umngcele wase-Ukraine kuze kube ngu-1917 ube yisikhubekiso phakathi kwabaprofesa besikhathi esidlule bomlando, osopolitiki abaziwayo namasiko amasiko. Ukubunjwa kwezwe lanamuhla kwadlulelwa amakhulu eminyaka, lapho amadolobha namandulo ashintshwe khona izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa noma kabili.

Ukufika kwamaCimmerians

Abantu bokuqala ensimini yase-Ukraine baba abaCimmerians, ababalulwe ekucabangeni kwesikhathi - i-Odyssey.

Ama-nomads yakudala awakhuluma omunye wezilimi zolimi lwe-Iranian avakashela isifunda seNnyama Black ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-9 BC Kucatshangwa ukuthi izizwe zamaCimmerian Cimmerians ezivela esifundeni se-Lower Volga zaziyizikhundla zabantu, futhi isimo sezulu esihle sasibaphoqelela ukuba bahlale emagqumeni angamakhulu amabili . Imingcele yomlando ye-Ukraine kuze kube ngu-1917 yayilokhu ishintsha njalo, futhi yaqala cishe eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 000 eyedlule, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi insimu iye yanda ngokuphindaphindiwe, yehla futhi yacabangela izingcaphuno ezingenakucatshangelwa.

Njengoba izincwadi zabakwa-nomads abazi, azizange zishiye ulwazi ngalunye, ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuvubukula kanye nezinkomba ezingavamile ezincwadini zaleso sikhathi. Abacwaningi babe nokuthile okukushoyo mayelana nezinhlekelele ezimbi - izazi-mlando eziningi zachaza isiKimmer njengamaqhawe anonya nabanobuchule, futhi amasiko wezizwe aletha abantu abakhanyisiwe ukuba babesabe.

AmaScythians aseMvelo

UHerodotus wahamba ngonya ngamasiko kanye nesistimu yezenhlalakahle zabanomdabu futhi ngamapende achaza ukubhujiswa okungapheli kwamaCimmerians ngabantu baseNtsundu abamnyama. Yayiyini umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kuka-1917, siyazi, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi noma kuphi, uma abagibeli behhashi be-steppe bengabhubhisi abahlala phansi behlathi.

Kodwa-ke, isiphetho sabantu abamnyama abanjwe abamnyama ngokushesha sabanjwa amaCimmerians. Ngako-ke, abakwazanga ukuxosha abaseSkithe, abagibela emotweni yokupaka, izindawo zokuqothulwa futhi bahambisa amahhashi nezinkomo.

Umvuthwandaba olandelayo wama-nomads (amaSkithe) wafinyelela phezulu eminyakeni engama-5-4th BC.

Isiqongo sokuqala senkambiso yamasiko ensimini ye-Ukraine - iScythia Enkulu - ichazwe nguHerodotus. Imingcele ye-Ukraine kwaze kwaba ngo-1917, kusukela ngesikhathi samaSkithe, ithola isimo segundane elandisiwe emhlabeni ogwini lwaseNyakatho Black Sea kusukela eDanube entshonalanga kuya empumalanga ye-Azov Sea.

Kusukela enyakatho, isikhala sifike ku-Pripyat nomugqa ogijima ngeChernigov yanamuhla, ubanjwa yiKursk neVoronezh. Ekhulwini le-III BC amaSkthiya e-Black Sea steppes ekugcineni ashintsha amaSarmatians. Ezintabeni zaseLwandle OluMnyama izizwe azizange zisebenze cishe ngamakhulu ayisithupha (kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka lokuqala BC), baze baxoshwa yiGoths noHuns. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwabo ensimini ye-Ukraine, izizwe zesiSlavic ze-Antes kanye nezikhwama zawo ezihlobene nazo.

Umngcele wase-Ukraine kuze kube ngu-1917 ushintshe izikhathi eziningi kakhulu: ngezinga elihamba kancane ngesikhathi sabakwa-nomads, bese kuguquka ukuma kwendawo okwaqala ukuvela ngesivinini se-cosmic.

Ama-movie, ama-movie

Isazi-mlando saseGothic saseJordani siyabhala futhi sivame ukukhuluma ngamathambo. Ngokusho kwakhe, uSlavs-sklaviny wayenokhokho ovamile, futhi ahlala nezizwe ezintathu eziVendian - ama-brave, ama-ants aqinile, abafowabo abancane - ama-sklavins. Kodwa ekhulwini le-7 umlobi weFrance kanye nomlando-mlando uFrede uthe "ama-sklavins aWend."

Abavubukuli bavame ukuthola izinhlanzi ezincane, ezakhiwe ngegolide nesiliva, zichithe ngesikhathi sokugijima futhi zihlasela ezindaweni eziseduze. Abanamandla base-Antes babehlomile ngemicibisholo nemicibisholo, izihlangu, izinkemba ezinde zazifakwe emishini ejwayelekile. Ama-Ants ayebhekwa njengesizwe esiqine kunazo zonke zesiSlavic: ayengamasosha e-mercenary ebutho laseByzantium.

Iziboshwa zazivame ukusetshenziselwa izigqila, ukuzithengisa noma ukuthatha isihlengo emakhelwane abaseduze kwakuyihlobo lokuziphatha ngaleso sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kwesikhashana, isigqila esithunjiwe singaba yilungu elikhululekile neligcwele lomphakathi. Unkulunkulu oyinhloko we-antes, i-Perun, kwakubhekwa njengento eqondile. Isihluthulelo esingenanjongo yisimiso esiyisisekelo senkolelo; Phakathi kweminikelo yama-altare ezithombe, abavubukuli bathola ukudla okwakulungisiwe, amakhambi kanye nokuhlobisa. Ngesikhathi se-Antes inqubo yokuzalwa kweKiev neVolhynia yaqala, eyabuye yashintsha imingcele ye-Ukraine. Kodwa kuze kufike ngo-1917, nokho, kusekude kakhulu.

Umsuka we-Kievan Rus

Isigameko esilandelayo emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kombuso wanamuhla kwakunguKivan Rus. Idolobha, elaba isikhungo samasiko nenhlalo yensimu enkulu, yavuselelwa kabusha, ishiswa futhi yabhujiswa. Umngcele wase-Ukraine kuze kube ngu-1917 washintsha ngawo - wawuhlanganisa umhlaba owawuzungezile, wawungena emadolobheni aseKiev.

Umbuso oseduze neKiev settlement uqala ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, lapho amaSlav aseMpumalanga esempumalanga nezinhlanga zeqembu laseFinnno-Ugric bebumbene ngaphansi kokubusa kwenduna yenkosi yaseRurik. Umlando weKiev njengesizinda somuzi ozimele uqala ngokuqothulwa kwenhloko-dolobha ngu-Oleg, owahola izinhlanga zaseSlavic ezisempumalanga.

Ukuqhakaza kombuso

Umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917 (endaweni ethile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10, ngesikhathi se-Kievan Rus) esingaphesheya kweDniester nasenyakatho yoMfula iVislala entshonalanga, wawuhlanganisa iPeninsula yaseTaman eningizimu-ntshonalanga futhi yalahlekelwa ekugcineni kweNorthern Dvina. I-Geography ibuye ibasize ukumelela imizi yaseKivanvan nokuqonda isakhiwo sayo. Okudala kunazo zonke izingosi yiKiev, futhi ngemuva kwayo kwafika iChernigov, iPhereyaslavl yasendulo, edumile uSomolensk, uRovvv othembisayo, uLadoga omusha, i-Pskov enhle nePoltsk entsha.

Ukubusa kwezikhulu zikaVladimir (960-1015) noJaroslav (1019-1054 gg.) Kwakuyisikhathi sokuchuma okukhulu kombuso. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi umngcele wase-Ukraine wawuphi ngaphambi kwe-1917 revolution! Izindawo zande kakhulu: kusukela eCarpathians kuya e-Baltic steppes nase-Black Sea esifundeni.

Phakathi nekhulu leshumi le-12, e-Kievan Rus 'enamandla, kwaqala isikhathi esibucayi sokuhlukaniswa kwama-feudal, ukudideka kwaba yizikhulu ezihlukene ezihlukene, ezibuswa ngamagatsha ahlukahlukene eRurik. Ukuqala kuka-1132 kubhekwa njengesiqalo esisemthethweni sokuhlukana komndeni, ngemuva kokufa kukaMstislav Omkhulu, indodana kaVladimir Monomakh, amandla esikhulu saseKiev ayeke ukuqaphela iPolotsk neNovogorod ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-Kiev yayingacatshangwa ngokuyinhloko njengenhloko-dolobha kuze kube yilowo nalowo olwaseTatar-Mongol (1237-1240 gg.). Kungaba yini umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917, uma kwakungekho izinkinga? Mhlawumbe i-Kievan Rus yayiyokhula ibe yayizikhulu zaseRoma neCarthage ukuze ihluleke ukuwela ngaphansi kwemithwalo yezinkinga ezingenakulinganiswa zokubusa okukhulu.

Gwema nezinkinga

Ekulweni namaMongol eMfuleni iKalka (ensimini yesifunda saseDonetsk yanamuhla) ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi 1223, cishe zonke izikhulu zaseRussia zaseNingizimu Afrika zahlanganyela, abaningi babo, kanye namantombazane amaningi ahloniphekile awela empini. Ngezikhulu, izihlobo eziseduze, izinceku nezinzalo ezikhulile zawa, okwaholela ekusenikeni kwezinhlobo ezinhle zezwe. Ukunqoba kwawela kumaMongolia, futhi abasindile balindele ukuthunjwa nokuhlazeka. Njengoba izikhulu zaseRussia eziseningizimu zibuthakathaka, amakhosi amakhosi aseHungary naseLithuania aqinisa amandla awo, kodwa futhi ithonya lezikhulu zaseChernigov, Novgorod naseKiev landa. Kungaba yini umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kuka-1917, bonke abathanda uRusich? Abalando-mlando basikisela ukuthi izikhulu ezincane zizobe ziba yi-peregryzlis nomunye umphumela ofanayo - ezimpini zamandla nomhlaba ziyowela abantu abahloniphekile nabahloniphekile baseKivanvan Rus.

Ukuwa kweKiev

Ngo-1240 amaMongol (aholwa nguBatu Khan, umzukulu weGenghis Khan owayesongela) aphendukela eKy Kiev ibe ngumlotha. Izinsalela zomuzi zamukelwa yiNkosana Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, abakwaMongol abayibona njengenhloko, njengendodana yakhe u-Alexander Nevsky. Kodwa abazange bathuthele leli dolobha eKiev futhi bahlala eVladimir - kude nemadsads zasendle ngemicibisholo yabo, izinkomo kanye namasiko angcolile.

Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa ngo-1917, umkhawulo waphumelela kuphi? Lapho impi yaseKivanvan Rus yayigcwele khona. Khona-ke ukuthambekela kwakumiswa ngokuqinile futhi ekugcineni kwasungulwa ukuthi yonke intshi kufanele ithathwe ngamandla.

Galicia Ukuziphatha

Ngo-1245 eYaroslav ngenkathi impi (ePoland yanamuhla edolobheni laseJaroslav eMfuleni iSan) uDanila Galitsky kanye nebutho lakhe baqeda imibuso yezikhulu zamaHungary nezasePoland zasePoland. UDanila Galitsky ngesisekelo sobudlelwane baseNtshonalanga ngokumelene neGold Horde ngo-1253 ethola upapa isihloko senkosi. Ukubusa kukaDanil Romanovich kwakuyisikhathi sokuphakama okukhulu kweGalicia-Volyn. Amandla kahulumeni abangela ukukhathazeka e-Golden Horde. Isiphathimandla saphoqeleka ukuba sikhokhele uHorde ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ababusi baqala ukuthumela amasosha emikhankasheni eyabambisana namaMongol. Noma kunjalo, i-Galicia-Volyn eyinhloko yakwazi ukuxazulula ngokuphumelelayo imibono eminingi yenqubomgomo yangaphandle.

Umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kwezinguquko ngo-1917 washintsha ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeka ezinsukwini zikaDanilo Galitsky. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-13, i-Galicia-Volyn eyinhloko yayingazange ilawulwe eningizimu yensimu, kepha kamuva yaphinde yalawula kula mazwe futhi yafinyelela kuLwandle Olumnyama. Ngemuva kuka-1323, zonke izindawo ezintsha zaphinda zalahleka amakhulu eminyaka. I-Polesie yahlanganiswa yiLithuania ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14 kulolu chungechunge lwezimpi phakathi koMbuso wePoland neGrand Duchy yaseLithuania. Izindawo ezashiya iPoland ngo-1349 zaba uphawu lokuphela kosuku. Kusukela kulo nyaka umgomo waseGalicia-Volyn wawusenqenqemeni.

Izindawo ezintsha

Umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917, njengoba usuvele uphawuliwe, ushintshile izikhathi eziningi, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, lapho iLithuania yakwazi ukumelana namaMongolia ensimini ye-Kirovograd yanamuhla, lezi zihloko zashintsha futhi ngaphandle kokuqaphela.

Izikhulu eziningi zama-Orthodox zazingavumelani nePoland, nakuba ngo-1381-1384, 1389-1392 futhi ngo-1432-1439. Kwakukhona izimpi zomphakathi eziningi kakhulu. Amadolobha amaningi, kuhlanganise, isibonelo, uLviv, Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, bathole uhulumeni wabo ngokwemithetho kaMagdeburg.

Eminyakeni engu-90 yekhulu le-XIV. UCousin Jagailo Vitovt ngenxa yokubambisana namaMongol wakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuthula indawo enkulu eningizimu ye-Wild Field enkulu. Ngakho imingcele yomlando ye-Ukraine yakhiwa, kuze kube yilapho ukuguqulwa kuka-1917 kushintshana kancane kancane. Izindawo ezintsha zavumela umnotho nomphakathi ngaleso sikhathi ukuba bathole kancane kancane izici ezibonakalayo.

AmaHetmans and Ruins

UBoddan Khmelnitsky waba yingu-reformer olandelayo nombusi ophawulekayo. Ukuvuka kuka-1648-1654. Ngaphansi kokuhola kwakhe kwaholela ekukhuleni kwe-hetman yokuzimela. Kungokwenziwe okungaziwa, ngaphambi kokungenelela kweCossack lapho kufike khona umngcele we-Ukraine. Kuze kube ngu-1917, umbuso wabhekana nemicimbi eminingi ebalulekile. Ukwaziswa okungaqondakali futhi okuhlukanisayo kwakuvame ukusekelwe kuphela ezimisweni zasendulo nezasendulo ezilahlekile. E-Khmelnitsky Rada bathatha uchungechunge lwezinqumo, okwaholela empini yaseRussia-Polish ka 1654-1667. Inkambo yayo yaba negalelo ekuthunjweni kwempi yombango phakathi kwamaHetman ahlukahlukene. Ibhange elingakwesokunxele e-Ukraine lalifuna ukuba yingxenye yaseRussia, kanti i-Right Bank yase-Ukraine yafuna ukwakha ubuhlobo obuqinile nePoland.

Ukuqala kwe-Russia entsha

Manje uyazi ukuthi umngcele we-Ukraine wawuphi ngaphambi kuka-1917 ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zomlando. Phakathi neMpi YaseNyakatho, uHetman Mazepa ngokungalindelekile wathatha uhlangothi lweNkosi yaseSweden uCharles XII, owahlukunyezwa e-Battle of Poltava. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuzimela kanye namalungelo e-Hetmanate ayelinganiselwe, futhi abaphathi bendawo enkulu babengaphansi kwesikhulu seKolgium encane yaseRussia. Inkathi emva kokuwa kweMbuso waseRussia ayizange inikeze noma yiziphi izinzuzo ezikhethekile zomhlaba.

Indlela okwakhiwa ngayo umngcele wase-Ukraine ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917 kuncike ezinkambisweni zangaphandle nezasekhaya zombuso. Igama elithi "Novorossia" kanye nezinkulumo ezihambisanayo zendawo yezwe zathola ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.