Ubani othole iNorth Pole? Umlando wokutholakala kweNorth Pole

Ukuba khona kweNyakatho Geographic Pole yoMhlaba ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu kuye kwaheha abacwaningi nabahambi iminyaka eminingi. Lowo owathola iNorth Pole wayezokhazimulisa igama lakhe ngaphansi kukaColumbus, Magellan nabanye abaqashile kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenyakatho kwakusungulwe eRussia, Great Britain, eU.SA, eNorway nase-Italy. Abahambi abaningi bafa ngaphambi kokuba bafike lapho beya khona. Amagama abo akhunjulwa ngokubonga yizinzalo.

Ukutholakala kweNorth Pole. Umbhalo wokuqala

Izihambeli zaseRussia ezisuka ku-Novgorod ezinkulungwane ze-XI-XII zafinyelela ogwini loLwandle OluMhlophe.

Ngo-1595-1597 V. UBarents kanye neqembu lakhe bahlala ebusika e-Arctic ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNoaya Zemlya, ngemuva kokuthola isiqhingi saseSpitsbergen ngaphambili .

Umgijimi waseBrithani uG. Hudson ngo-1607 wafinyelela emaphethelweni asempumalanga yeGreenland, kodwa lo mzila wawumiswa yiqhwa. Ithimba likwazi ukufinyelela ku-Spitsbergen, kodwa ngaphezulu kuka-80.23 ° ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka.

U-V. Bering ngo-1725-1734 waya eKhamptka yokuqala yokuhlola ukutadisha imigca ye-polar.

Kungani abazitholayo befisa eNorth Pole?

Ngemva kokunye, ukuhambela okusha kuhlonywe, umgomo wabo ukutholakala kweNyakatho yeNyakatho. Abantu abaningi abavela emazweni ahlukene baya kude eNyakatho. Abahambi akuzona nje isithakazelo sesayensi kuphela. Izindlela ezintsha zinganciphisa amabanga ukuthi izitolo zokuhweba nezamasosha ezivela eYurophu eya e-Asia zinqobe. Umbuzo othi ubani othole iNyakatho Yesizwe ayengakaxoxwa ngaleyo minyaka. Abacwaningi nabahambi isikhathi eside bangangena ngaphezulu kwe-80 ° enyakatho ye-latitude.

Imibono yemikhumbi yasolwandle eya eNyakatho Pole

Esikhathini sekhulu le-XVII kwakukhona inkolelo mayelana nokuqhaqha kweqhwa ezinyangeni zasehlobo eduze neNorth Pole. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kube khona ulwandle olungahlanganiswa neqhwa. Kule nganekwane, imizamo eminingi yenziwa ukufinyelela emazingeni aphezulu ngaphezulu kwamanzi olwandle olwandle. Usosayensi omkhulu waseRussia M. Lomonosov wenza izibalo eziqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka. Umqashi uCatherine the Great ucele ukuba ahlomise lolu hambo. Ngaphansi kweSimemezelo sakhe, u-Admiral V. Chichagov ngo-1765 no-1766 wahamba kabili ekufuneni lesi sikhala samanzi samahhala, lapho ungena khona eNyakatho YePolo. I-admiral ayikwazanga ukuhambisa ngaphezulu kwe-80.30 °. Iphayona laseNorth Pole, umholi wezokuhamba kolwandle lwesiNgisi, uK. Phipps, akazange aphumelele. Wakwazi ukufinyelela ngo 1773 kuphela latitude 80.48 °. Imizamo engaphumeleli yokunqoba ama-degrees ambalwa asele eNyakatho Pole iye yaqhubekela emuva ngemuva komqondo wendlela yokuhamba amanzi eya ezindaweni eziphakeme.

Ukuhamba okusha kwe-polar: olwandle nolwandle

Ngo-1827, isiNgisi uWilliam Parry wanquma ukuya eNyakatho Pole eqhweni lase-Arctic. Ungaba omunye walabo abafika kuqala eNyakatho YePolo. I-Parry Expedition yayisekelwa yi-British Admiralty. Abahloli bama-polar bahamba e-England ngoMashi 1827 emkhunjini futhi bafinyelela esiqhingini saseSpitsbergen. Inhloko yalolu hambo nabangane bakhe badluliselwa ezikebheni ezinezikhwama ezikhethekile. Ukuhamba phezu kweqhwa, inqola yafinyelela ku-82.45 °. Le rekhodi yasungulwa ngoJulayi 23, 1827 futhi yasinda eminyakeni engaba ngu-50. Phakathi kwabahlanganyeli kulolu hambo kwakunguD. Ross, ophethe ilungelo lokuthola iNorth Pole of the Earth. Ngisho naseBritish D. Nars eyathuthuka phambili, eya enyakatho ngo-1875. Emikhumbi emibili, bese-ke ehamba ngezinyawo, abantu abadonsa ngesandla, leli qembu lakwazi ukufika ngo-May 1876 ukuya ku-83.20 °. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyirekhodi elisha emigqeni ye-polar, kodwa amalungu okuhambela awazange abekwe phakathi kwalabo abathola iNorth Pole.

Eqhingini lase-Arctic

Ukuhluleka kuye kwaqonda ukuhambela kweNyakatho Melika kaDe De-Long, owathi ngoJulayi 8, 1879 wangena ngesikebhe "Jeannette" waseSan Francisco. Umkhumbi wawudlula iBering Strait futhi wafinyelela eWrangel Island e-Arctic Ocean. Lapha le sail yayinomswakama eqhweni futhi kulo mhlaba waqala ukuqhuma waya eNyakatho Pole. Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-21, u-"Jeannette" washaya, ingxenye encane yeqembu yagcinwa.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaDe-Long kusize enhlanganweni yenkambo eya kumhloli wamazwe waseNorway F. Nansen. Wabeka umkhumbi okhethekile "u-Fram", oshintshe ukushayela eqhweni. Umhambi odumile wanquma ukusebenzisa ama-current ase-Arctic Ocean futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuvula i-North Pole. "Fram" idlulile eMgwaqweni WaseNyakatho YaseNyakatho, yalala phansi ngo-March 14, 1895, yafinyelela kufana no 84.4 °. U-Nansen onama-skis kanye nezinja ezifihliwe wafinyelela ku-86.14 °, kodwa wamiswa yi-ice hummocks. Ngo-1899, abathintekayo embuthaneni wase-Italy Arctic we-Prince of Savoy uLuigi Amedeo bakwazi ukufinyelela eqhweni kwizinja ezihamba ngezinyawo kuya ku-86.34 °.

Injabulo eyayizungeze umtholi weNorth Pole

Sekuyiminyaka, kube khona ukungqubuzana ngokuthi ngubani owathola kuqala iNyakatho yePole. Abaningi abahambayo bathi le ndima. Omunye wabo kwakunguMelika F. Cook, owathi ukuthi ngezinjaza zafika ezinkambini ezimbili ze-Eskimo eNyakatho Pole ngo-Ephreli 21, 1908. Umphakathi wesayensi udinga ubufakazi, kodwa uCheka wayengeke awanikeze. Ukungqubuzana kwamazwe amabili aseMelika kuyaziwa emhlabeni wonke, okusho ukuthi yilowo othola iNorth Pole. Omunye wabo nguCheka, kanti owesibili ngu-Robert Peary onjiniyela. Uthe wayekade eneminyaka engu-90 ° ngo-Ephreli 6, 1909. I-satellite of the explorer polar yayingumfelandawonye uM. Henson, futhi njengoba abaqhubi beqashe ama-Eskimos amane. Ukuqinisekiswa kukaPiri kwakungalungile, futhi kwabuzwa imibuzo.

Uhambo lwaseRashiya oluya eNyakatho Pole

Ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa empikiswaneni, ngubani owaqala ukunqoba iNorth Pole, abacwaningi baseRussia baqhubeka befunda ngokucophelela futhi bahlakulele i-Arctic. Ngo-1912-1914 uhambo lukaG. Sedov lwaqhuba ubusika obubili be-polar emkhunjini. Phakathi neminyaka yeSoviet, ososayensi bafika ngendiza engamakhilomitha angu-30 ukusuka eNyakatho Pole. Ngakho-ke, ngoMeyi 21, 1937, ukuqala kokuqala kwezwe kwaqala phezu kwe-ice floe yesiteshi sokucwaninga SP-1.

Abahlanganyeli lohambo:

1. U-Ivan Papanin (ikhanda);
2. UPeter Shirshov (oceanographer);
3. U-Evgeny Fedorov (meteorologist);
4. U-Ernst Krenkel (opharetha womsakazo).

Izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuhamba, lapho abahloli bama polar baqhuba khona ukubuka. I-ice floe yayingu-2850 km ukusuka endaweni yokuqala yokufika kwabantu kuyo. Emagqumeni aseGreenland, abahloli bamazwe babegibela izikebhe zaseSoviet.

Ukutadisha i-Arctic kuyaqhubeka emnyakeni weminyaka emisha. Ukutholakala nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamaminerali eshalofini lolwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean, ukudoba. Amazwe anokufinyelela e-Arctic anentshisekelo eminingi. Uhambo olusha olulungiselelwe ososayensi, abasebenza ngokuzimboni, namasosha baya eNorth Pole. Kukhona nemidlalo yezemidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe, ehlelwe isikhathi sokufika kwehlobo le-polar. Abalandeli bakaNansen, Cook, Piri, Sedov, Papanin baphinde bathunyelwe enyakatho yendiza kuze kube yilapho bephethe i-latitude ye-90 ° ukufakazela ukunqoba kwentando nomoya phezu kweqhwa elincane le-polar.