Wonke amakhosi aseRussia ngokuhlelekile (nge-portraits): uhlu olugcwele

Ngezansi uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izinhlanzi zaseRussia. Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-400 yokuba khona kwalesi sihloko, sasigqoke abantu abahluke ngokuphelele - kusuka kubadlali abahamba phambili kanye nabakhululekile kuya kubacindezeli kanye nabaqashi.

Rurikovichi

Iminyaka eminingi, iRussia (kusukela eRurik kuya ePutin) izikhathi eziningi ishintshe uhlelo lwezwe. Ababusi bokuqala babegqoke isihloko sobukhosi. Ngenkathi, emva kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe ezungeze eMoscow, kwakhiwa umbuso omusha waseRussia, abanikazi baseKremlin bacabanga ngokuvuma isihloko sikaTsar.

Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kuka-Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). Le mbusi omkhulu wanikela ukushada umbuso. Futhi lesi sinqumo sasingekho ngengozi. Ngakho inkosi yaseMoscow yagcizelela ukuthi yayiyindlalifa yabaphathi baseByzantine. Yilabo ababeka i-Orthodoxy eRussia. Ngekhulu le-16, i-Byzantium yayingekho (yawela ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabase-Osmanians), ngakho-ke u-Ivan the Terrible wayekholelwa ngokufanele ukuthi isenzo sakhe sasizoba nesibonakaliso esikhulu.

Izibalo ezinjalo zomlando njengale nkosi zathonya kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izwe lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi u-Ivan the Terrible ushintshe isihloko, wathatha amaKhanan ne-Astrakhan khanates, eqala ukwanda kweRashiya ukuya eMpumalanga.

Indodana ka-Ivan Fedor (1584-1598) yaziwa ngenxa yobuntu bakhe obuthakathaka kanye nempilo. Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa. I-patriarchate yasungulwa. Ababusi baseRussia bahlale bekhathalela kakhulu umbuzo wokulandelana esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lesi sikhathi wasukuma ngokukhethekile. UFedor wayengenabantwana. Lapho eshona, inzalo yabantu baseRurik esihlalweni sobukhosi saseMoscow yema.

Isikhathi sezinkinga

Ngemva kokufa kukaFedor, uBoris Godunov (1598-1605) waba namandla, umkhwenyana wakhe. Wayengaye emndenini obusayo, futhi abaningi babembheka njengomuntu ohlukumezayo. Kwaye, ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo, kwaqala indlala enkulu. Amakhosi kanye noongameli baseRussia bebelokhu bezama ukuzola ezifundazweni. Ngenxa yesimo esinzima uNkulunkuluunov akazange aphumelele. Ukuvuswa kwabantu abaningana kwenzeka ezweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Grishka Otrepiev, owayezihambela phambili, wazibiza ngokuthi enye yamadodana ka-Ivan the Terrible futhi waqala umkhankaso wokulwa noMoscow. Wakwazi ngempela ukuthatha inhloko-dolobha futhi abe yinkosi. UBoris Godunov kuze kube manje lo mzuzu engahlali - wafa ngezinkinga ngezempilo. Indodana yakhe uFyodor II yathathwa ngabahlobo bakaFalsdmitry futhi yabulawa.

Umkhohlisi wabusa iminyaka, ngemuva kwalokho waxoshwa ngesikhathi sokuvukela eMoscow, ephefumulelwe ngamakhwenyana aseRussia ayephikisayo ayengathandi ukuthi amanga amanga azungeze namaKatolika amaKatolika. I-boyar Duma yanquma ukudlulisela umqhele kuVasili Shuisky (1606-1610). Ngezikhathi ezinzima, ababusi baseRussia babevame ukushintsha.

Amakhosana, amakhosi kanye noongameli baseRussia kwakudingeka aqaphe ngokucophelela igunya labo. U-Shuisky akazange amvimbe futhi waxoshwa ngabangeneleli basePoland.

I-Romanovs yokuqala

Lapho ngo-1613 eMoscow kukhululwa abahlaseli bezinye izizwe, kwaphakama umbuzo othi ubani ozobusa. Kulo mbhalo wonke amakhosi aseRussia akhishwa ngokuhlelekile (nge-portraits). Manje yisikhathi sokukhuluma ngokukhuphukela esihlalweni sobukhosi bombuso waseRomanov.

Umbusi wokuqala waloluhlobo - uMichael (1613-1645) - wayesemncane kakhulu lapho ethunyelwa ukuzobusa izwe elikhulu. Umgomo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukulwa nePoland ngamazwe ayewuthathe ngesikhathi sezinkinga.

Lokho kwakuyi-biographies yabaphathi kanye nosuku lokubusa kuze kube phakathi nekhulu le-17 leminyaka. Ngemva kukaMichael, indodana yakhe u-Alexei wabusa (1645-1676). Wathinteka ebhange lase-Ukraine ne-Kiev. Ngakho, emva kwamakhulu eminyaka okuhlukaniswa nokubusa kweLithuania, abantu abazalwane baqala ukuhlala ezweni elilodwa.

U-Alexei wayenamadodana amaningi. Omdala kubo, uFyodor III (1676-1682), wafa esemncane. Emva kwakhe kufika ukubusa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezingane ezimbili - u-Ivan noPetru.

UPeter Omkhulu

U-Ivan Alekseevich akakwazanga ukulawula izwe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1689, ukubusa okuphela kukaPetru Omkhulu kwaqala. Wakha kabusha leli zwe ngendlela yaseYurophu. Russia - kusuka eRurik kuya ePutin (ngokulandelana kwezikhathi sizobheka bonke ababusi) - uyazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezigcwele izinguquko zesikhathi.

Kwavela ibutho elisha nempi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uPetru waqala ukulwa neSweden. Iminyaka engu-21 iMpi YaseNyakatho yaqhubeka. Phakathi naso, ibutho laseSweden lahlukunyezwa, futhi umbuso wavuma ukuyeka amazwe ayo aseNingizimu Baltic. Kulesi sifunda ngo-1703 iSt. Petersburg yasungulwa - inhloko entsha yaseRussia. Ukuphumelela kukaPetru kwamenza wacabanga ngokushintsha isihloko. Ngo-1721 waba umbusi. Kodwa-ke, lolu shintsho aluzange luqede isihloko sikaTsar - enkulumweni ejwayelekile amakhosi aqhubeka ebizwa ngokuthi amakhosi.

Inkathi yezindlovu zendlu

Ukufa kukaPetru kwalandelwa isikhathi eside sokungahlali kwamandla. Amakhosi aphumelelana ngokujwayelekile njalo, okwabangela ukuba isigodlo siphenduke. Ekhanda lalezi zinguquko, njengomthetho, kwakukhona umlindi noma abathengisi abathile. Kulesi sikhathi, imithetho kaCatherine I (1725-1727), uPeter II (1727-1730), u-Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), u-Ivan VI (1740-1741), u-Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) noPeter III (1761-1762) ).

Owokugcina kubo kwakunguJalimane. Ngaphansi kukaPeter III, u-Elizabeth, waseRussia walwa nempi yasePrussia. Le nkosi entsha yalahla yonke inqola, yabuyela eNkosini Berlin futhi yenza isivumelwano soxolo. Ngalesi senzo wazisayina isigwebo sokufa. Abaqaphi bahlela enye inguquko yesigodlo, ngemva kwalokho isihlalo sobukhosi sasingumkaPeter the Great, uCatherine II.

Catherine II noPaul I

UCatherine II (1762-1796) wayenengqondo ejulile yombuso. Esihlalweni sobukhosi, waqala ukuphishekela inqubomgomo ye-absolutism ekhanyisiwe. I-Empress yahlela umsebenzi wekhomishana edumile, eyakhelwe ukulungisa uhlelo olubanzi lwezinguquko eRussia. Wabhala futhi uNazak. Le dokhumenti iqukethe izinto eziningi ezidingekayo ekuguqulweni kwezwe. Izinguquko zanciphisa lapho ama-1770 avukela umbuso eVolga ngaphansi kobuholi bukaPugachev.

Wonke amakhosi kanye noongameli baseRussia (ngokulandelana kwezinkomba sabhala bonke abantu ababhalisiwe) baqaphele ukuthi leli zwe libheke ngokwanele endaweni yangaphandle. UCatherine wayengekho. Wenza imikhankaso eminingana eyimpumelelo elwa neTurkey. Ngenxa yalokho, eCrimea nezinye izifunda ezibalulekile zaseBlack Sea zahlanganiswa neRussia. Ekupheleni kokubusa kukaCatherine, kwakukhona izingxenye ezintathu zasePoland. Ngakho uMbuso waseRussia wathola ukuthola okubalulekile entshonalanga.

Ngemva kokufa kombusi omkhulu, indodana yakhe uPavel I (1796-1801) yaqala ukusebenza. Le ndoda ekhukhumezekile ayithandi okuningi e-Petersburg elite.

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XIX

Ngo-1801, kwakunomunye umbuso wokuqokwa kombuso. Iqembu labaqambi babhekana noPawulu. Esihlalweni sobukhosi kwakuyindodana yakhe u-Alexander I (1801-1825). Ukubusa kwakhe kwakunguMpi yamaPhropiki nokuhlasela kukaNapoleon. Ababusi baseRussia abazange babhekane nokungenelela okunzima kwezitha kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Naphezu kokuthunjwa kweMoscow, uBonaparte wanqotshwa. U-Alexander waba inkosikazi ethandwa kakhulu futhi edumile ye-Old World. Wabuye wabizwa ngokuthi "umkhululi waseYurophu".

Ngaphakathi kwezwe lakhe, u-Alexander esemncane wazama ukusebenzisa izinguquko ezikhululekile. Abalando-mlando bavame ukuguqula izinqubomgomo zabo ngobudala. Ngakho ngokushesha u-Alexander washiya imibono yakhe. Wafa eTaganrog ngo-1825 ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile.

Ekuqaleni kokubusa komfowabo uNicholas I (1825-1855) kwakukhona ukuvukela kwamaDembembrists. Ngenxa yalokhu, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuleli lizwe, ama-oda alondolozayo aphumelele.

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XIX

Wonke amakhosi aseRussia amelelwe lapha ngokulandelana, nge-portraits. Okulandelayo sizokhuluma ngomshintshi omkhulu we-statehood kazwelonke - u-Alexander II (1855-1881). Waba umqalisi we-manifesto ekukhululweni kwabahlali. Ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom kwavumela imakethe yaseRashiya kanye nokukhwabanisa imali. Ezweni, ukukhula komnotho kwaqala. Izinguquko ziphinde zithinte izinkantolo, uhulumeni wasekhaya, izinhlelo zokuphatha nokuqasha. Inkosi yazama ukuphakamisa izwe ngasezinyaweni zayo futhi ifunde izifundo ayinikeze iMpi YeCrimea elahlekile , yaqala ngaphansi kukaNicholas I.

Kodwa ama-radicals ayenaso izinguquko ezincane zika-Alexander. Izigameko izikhathi eziningana zazama ukuphila kwakhe. Ngo-1881 baphumelela. U-Alexander II wabulawa ibhomu. Izindaba zashaqeka umhlaba wonke.

Ngenxa yalesi sigameko, indodana kaMongameli u-Alexander III (1881-1994) yahlala isikhathi eside ibe yinkimbinkimbi yokuphendulela. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke uyaziwa njengomuntu wokuthula. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, iRussia yayingenayo impi eyodwa.

I-Tsar Yokugcina

Ngo-1894, u-Alexander III wafa. Amandla adluliselwa ezandleni zikaNicholas II (1894-1917) - indodana yakhe kanye nendlu yokugcina yaseRussia. Ngaleso sikhathi i-oda lomhlaba elidala elinamandla amakhulu amakhosi namakhosi lase livele selivele livele. IRussia - kusukela eRurik kuya ePutin - yazi izinkinga eziningi, kodwa kwakuyiNikola ukuthi zenzeke kunanini ngaphambili.

Ngo-1904-1905 iminyaka. Izwe labhekana nempi ehlazisayo neJapane. Kwalandelwa ukuguquka kokuqala. Nakuba lesi sigameko sasiqothulwa, i-tsar kwadingeka yenze imibono yomphakathi. Wavuma ukusungula umbuso wezomthetho kanye nephalamende.

AmaTars kanye nabongameli baseRussia ngezikhathi zonke baye babhekana nokuphikiswa okuthile ngaphakathi kuhulumeni. Manje abantu bangakhetha abameli abazwakalise la mazwi.

Ngo-1914 iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaqala. Akekho osola ukuthi uzophela ngokuwa kwemibuso eminingi, kuhlanganise neRussia. Ngomnyaka we-1917, i-Revolution kaFebhuwari yaqhamuka, kanti u-tsar wokugcina wayedinga ukuyeka. UNicholas II, kanye nomndeni wakhe, badutshulwa yiBolsheviks esingaphansi kwe-Ipatiev House eYekaterinburg.