Ucwaningo lwamuva e-Antarctica. Antarctica Cwaninga the 21st Century

Ukutholakala nokutadisha Antarctica - esinye sezenzakalo ezinkulu emlandweni. Ukutholakala nezwekazi lesithupha utadisha izici zayo, kuye kwanikeza isintu okuningi amathuba nokwandisa ulwazi lwabo ngezwe. emikhulu kakhulu imisebenzi yocwaningo olwenziwa e-Antarctica phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kodwa namuhla nezwekazi ezineqhwa akuyona bancishwa ukunakwa.

bavumelana

Modern ucwaningo e-Antarctica eyenziwa amabutho emazweni amaningana. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we nokusebenzisana ethile ahlukene endaweni yaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa kwamiswa ngo-1959. Khona emazweni nambili wasayina-Antarctic Treaty, owawuthi kuleli zwekazi lesithupha kungavunyelwe yokuqhuba imisebenzi yezempi, yokungcwaba ezinobuthi kanye nenye imfucumfucu, futhi okwangaleso sikhathi simisiwe noma yiziphi izimangalo indawo. Kuze kube manje, lesi sivumelwano Ujoyinwe angu-33. Ngenxa yalokho, ucwaningo Antarctic ekhulwini lama-21 ngokuvamile kukhona ngamazwe ngokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1991 izwekazi ezineqhwa azikutholi Umhlaba Yemvelo Reserve.

Isikhundla Russia

Izwe lethu ngokusemthethweni ayinazo izimangalo indawo. Abacwaningi Russian ukusebenza eziningi kazwelonke imikhakha Antarctica. Izinga umsebenzi yesayensi, Nokho, akukafiki ezingeni ukuthi kwaba ngesikhathi eSoviet Union. Nokho, lesi simo siya kangcono njalo ngonyaka. uhambo Permanent wabahloli Russian polar basafunda ezihlukahlukene nezindaba ezihlobene izici Geological, njengomumo womhlaba, zezulu nezinye zaleli zwekazi.

Ezinehuha

Ucwaningo lwamuva e-Antarctica lwenziwa tinkhombandlela eziningana:

• isifundo esiyisisekelo Antarctic;
• ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi isetshenziswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa;
• iqoqo idatha ku imvelo esifundeni South polar;
• nokuvikelwa kwemvelo;
• Logistics ucwaningo, iqhaza, ikakhulukazi, ukwanda umthamo nangenduduzo iziteshi Russian uhlale nabo.

microcosm

Antarctica - isimo sendawo landscape yayo, labantu eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi sezulu - kubonakala ngempela waqonda. Nokho, kulezi zici babe izikhala zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunakwa ososayensi uya edonsa a microcosm izwekazi eyinqaba. amagciwane abahlukahlukene nesikhunta ezikhona lapha azisafani okuthile okulimazayo ezihlotsheni zawo ezivela kwezinye amakhono amazwekazi ukuzivumelanisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu-Antarctica. Uma ungenalo acabangele esishintshashintshayo ugu, izinga lokushisa lapha aliphumi ngenhla -20 ° C, emoyeni elomile, imimoya enamandla nishaye njalo.

Abaningi ucwaningo lwanamuhla e-Antarctica abahlangene ukuhlonza izici nezilwanyana ezincane. umthamo wabo oluhambelana ihlelelwe ukuba isetshenziselwe izinjongo kwezokwelapha. Ososayensi kukhona umqondo ogcwele kubantu wokuthi nezwekazi ezineqhwa kuyadingeka ukuze uthole eminye imiphakathi amagciwane abe nenkani. Zafika lapho, zatholana uthole izakhiwo kanye nezici edingekayo ukuze siphile, bese okusekelwe kuzo ungakha imithi ngempumelelo ngaphezulu.

echibini Vostok

Omunye imiphakathi ezithakazelisayo iningi ezincane, ososayensi alindele ukuthola kwesigubhu ngaphansi-ice. Lake Vostok, ogama lakhe behlonipha esiteshini Russian eseduze, zisendaweni cishe 4000 metres ukujula. ubunjalo salo e ukuxhumana emkhathini woMhlaba ngoba esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana iminyaka. I-ecosystem kwechibi "mothballed" futhi ingaqukatha eziningi ezincane eziphilayo ezimangalisayo. Putative "izakhamuzi 'echibini kumele akwazi ukumelana nengcindezi high, izinga lokushisa aphansi kakhulu, umoya-mpilo lokuhlushwa izikhathi 50 ephakeme ukwedlula ezingeni emanzini okuphuza, okuphakelayo kanye carbon wezinto ezingaphili. Kuze kube manje, izinto eziphilayo ezifana awaziwa isayensi.

Ukuze ekutadisheni echibini 70s kwekhulu elidlule, kwanqunywa ukuba uqale imishini. Nokho, ebusweni East safinyelela muva nje ngo-2012. Amasampula ke etholwe futhi kamuva 3507 DNA esiyingqayizivele atholakele. Iningi lazo, mayelana 94%, kungokwalabo bacterium, kulandele amakhowe - amaphesenti zabo ezine. Futhi, ukulandelanisa ezimbili okuqondene Archean atholakala amasampula.

Lake Ucwaningo uyaqhubeka namuhla, njengoba kubalulekile ukuthola amasampula amanzi kusukela phansi yayo, kanye ukuqinisekisa noma zingamanga Imiphumela odlule. Isimo sengqondo maqondana nabo emhlabeni yesayensi kuyadida. Abanye abacwaningi labikezela ukutholakala eziphilayo ngisho ezinkulu ezifana nezinhlanzi. Kubaphikisi babo bathi cishe ukuthi liyingxenye DNA iye alethwe brown, enye imele izinsalela izidalwa yokuqothulwa.

abaningi

East - hhayi kuphela echibini subglacial zaleli zwekazi. Namuhla siyazi 145 amadamu, mhlawumbe kukhona zokwakheka efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwamuva e-Antarctica ibizwa bagxila elithile noma ngenye indlela emhlabeni amachibi evulekile zaleli zwekazi. Ezinye zazo zigcwele amanzi ahlanzekile, elinye - lemithi eminengi. "Izakhamuzi" lezi amachibi konke izilokazane ezincane esifanayo, ososayensi ayikwazanga ukuthola ubukhona izinhlanzi kanye eyisinambuzane. Ingxenye amachibi ise oasis okuthiwa futhi iziqhingi subantarctic zikhishwa kusukela ice ngonyaka. Abanye njalo kufihliwe. Kanti enye kungenzeka ezikhishwe kanye kuphela eminyakeni eminingana.

phezulu

Land e-Antarctica, ngokunembile ebusweni zwekazi oyiyo yangaphakathi akuyona into nje ukuthi abacwaningi nesithakazelo. Ekuhloleni inhliziyo ngokuvamile izinqubo emkhathini futhi sezulu. "Ozone imbobo" latholakala 1985 phezu Antarctica. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yena njalo ngaphansi kuhlolwa ososayensi. Idatha eqoqwe yinoma abarhubhululi iziteshi isiRashiya, zisikisela ukuthi imbobo ngokushesha "sokuphulukisa. ' Abanye abacwaningi kulo mongo linombono wokuthi lo mkhuba akukhona ezenziwe umuntu, njengoba obekumele ngaphambili, futhi zemvelo.

Ezikude, engaqondakali, iqhwa, eningizimu - Antarctica kusukela ukubukeka in Antiquity I kucatshangwa kuqala khona wathola eziningi tichasiso. Bonke ukufanele ngokugcwele. Isigaba samanje nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase-lesithupha ihlukile esedlule engcono ukulungiselela ubuchwepheshe nochwepheshe. Ukwandiswa ukuhlala induduzo eziteshini, ngcono izindlela Ukukhetha polar (ngokusho izifundo, isimo sezulu ngokwengqondo kubalulekile okungaphezu izimo sezulu). Ilokhu ngcono ezobuchwepheshe ukwesekwa ohambweni. Kafushane, zonke izimo sokucwaninga ngokwengeziwe izimfihlo nemikarisomraro ye nezwekazi ice.