UGumilev Lev Nikolaevich: i-biography emfushane

Indodana yezimbongi ezimbili ezidumile kwakunguLevi Gumilev. I-biography, impilo yomuntu kanye namagugu alo mlando-mlando kunesithakazelo esikhulu kubantu abaningi. Uphawuleka kokubili njengososayensi futhi njengendodana yezimbongi ezinkulu. Nazi izizathu ezimbili ezibalulekile zokumazi kangcono.

UGumilev Lev - isazi-mlando saseRussia, u-ethnologist, udokotela wezesayensi nezendawo zomlando. Ungumbhali wemfundiso ye-ethnoses kanye nesintu njengesigaba se-biosocial. ULev Nikolaevich wafunda i-ethnogenesis, eyinhloko yezinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-passionarity.

Iziqalo nobuntwana

Ngo-Oktoba 14, 1912 eTurarskoe Selo kwavela uGumilev Lev Nikolaevich. I-biography emfushane ngaye iphawuleka kakade ngoba abazali bakhe babeyizimbongi ezinkulu zaseRashiya AA Akhmatova no NS Gumilev. Umshado we-Gumilevs wahlukana ngo-1918, futhi ngemva kwalokho umfana wayehlala nonina, wabe esemkhulu noBehetsk. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubuhlobo bakhe no-Anna Andreyevna bekulokhu kunzima. Esithombeni ngezansi - uLev Gumilev nabazali bakhe.

Ukuqeqeshwa nokuboshwa, ukuhlanganyela empini

ULev Nikolaevich ngo-1934 wangena e-Leningrad State University, isigaba somlando. Nokho, kakade ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala waboshwa okokuqala. Ngokushesha uLud Gumilev wakhululwa, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuphothula iziqu enyuvesi. Kakade enkambweni ye-4, ngo-1938, waphinde waboshwa ngokuhlanganyela enhlanganweni yabafundi bamaphekula. UGumilev ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-10 emakamu. Kamuva, isiphetho sakhe sasikhululekile. U-Leo Nikolaevich kumele abe esebenze iminyaka emihlanu eNorilsk. Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, ngo-1943, wasebenza ngenkokhelo eTurukhansk naseNorilsk. Khona uGumilev waya phambili. Walwa ne-anti-aircraft gunner kuze kube yilapho ephumelela. UGumilev Lev Nikolayevich weza eBerlin ngokwakhe. I-biography emfushane yalososayensi, njengoba ubona, imakwe hhayi kuphela yimpumelelo emkhakheni womlando.

Ukuvikelwa kokuchazwa kokuqala

U-Lev Nikolaevich ngo-1946 wadlulisa ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle eyunivesithi, wabe eseqhubeka nemfundo e-Institute of Oriental Studies yase-USSR Academy of Sciences, lapho afunda khona esikoleni esiphakeme. I-Ph.D. ingqungquthela yakhe yayisivele ilungile, kodwa ngo-1947 isosayensi yaxoshwa esikhungweni ngenxa yesinqumo kwizincwadi "Leningrad" ne "Zvezda" ezamukelwa iKomidi Elikhulu leCPSU (b). Lesi simiso salahla umsebenzi ka-Anna Andreevna Akhmatova. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga, uLev Nikolaevich waqhubeka nokuvikela ukusikisela kwakhe ngenxa yokusekelwa kwemijikelezo yesayensi yeLeningrad.

Ukuboshwa okusha

Ngo-1949, uGumilev LN uphinde waboshwa. I-biography yakhe emfushane, njengoba ubona, iningi lokuboshwa. Wakhishwa ngo-1956 kuphela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo avuselelwa ngokugcwele. Kwavela ukuthi i-corpus delicti ayitholakalanga ezenzweni zikaGumilev. Ngokuphelele, uLev Nikolaevich waboshwa izikhathi ezine. Ephelele, kwadingeka asebenzise iminyaka engu-15 emakamu aseStalin.

Izikhalazo zodokotela nezincwadi zikaGumilev

Ebuyela eLeningrad, uGumilev wathola umsebenzi wesikhashana eHermitage. Ngo-1961, wavikela ngokuphumelelayo incwadi yakhe yokudokotela "emaTurkey aseMandulo ezangekhulu le-6th-8." Khona-ke usosayensi waqashwa e-Institute of Geography, e-Faculty of Geography yaseLeningrad State University. Lapha wasebenza kuze kube ngumhlalaphansi, okwenzeka ngo-1986.

U-Gumilev Lev wavikela inkulumo yakhe yokudokotela ngo-1974. Kodwa-ke, ikhomishana yokuqinisekisa ayigunyazi izinga lakhe. Umbhalo wesandla somsebenzi ka-Gumilyov "i-Ethnogenesis ne-biosphere yomhlaba" awuvunyelwe ukuthi ushicilelwe, kodwa wasatshalaliswa ku-samizdat.

Kuphela ngo-1959 uLev Gumilev waqala ukushicilelwa ngenkuthalo. I-biography nobuciko bayo akuyona ingozi eyenza isithakazelo esikhulu esikoleni. Unayo imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-220, kufaka phakathi ama-monographs amaningana. Esikhathini se-post-Stalin, imibono kaLevi Levumiwe yayigxekwa ezincwadini ezisemthethweni, kodwa wayengashushiswa. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kuphela. Ukugeleza kwezincwadi zakhe kwamiswa okwesikhashana. ULev Gumilev kwadingeka aphendule lo mbuzo eKomidini Elikhulu leCPSU. Wabhala incwadi mayelana nokuvinjelwa kwezincwadi zakhe. I-DS Likhachev nezinye izazi-mlando zaleso sikhathi zamxhasa.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu

U-Lev Gumilev wasinda ezincwadini eziningi zokuphila kwakhe. Biography, umndeni kanye nezingane - konke lokhu kufisa abalandeli bakhe. Kuphila komuntu siqu kaLevi Nikolaevich, ngeke sihlale kulo ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa-ke, amaqiniso abaluleke kakhulu kufanele akhulume. Ngo-1967, uGumilev watshata uNV Simonovskaya, umculi (iminyaka yokuphila - 1920-2004). Wahlangana naye ngoJuni 1966. Lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-24, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaNobert Nikolayevich. Ngokusho kwabanye, lo mshado wawungcono. Umfazi ozinikele kuGumilev konke ukuphila kwakhe. Washiya umjikelezo wabangane abadala futhi basebenza. Ukukhethwa kukaLev Nikolaevich nakho kwathonywa isifiso sakhe sokungabi nabantwana: ngaleso sikhathi okhethiweyo wakhe wayeneminyaka engu-46 ubudala, futhi yena - 55.

Ubudlelwane namaSlavophiles ne-Nationalists

Ukuphakama okungavamile kokudume kukaGumilev kwenzeka esikhathini sobukhosi baseSoviet. Izincwadi zakhe zanyatheliswa ezincwadini ezinkulu. Umbono wezombusazwe walolu usosayensi, owamtshela emasakazweni nakumabonakude, ezihlokweni zomphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ziphikisana neWestern and anti-communist. Lokhu kwenza isibalo sakhe sibonakalise ukulwa nokukhululeka. Umqondo kaLevi Nikolayevich mayelana "neSlavic-Türkic symbiosis" wathathwa yiSlavophils ngasekupheleni kwawo-90. Laba bantu babenembile mayelana nemibono yososayensi ejoka leHorde, ngempela ngendlela, engabaza. Le ngqungquthela eshiwo ngenhla yathathwe yiSlavophiles njengesizathu sokuthi isimo esisha sombuso waseRashiya sizwakala. Izizwe ezikhuluma isiTurkey ezazihlala e-USSR nazo zazibhekisela ku-Lev Nikolaevich. Kubo, uGumilev Lev wayengumbuso ongenakuphikwa.

"Umbono we-ethnogenesis" nesayensi yemvelo

UGumilev wayezibheka njenge "i-Eurasian yokugcina." Noma kunjalo, "inkolelo ye-ethnogenesis" eyadala yakhumbuza i-Eurasianism kuphela ngokwemigomo ejwayelekile. Kusukela ekubukeni kwesayensi enjalo njengomlando, ukucabangela kwesazi akukwazi ukuthathwa njengombono. Kodwa-ke, uGumilev Leo wathinteka ngokuyinhloko kumaSoviet technical intelligentsia, hhayi kwababhali bezombusazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi i-technical intelligentsia yayinesiqiniseko sokuthi emlandweni waseSoviet Union kwakuyisidakamizwa senkulumo-ze, hhayi isayensi, ukuthi yayingathembekile. Ukucabanga komlando kaLevi Nikolaevich kwabangela ukungabaza ososayensi, ngoba babengacaciswanga. Kodwa-ke, "inkolelo ye-ethnogenesis" emehlweni abathandi bakaGumilev abazange balahlekelwe noma yikuphi. U-Lev Nikolaevich wahlulela umlando ngokombono wezesayensi yemvelo, futhi izazi zabo ezihlakaniphile zithathwa njengezincishwane ezingekho ngaphansi kosizo lwabantu.

Izincazelo eziyisisekelo ze-Gumilyov

U-Lev Gumilev wakha inkolelo yakhe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi "ukuthwala" kuyizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Zinezikhathi zobusha, ukuvuthwa nokuguga. I-Gumilev yayihlanganisa nenani lamaqembu ezizwe hhayi nje kuphela amaqembu ezihlanga, kodwa futhi ezombangazwe, ezokuzivuma kanye nezomsebenzi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kusukela ekuzalweni kwabo kuze kube sekufeni cishe eminyakeni eyi-1200-1500. Ngokomqondo wasosayensi, ukuvela kwamaqembu amasha amasha kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi "i-push push", ekhishwa yimisebe evela emkhathini. Kukhona ezinye "ezinokubambisana" komunye nomunye, futhi kukhona nalabo abaphikisayo. Ngaphandle kokuphila okunempilo, kukhona futhi "ama-chimerical", amaqembu ezinhlanga ezinonya eziphazamisa izilwane zabanye. Abantu abanempilo banezindlela ezahlukene zokubhekana nesimo sezulu kanye ne "nursing landscape" futhi bahluke ngokuvumelana nezici.

U-Gumilev wadala inkolelo yakhe, ezama ukuqonda ukuthi kungani esikhathini se-Middle Ages kanye nesikhathi esidala ku-Great Steppe, wavy kanye nezinqubo zezinhlanga ezisheshayo zaqashelwa. Ngempela, beyivame ukuba, ngendlela ehlukile, ehambisana nezimo zezulu ezishintshayo. Ngakho-ke, ngezinga elithile ukuxhumanisa ososayensi landscape kanye ethnos kulungile. Noma kunjalo, "inkolelo ye-ethnogenesis" yalahlekelwa ukwethembeka ngenxa yokuqedwa kwe-Gumilev yendima yemvelo yemvelo. Igama elithi "ukukhathazeka", elaphethwe nguLevi Levkolaevich, waqala ukuphila kwakhe. Usosayensi wasisebenzisa ukubhekisela ekusebenziseni kobuhlanga bokuqala. Kodwa manje leli gama alifani nalokho "ka-Gumilev" ye-ethnogenesis ".

NgoJuni 15, 1992 eSt. Petersburg washona uLev Gumilev. I-biography, umndeni kanye namagugu asosayensi bahlolwe kabili. Manje uyazi, ngenxa yokuthi indodana yezinkondlo ezimbili ezinkulu zaseRashiya zithandwa kakhulu.