A biography emfushane Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ngomlobi

U-Radishchev emsebenzini wakhe odumile wabhala ukuthi abantu abanamakhaya abaphatha kanjani ama-serfs abo. Uphawule ukuntuleka kwamalungelo abantu kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kubo. U-Alexander Nikolayevich wabonisa isibonelo sokuhlubuka kwe-serfs, okuxoshwa ekuphelelwe ithemba. Lokhu kwakufanele akhokhe kakhulu. U-Alexander Radishchev uthunyelwe ekuthunjweni ... I-biography kaRadischev izokwethula wena kubo bonke laba nabanye abaningi.

The Origin of Radishchev

Ake siqale ngesimo se hero yethu. Radishchev Alexander Nikolayevich - umbhali waseRussia odumile, ohambisana ne "Ifilosofi yefilosofi." I-biography kaRadishchev iqala ngo-Agasti 31, 1749 (ngokusho kwesitayela esidala - ngo-Agasti 20). Ngaleso sikhathi u-Alexander Nikolayevich wazalwa. U-Radishchev Athanasius Prokopievich, umkhulu womlobi wesikhathi esizayo, wayengomunye wokuhlekisa uPetru. Wavuswa esikhundleni se-foreman. Indodana yakhe u-Nicholas Afanasy Petrovich wanikeza ukukhuliswa okuhle. U-Nikolai Afanasyevich Radishchev wayengumninimzi waseSaratov. Futhi uFekla Stepanovna, unina ka-Alexander, wayevela emndenini ka-Argamaks, umndeni omdala ohloniphekile. Indodana yakhe endala kwakungu-Alexander Radishchev. I-biography nomsebenzi womlobi omkhulu bakhazimulisa leli gama.

Ukuqeqeshwa kuVernom Ablyazov naseMoscow

Indawo kababa wakhe yayise-Upper Ablyazov. U-Alexander wafunda idiploma yaseRussia nge-psalter ne-hora-book. Lapho eneminyaka engu-6 ubudala, wabelwa umFulentshi, kodwa ukukhetha uthisha akuphumelelanga. Njengoba befunda kamuva, lo MFulentshi wayeyisosha elibalekile. Ubaba wakhetha ukuthumela indodana yakhe eMoscow. Lapha waphathiswa ukukhathazeka komfundisi-ongumFulentshi, owayekade engumeluleki ePhalamende laseRuen, kodwa kwakudingeka abaleke ukushushiswa kukaLouis XV.

U-Alexander ngo-1756 wanikezwa esikoleni esihle, esasiseMoscow University. Iminyaka eyisithupha yokuqeqeshwa kuyo. EMoscow ngo-September 1762, ukukhishwa kukaCatherine II kwenzeka. Abaningi abahlonishwayo baphakanyiswa ngezikhundla ngalesi senzakalo. I-biography kaRadishchev ibhalwe umcimbi obalulekile kuye ngoNovemba 25: U-Alexander Nikolayevich wanikezwa ikhasi.

Indlela uRadishchev athola ngayo ngaphandle

Wafika eSt. Petersburg ngoJanuwari 1764 futhi wafunda ezincwadini zezincwadi kuze kube ngu-1766. Lapho uCatherine enquma ukuthumela izifundo ezingu-12 ezincane ezifundweni zesayensi eLeipzig, phakathi kwazo amakhasi angu-6, ezahlukaniswa yimpumelelo ekufundiseni nasekuziphatheni, uRadishchev waba omunye wabanenhlanhla . Lapho abafundi bethunyelwa phesheya kwelinye izwe, uCatherine II ngokwakhe wabhala iziqondiso ngalokho okufanele bakwenze. Izimali ezibalulekile zanikezwa ukugcinwa kwazo - kuqala ngama-ruble angu-800, futhi kusukela ngo-1769-kube yizinkulungwane ngonyaka ngonyaka ngamunye.

Ukuphila eLeipzig

Kodwa-ke, uMnuz Bokum omkhulu, ohlanganiswe njengomfundisi kumhlonishwa, wafihla imali eningi, ngakho abafundi babedinga. U-Radishchev, ongu-biography osithandayo, wakhuluma ngokuhlala kwakhe phesheya "Life of FV Ushakov." Izigaba ezincane zabantu baseLeipzig zazihlukahlukene. Bafunda ifilosofi, umthetho, umlando. Ngokweziqondiso zikaCatherine II, abafundi bangafunda "ezinye izazi" ngokuthanda. U-Radishchev wakhetha i-chemistry nemithi. Wathwalwa yibo hhayi nje njengomuntu othakazelisayo, kodwa kakhulu. U-Alexander Nikolayevich wadlulisa nokuhlolwa kukadokotela futhi kamuva waphathwa ngempumelelo. Enye yezintandokazi zakhe kuye kwaba yikhemistri. UDadischev wayazi izilimi ezahlukene (isiLatini, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane). Kamuva wafunda isiNtaliyane nesiNgisi. Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka emihlanu eLeipzig, uRadishchev, njengabafana bakhe, bakhohlwe ulimi lwesiRussia. Ngakho-ke, waqala ukubhekana nabo lapho ebuyela eRussia ngaphansi kokuhola kukaNobhala u-Catherine Khrapovitsky.

Buyela eSt. Petersburg, isevisi eSenate

Lapho eseqedile izifundo zakhe, u-Alexander Nikolayevich waba ngumuntu ofundiswe kakhulu, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungekho ezweni lethu, kodwa emhlabeni. Ngo-1771 uRadishchev wabuyela eSt. Petersburg. Ngokushesha wangena enkonzweni njengomnikazi werekhodi eSenate. Esikhundleni someluleki we-titular u-Alexander Nikolaevich akazange asebenze isikhathi eside, ngoba ulwazi olubi ngolimi lwakhe lwangaphakathi lwaluphazamisekile, kanye nokukhala kweziphathimandla kanye nokubambisana kwama-oda.

Isevisi endlunkulu yaseBryusov nasendlini-ekolishi, umshado

U-Radishchev wanquma ukuya endlunkulu ye-General-Anshef Bryusov, owayala eSt. Petersburg. Waba i-ober-auditor. U-Alexander Nikolayevich washiya umhlalaphansi ngo-1775, esevukile esikhundleni sesigaba sesibili esikhulu. URubanovsky, omunye wabangane bakhe eLeipzig, wamisa u-Alexander Radishchev emndenini womfowabo omdala. Ku-Anna Vasilyevna, indodakazi yalesi sibili, u-Alexander Nikolayevich washada.

Ngomnyaka ka-1778, waphinde wangena enkonzweni egumbini le-cell-collegium esikhundleni sokuba umhloli. Ngo-1788, uRadishchev wadluliselwa amasiko eSt. Petersburg. Waba imenenja yomsizi, bese umphathi. Njengamasiko, nasekolishi-i-collegium, u-Alexander Radishchev wayezikhandla ngokuzinikela emsebenzini, ukungathandeki, isimo sengqondo esibucayi ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Umsebenzi wokuqala wezincwadi

Ukufunda nokutadisha isiRashiya kwamenza wazihlola. Ngo-1773 uRadishchev washicilela ukuhunyushwa komsebenzi kaMably, emva kwalokho waqala ukuhlanganisa umlando weSenate waseRussia, kodwa wabhubhisa.

Incwadi eyaletha udumo futhi yafa

Biography Radishchev iyaqhubeka nokufa umkakhe othandekayo. Kwenzeka ngo-1783. Ngemva kwalokho, u-Alexander Nikolayevich wanquma ukuzibamba ngomsebenzi wokubhala futhi athole induduzo kuwo. Washicilela ngo-1789 "The Life of Fedor Vasilyevich Ushakov ...". U-Radishchev, esebenzisa isimemezelo se-Empress ezindlini zokunyathelisa mahhala, waqala eyakhe ekhaya futhi washicilelwa ngo-1790 umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko othi "Uhambo oluvela eSt. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow."

Ngokushesha waqala ukuthenga ngokushesha le ncwadi. Izingxabano zeBold Alexander Nikolaevich kwi-serfdom, kanye nezinye izimo zombuso kanye nokuphila komphakathi ngaleso sikhathi zenza ukunakekelwa kukaCatherine II ngokwakhe, omunye umuntu owakhulume ngokuthi "Uhambo ...".

Ukuthi ukucutshungulwa kwakungekho kanjani "Uhambo ..."

Biography Radishchev kuyinto curious kakhulu. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ngaye ayeningi. Awukwazi ukufakwa kufomethi yendaba eyodwa. Noma kunjalo, omunye wabo kumele akhulume. Incwadi kaDadishchev yakhululwa ngokuvunyelwa kwamagunya okulungisa, okungukuthi, ukucutshungulwa okuqinisekisiwe. Noma kunjalo, umbhali washushiswa. Lokhu kungenzeka kanjani? Into ethi "Uhambo ..." ludluliselwa ngokucwaninga ngoba nje ucabanga ukuthi kwakuyisiqondiso. Ngempela, ekuboneni kuqala kungase kubonakale sengathi - izahluko zomsebenzi zibizwa ezindaweni nezindawo. Umcwaningi wabheka kuphela okuqukethwe futhi akazange angene encwadini.

Ukuboshwa nokugwetshwa

Akutholakali ngokushesha ukuthi ubani umbhali wokubunjwa, ngoba igama lakhe encwadini alibonwanga. Nokho, ngemva kokuboshwa komthengisi uZotov, ositolo sakhe esithengisa umsebenzi kaRadishchev, bafunda ukuthi ngu-Alexander Nikolaevich owabhala umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni futhi washicilela. U-Radishchev waboshwa, futhi icala lakhe "linikezwe" ukuhola uSheshkovsky. Ummeli ukhohliwe ukuthi u-Alexander Radishchev wayefundele "umthetho wemvelo" kokubili phesheya nakwe-corpus corpus, ukuthi naye ngokwakhe wayemvumele ukuba ashumayele futhi ashumayele izimiso ezikhulunywe kulo "Uhambo" ngokwakhe. UCatherine II wasabela emsebenzini ka-Alexander Nikolayevich ngokucasuka okukhulu. Umkami ngokwakhe wabhala imibuzo kuRadishchev futhi waqondiswa iBeborborko yonke indlela.

U-Alexander Nikolayevich wafakwa enqabeni, lapho ebuza khona uSheshkovsky. U-Radishchev wabuza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuphenduka, wenqaba ukubhala incwadi nguRadishchev. Nokho, i-biography emfushane yakhe, akufanele iphuthelwe iqiniso lokuthi ebufakazini bakhe wayevame ukuveza imibono evezwe emisebenzini yakhe. Iqhawe lethu lithembele ngenkulumo yokuzisola ukunciphisa isijeziso esasisongela. Nokho, uRadishchev wayengazifihli izinkolelo zakhe.

I-biography emfushane yenkathi yakhe yesikhathi esizayo imvelo. Kuyacaca ukuthi isiphetho sika-Alexander Nikolayevich sasixazululwe kusengaphambili. Watholakala enecala kakade emthethweni ngokukhishwa kwenkantolo. Uphenyo olufushane lwenziwa yiCriminal Chamber. Okuqukethwe kwalo kuboniswe encwadini kaBeborborko eya ku-Count Bruce, umphathi wenhloko ePetersburg. UDadishchev ugwetshwe ukufa.

Ukunciphisa isiphetho

Kuthunyelwe eSenate, bese kuMkhandlu, isinqumo sagunyazwa kulezi zimo ezimbili, emva kwalokho sanikezwa kumphathi. NgoSeptemba 4, 1790, kwakhishwa umyalo owaqaphela ukuthi u-Alexander Nikolayevich unecala lobugebengu bokuthunyelwa kwesakhamuzi nesifungo sokushicilelwa kwale ncwadi. Inecala lika-Alexander Radishchev, njengoba kuthiwa kuye, liwukuthi kufanelekile ukubulawa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesihe nokuhlonishwa kwesiphetho sesivumelwano sokuthula neSweden, isijeziso esinzima sashintshwa ngokubhekisela ejele lase-Ilimsky, eyayiseSiberia. Wayefanele ahlale lapho iminyaka eyishumi. Ngokushesha, lesi simiso senziwa.

Iminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuthunjwa

Isikhathi esinzima wasinda u-Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev. I-biography yakhe yayibhalwe izivivinyo ezinzima ngokushesha ngemva kokugwetshwa. Eboshwe ehlobo, umlobi wasuswa ngaphandle kwezingubo ezifudumele esuka enqabeni. Kubonakala sengathi uCatherine II wayethemba ukuthi uRadishchev, owayesevele ebhekene nokuboshwa kwakhe, wayezofa endleleni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Count Vorontsov wathumela imali kumbusi weTver ukuze u-Alexander Radishchev athengwe konke okudingekayo ukuze uhambo olude.

U-Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev, owaziwa naye eqhubeka ejele lase-Ilimsk, wachitha cishe iminyaka emihlanu lapha. Nokho, akazange aphelelwe yintliziyo. Radishchev baphatha izakhamuzi zendawo. U-Alexander Nikolaevich watshala i-ingulube ebantwaneni, wakha isitofu esincane ekhaya, lapho eqala ukushisa izitsha. Futhi-ke, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala.

Inhlekelele edabukisayo yomlobi onjalo odumile njengoDadishchev Alexander Nikolaevich wakhanga ukunakwa jikelele. I-biography encane yakhe akufanele ilahlekelwe ukuthi isigwebo esinikwe kuye sibonakala singenakwenzeka. Izikhathi eziningi emphakathini kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi u-Alexander Nikolayevich uthethelelwe, ukuthi uzobuya maduze ekudingisweni. Noma kunjalo, abazange benze izizathu.

Ubudlelwano no-E.V. Rubanovskoy

ESiberia, E.V. URubanovskaya, udade womkakhe owayesebele, futhi waletha nezingane zakhe ezincane (ngemfundo izingane ezindala zahlala nezihlobo zazo). UDadishchev e-Ilimsk wasondela kulo wesifazane. Nokho, babengenalo ilungelo lokushada. Lokhu kwakulinganiselwe ne-incest futhi kwaba ukwephulwa kwemithetho yesonto. Ekudingisweni, u-Elizaveta Vasilievna wazala uRadishcheva izingane ezintathu. Wafa ngo-1797 emakhazeni aseTobolsk, lapho ebuya ekuthunjweni. Kodwa-ke, i-feat yaleli wesifazane, eyayilindele i-Decembrist, yayingavunyelwe kuphela abantu abaphila ngaleso sikhathi. Ngisho nangemva kokufa kuka-Elizabeth Vasilyevna, baqhubeka bekwahlulelwa no-Alexander Nikolayevich. Lapho uRadishchev ebuyela ekhaya, u-Nikolai Afanasievich, uyise oyimpumputhe, wenqaba ukwamukela abazukulu bakhe. Wathi ukushada nodadewabo wakhe akunakucabangeki. Uma uRadishchev ekhethe i-serf, wayeyomamukela, futhi u-Elizaveta Vasilyevna akakwazanga.

Buyela ekhaya

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufika esihlalweni sobukhosi, uMbusi uPaul waphindela eSiberia njengomuntu obaluleke kakhulu njengoRadishchev Alexander Nikolayevich. I-biography emfushane yeminyaka yakhe edlule, noma kunjalo, ibonakala ngezinkinga ezintsha. Isimiso sokuxolelwa senziwa ngoNovemba 23, 1796. U-Alexander Nikolayevich wayala ukuba ahlale emzaneni waseNemtsov, esifundazweni saseKaluga, lapho kwakukhona khona indawo yakhe. Ukuxhumana nokuziphatha uRadishchev wayala ukuba agcine umbusi. U-Alexander Nikolaevich emva kokukhishwa kukaMbusi Alexander I kwakungenamthetho. Wabizelwa ePetersburg. U-Alexander Radishchev waba yilungu lekhomishini yokubhala imithetho ehlukahlukene . I-biography emfushane yakhe iphela ngokungazelelwe. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Manje uzothola ukuthi wafa kanjani. Radishchev. I-biography yakhe iphetha kakhulu.

Ukufa kukaRadishchev

UBourne no-Ilyinsky, abaphila ngesikhathi sika-Alexander Nikolayevich, baqinisekisa ukuthi inganekwane yokufa kwayo kuyiqiniso. Ngokusho kwakhe, uRadishchev uhambise uhlelo oluhle lokushintshwa komthetho. Iphinde yafaka phambili ukukhululwa kwabalimi. Khona-ke u-Count Zavadovsky, unobhala wekhomishana, wenza isiphakamiso esiqinile ku-Alexander Nikolayevich ngenxa yemicabango yakhe, emkhumbuza izinto zakhe zokuzilibazisa ezedlule. UZavadovsky usho ngisho nokuthunjwa eSiberia. U-Radishchev, obhekene nempilo yakhe edabukisayo kakhulu, futhi izinhlungu zakhe zaphukile, zavusa ukwesatshiswa yizisongelo zikaZavadsky futhi zamangala ngokuthi waze wanquma nokuzibulala.

U-Alexander Nikolaevich waphuza ubuthi. Wafa ngokuhlupheka okukhulu. UDadishchev washona ngobusuku bukaSepthemba 12, 1802. Bamngcwaba u-Alexander Nikolayevich emathuneni aseVolkov.

Ukuvinjelwa kwegama likaRadishchev nokuvuselelwa

Sekuyisikhathi eside kunqatshelwe igama lomlobi omkhulu onjengo-A.N. Radishchev. I-biography emfushane yentshisekelo yabaningi namuhla, kodwa ngemuva kokufa kwegama lakhe cishe ayibonakalwanga ekunyathelweni. Izihloko eziningana mayelana no-Alexander Nikolaevich zabhalwa ngokushesha nje ngemva kokufa kwakhe, futhi igama lakhe laze lashabalala ezincwadini. Kancane kancane kwakushiwo. Idatha engaphelele neyodwa kuphela eyanikezwa ngo-Radishchev. Batyushkov wethula u-Alexander Radishchev ohlelweni lokubhala ezincwadini, oluhlanganiswe nguye. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yama-1850 kwakuvinjelwe ukuphakanyiswa egameni likaDadishchev. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eziningi zezihloko ziye zavela emaphephandabeni ngaye.

Futhi kuze kube namuhla abacwaningi bakhangwa ku-biography kaRadishchev. Isifinyeto se "Uhambo lwakhe" luyaziwa ngabaningi bakithi. Konke lokhu kukhuluma ngokungapheli kwakhe njengomlobi.