Izinguquko kwinqubomgomo Russian uMbusikazi uCatherine I. neminyaka uhulumeni, ezifuywayo angaphandle

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi abaningi sina sokuphikisa indima ithuba emlandweni, asikwazi waphika ukuthi uCatherine mina esihlalweni sobukhosi Russian kakhulu ngephutha. Imithetho yinde - kancane kuka iminyaka emibili. Noma kunjalo, ngisho isikhathi esifushane kangaka wokubusa, uye wahlala emlandweni njengoba iNdlovukazi kuqala.

Of washerwomen e Empress

Mashi Skavronskaya, maduze nje makwaziwe yibo emhlabeni njengoba uMbusikazi uCatherine 1, wazalelwa endaweni yase-Lithuania lanamuhla, emazweni Livonia, e 1684. ulwazi olungenaphutha ngemithi ebuntwaneni khona. Ngokuvamile, Ngokuzayo Catherine 1, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako kunalokho ngokubikezela izinto ezididayo nezingathembekile ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisa, ngokusho version, wazalelwa emkhayeni ompofu. ngokushesha Abazali bakhe babulawa isifo, futhi le ntombazane yathunywa endlini yomfundisi wasendlini. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, Marta wahlala iminyaka yaba lishumi elinamibini nomamekazi wakhe, bese uvele ozala umpristi wendawo, elalisendlini inkonzo futhi bafunde ukufunda ngenalithi. Ososayensi namanje bebaphikisana ngani lapho Ngokuzayo Ekaterina 1 wazalwa.

biography

Futhi umsuka Empress wokuqala Russian, kanye nosuku nendawo umuntu azalelwa yayo Namanje hhayi zokuhlola ezasungulwa izazi-mlando Russian. Okuningi noma okuncane ngembaba historiography okufushane esungulwe, okufakazela ukuthi kwaba indodakazi ongumlimi Baltic Samuila Skavronskogo. Ephephandabeni lamaKatolika ukholo wabhapathizwa intombazane ngisho abazali, emnika igama Martin. Ngokwemibiko ethile, yena wakhulela Marienburgskom ehostela, ngaphansi kokuqondisa Umfundisi Gluck.

Ikusasa Catherine angikaze umfundi okhuthele. Kodwa ukutshela ukuthi wayenami imvamisa ezimangalisayo kuyahlukahluka Cavaliers. Kukhona ngisho ulwazi Marta wakhuleliswa umnumzana ezithile, wabeletha indodakazi. Umfundisi ephethwe ukumshada, kodwa yindoda enawo, owayeyilungu dragoon Swedish, ngokushesha yanyamalala unomphela phakathi neMpi Northern.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa neMarienburg Russian Mashi, ngokuba "impango yempi", ngenkathi inkosikazi isikhulu non-ethunywe, futhi kamuva, ngo-August 1702 kuqala, wayengakhethi lapho le kulandelana Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev. Embona, wathatha ukuba owesifazane wakhe belungisa - a washerwoman, kamuva ngokudlulisela A. Menshikov. Lapha kulapho yasimbamba iso likaPetru I.

Wokuphila umndeni Russian bobukhosi Namanje sizibuza ukuthi kwakungase ukuthumba inkosi. Phela, ubuhle uMarta wayengowesifazane cha. Nokho, ngokushesha yaba omunye intombi eseceleni kwakhe.

1 Petru noCatherine 1

Ngo 1704th ngoMashi, ngokwesiko Orthodox, ngabhapathizwa ngaphansi kwegama Catherine I. Ngesikhathi wayekhulelwe. Ikusasa Empress wabhapathizwa Tsarevich Alexei. Ubani wakwazi kalula ukuzivumelanisa kwazo zonke izimo, Catherine nanini ngililahle khona kwakhe kwengqondo. Wafunda ubuntu obuhle kuqala, bese imikhuba kaPetru, sadingeka e injabulo eliqonde kuye, futhi entabeni. Ngo-March 1705, i-beqala wayenamadodana amabili. Nokho, Catherine esizayo mina namanje waqhubeka ehlala endlini Menshikov Petersburg. Ngo 1705th iNdlovukazi esizayo ufakwe indlu kadadewabo wenkosi Natalia Alekseevna. Lapha washerwoman futhi bengafundile isiqala ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala. Ngokwemibiko ethile, ngalesi sikhathi esizayo Catherine mina okuhlanganisa ubuhlobo ngokwanele obuseduze Menshikov.

Kancane kancane, ubuhlobo nenkosi babeba eduze kakhulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa izincwadi zabo 1708. Lokho uPetru ayekucabanga kwakungeyona intombi eseceleni eziningi. Waze okuxoxwe nabo Catherine, kodwa yena wenza lokho akwenza hhayi isihlamba, ukuzama ukuzivumelanisa kwaneliswa nezifiso yenkosi sibekezelele ukuqhuma wakhe lwentukuthelo iba ingxenye. Wayengumngane eduze njalo ngesikhathi nokuquleka yakhe nabanesithuthwane, exoxa naye ngezindima zonke nezinkinga zokuphila ekamu futhi buthule kuphenduke unkosikazi langempela zenkosi. Futhi ngenkathi iqhaza ngqo ku ikhambi lwezindaba eminingi yezombangazwe mayelana Catherine esizayo ngizama ukwenza okuhle, kodwa inkosi yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-.

Kusukela 1709-th it is yonke indawo ephelezelwa uPetru, kuhlanganise ohambo. Phakathi nomkhankaso Prut ka 1711-th, lapho amabutho Russian sebephila, yonga umyeni hhayi kuphela wakhe esikhathini esizayo, kodwa futhi ibutho, enikeza vizier Turkish wonke amatshe ayigugu ukuze naye bamcela ukuba asayine kuthula.

umshado

Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-dolobha, ngolwamashumi amabili Februwari 1712, Peter noCatherine 1 1 washada. Kakade ozalwa ngesikhathi indodakazi yabo Anna, kamuva owaba umka UMbusi Holstein, no-Elizabeth - iNdlovukazi esizayo, lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka emithathu ezinhlanu, emshadweni wakhonza e-altare ohambisana izintokazi. Umshado zenzeka cishe ngasese indlwana encane, elalingelamaFilisti Prince Menshikov.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngathola Catherine egcekeni. Waqala ukwamukela amanxusa akwamanye amazwe futhi ukuhlangana namakhosi amaningi aseYurophu. Njengoba inkosikazi yenkosi wezinguquko, Ekaterina Velikaya - 1st Russian Empress - ekuqineni ukholo nokukhuthazela kwabo akuyona kunabayeni umyeni wakhe. Esikhathini kusuka 1704 st ukuze 1723rd wabeletha izingane nanye Nokho, uPetru, iningi layo lafela isakhasa. Ngakho sokukhulelwa njalo akazange kumvimbe ohambisana nomyeni wakhe e-lohambo lwakhe eziningi: ke bangaphila etendeni ubuthongo embhedeni kanzima, hhayi ukukhonona kancane.

Merit

Ngo 1713, Peter mina, owadumisa ukuziphatha esihloniphekile umkakhe ngesikhathi ukuhluleka kwentando Russian Prut umkhankaso, esungulwe Order of St Catherine. Yena uqobo izimpawu umyeni wakhe ngo-November 1714 th. It ekuqaleni ngokuthi i the Order of the Liberation futhi kwakuhloselwe kuphela noCatherine. On amaningi, uquketheni lowo unkosikazi ngesikhathi ill-fated Prut umkhankaso, uPetru ngakhumbula e Manifesto wakhe wokugcotshwa umkakhe ngoNovemba 1723rd. Abezinye Izizwe nge kakhudlwana kufanele kube konke kwenzekani kule enkantolo isiRashiya, ngazwilinye waphawula uthando lenkhosi iNdlovukazi. Futhi ngesikhathi umkhankaso Persian e 1722 Catherine ngisho waphucula ikhanda futhi naye waqala ukugqoka Grenadier cap. Wachitha nomyeni wakhe umbukiso amabutho, kusale ngqo impi.

Ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nantathu kukaDisemba 1721 ibhodi iSigele futhi esiGungwini of the Russian uMbusikazi uCatherine wavuma. Ikakhulukazi lapho ibekwa kwakhe ngo-May 1724 ngowokuqala eyalwa umqhele, okuyinto nge lisebukhazikhazini balo wawudlula umqhele wenkosi. Ehola ngomfazi uhlamvu koMbusi uPetru ngokwakhe wabeka.

portrait

Imibono lokho Ingaphandle kwaba Catherine, kuphikisana. Uma ugxila imvelo indoda yakhe, imibono wonke omuhle, kodwa owesifazane, nokuliphatha uphambene, babekholelwa iDemo wakhe, uqweqwe abamnyama. Ngempela, ukubukeka iNdlovukazi akazange enze esiningi umbono. Wayengavamile ukubheka wakhe ukuqaphela imvelaphi yakhe ongaphakeme. The dress babegqoka kwaba isitayela uyisidala, Unamekwe ngokuphelele sequins esiliva. It bekulokhu zone eyayikhona phambi lihlotshiswe efekethisiwe eyenziwe namatshe ayigugu umdwebo yasekuqaleni ngesimo ukhozi ezimbili engumondli. On indlovukazi babelokhu hung Order, imifanekiso emincane nedlanzana nezigqizo. Njengoba ehamba, yonke le nsada kwakhala.

irowu

Enye yamadodana abo? - UPetru, ngubani, ngemuva abdication owendlalifa zombusi ngingowokuqala Evdokia Lopukhina kuthathwa njengesibikezelo prestolonasledovatelem 1718 ezisemthethweni, 1719-m efile. Ngakho-ke inkosi kwaba wezinguquko kuphela umkakhe ukubona umlandeli wakhe esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa ekwindla ka 1724 iNdlovukazi Ekuqaleni, uPetru akazange esolwa ngokuba imbuka ngekhamera-ubusosha Mons. Wababulala zokugcina, futhi ababange besaba ukuxhumana umkakhe: akazange akhulume, futhi ukufinyelela kuyo akuvunyelwe. Passion abanye asebenzelana buhlungu kakhulu enkosini, ngentukuthelo yakhe yaklebhula intando lapho isihlalo sobukhosi lidlule kumkakhe.

Futhi uma ngesicelo obala indodakazi yakhe Elizabeth, uPetru wavumelana kwasemini Catherine - nowesifazane owayekhathazeke umngane wakhe nolimi futhi umsizi iminyaka egcwele amabili. Kwasekusithi ngenyanga ngaphambi kokufa kombusi. Ngo-January 1725 wesibili wagula. Catherine njalo kwaba ngaleso eliseceleni kombhede we nkosi befa. Ebusuku kusukela th 28 kuya 29 th uPetru washonela ezandleni zomkakhe.

Lokunyuka yesihlalo sobukhosi

Ngokwe-ukushonelwa umngane womshado, engakakhuli yisikhathi sokumemezela intando yakhe yokugcina, isinqumo umbuzo ngokulandelana phathelana waziphatha "Ephakeme ENkosini" - amalungu iSigele, esiGungwini, futhi ojenene, abase e esigodlweni wamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ka-January. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona amaqembu amabili. Omunye, ehlanganisa ukuhlala ku kakhulu phezulu amandla kuhulumeni uyabalahla basebukhosini kuphela, eholwa European elifundile Prince Dmitry Golitsyn. Emzamweni ukuze kukhawulwe autocracy, lona wamuva yafuna ukwakha phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi Peter mina - umzukulu ezincane Petra Velikogo. Mangisho ukuthi le angenele ukhetho we umntwana bemthanda zonke ekilasini Russian ahlukile, owayefuna ukuthola ngeshwa inzalo isikhulu umuntu Ungakwazi ukubuyisela amalungelo abo odlule.

ukunqoba

Iqembu lesibili lalilibi ohlangothini uCatherine. Ukuhlukaniswa sasingagwemeki. Ngosizo umngane zakhe esezinesikhathi eside zimkhonza Menshikov futhi Buturlina Yaguzhinskii futhi sithembele Labaqaphi, yena wanyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi njengoMbusi Catherine 1, phakathi nokubusa okuyinto Russia lutho ekhethekile engakaze kumakwe. Kwakumelwe ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Ngu isivumelwano Menshikov, Catherine akazange ezindabeni zikahulumeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili ngo-February 1726 Yanika ukulawula wokuqala Russian ezandleni Supreme azitshelwa Council.

Ezombusazwe kuleli zwe

umsebenzi State Catherine ngase kungagcini amaphepha ikakhulukazi nje ngemvume. Nakuba kufanele kusho ukuthi iNdlovukazi wayenesithakazelo ezindabeni ngoxhaxha Russian. Simelele ezweni empeleni obusa azitshelwa Council - umzimba wadala nje kokuba enyukele yakhe okwakufanele abe inkosi. Lalinama Menshikov, G. Golovkin, FM Apraksin, D. Golitsyn, P. futhi A. Osterman UTolstoy.
Catherine 1 wokubusa waqala neqiniso lokuthi izintela aye ancipha, futhi bathethelelwe iziboshwa eziningi futhi ababedingisiwe. Esokuqala kwaba ngenxa kwamanani nokwesaba imbangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu. Ezinye kabusha Catherine waqeda owodwa ubudala, ngiswa nguPitrosi 1. by Ngokwesibonelo, kakhulu ziyancipha indima iSigele uyekwa kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, lapho lashintshwa laba namandla umbusi, iKhomishini, okuhlanganisa ojenene futhi flagships. Ngokusho okuqukethwe kwalo kabusha, Catherine 1 babefanele banakekele ngcono amabutho Russian.

kwamaZwe

Futhi uma yangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 1 aphambuka kwesikhathi kaPetru, ezindabeni zamazwe ngamazwe wonke waqhubeka ngendlela efanayo njengoba iRussia asekelwe abakushoyo Duke uCharles Frederick, umkhwenyane ka iNdlovukazi noyise Petru 3, ukuze Schleswig. Denmark nase-Austria zibe zimbi kakhulu walala naye. Ngo 1726, izwe eseduze Vienna Union. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia iba e Courland ithonya kungemalengiso futsi wazama ukuthumela Menshikov njengoba umbusi Duchy, kodwa abendawo inkani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Catherine 1 inqubomgomo angaphandle umzalele izithelo. Russia, kokuba ezivuna izuzwe kusukela naseTurkey eCaucasus, wakwazi ukuba ulithathe esifundeni Shirvan.

isithombe zezombusazwe

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe Catherine inqubomgomo yangaphakathi 1 yayihloselwe ukuze kuboniswe wonke umuntu ukuthi sobukhosi kusezandleni ephephile futhi ukuthi izwe ubelokhu indlela ekhethiwe wezinguquko enkulu. I Ephakeme azitshelwa Council njalo zalwa umzabalazo munyu amandla. Kodwa bantu babemthanda iNdlovukazi. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 1 akufanele kumakwe yinoma yimuphi izinzuzo ekhethekile abantu abavamile.

phambi kwalo njalo Sasiminyene nezicelo ezahlukene. Wawangenisa, enika isipho, futhi kwabaningi waze waba ummeli wesifazane. Phakathi nokubusa ngomfazi Petra Velikogo yesibili wayephezu inhlangano Academy of Sciences. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdlovukazi amagobolondo phezu eKamchatka uhambo Bering.

Eyokuqala Russian Empress washona ngo-May 1727. Esikhundleni sakhe uqokwa engamahlongandlebe Petru 2 - umzukulu, kanye ibamba - Menshikov. Nokho, umzabalazo munyu amandla baqhubeka. Ngemva kokubusa Catherine 1, izazi-mlando zithi, ke kuye kwavula inkathi ende Russian esigodlweni linemibhikisho.