Ukuhlela ukwakheka Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: umsebenzi

Ekupheleni kuka-October 1812 izindaba komlilo esabekayo Kwagqashuka eMoscow emva entry ibutho sikaNapoleon, wafika Ryazan. Umqondo wokuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu izakhiwo eMoscow wabhubhisa kwakufaneleka ikakhulukazi babulawa ngoba omunye dolobha ababaleki, ngoba umakhi Kazakov usise zonke ithalente lakhe umhlobiso Pervoprestolnoj izakhiwo amahle isitayela zakudala "Gothic Russian".

Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-Russian Ngiqinisile

Yazalwa ngo-1738 e umndeni ababevela serfs, ukhushuliwe esicongweni abalulekile kwabefundisi. Ngokusebenzisa uquketheni Ubaba womklami wezakhiwo Matvei Kazakov ngo-1751 ungeniswe esikoleni wezakhiwo odumile Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), eyakha eziningi izakhiwo ngenkathi Queen Elizabeth. Ngaphezu ezinhle art esikoleni Kazakov atholwe ezisebenzisekayo enhlanganweni yokwakha, ukukhetha ngezinto zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe. Yaba izinga lakhe litshwayo.

imidwebo olunembile Esilula, sibalo unethemba olubunjiwe izingxenye - kwaba esivela enkosini kusukela esemncane. yekhono laKhe ingcaca wayekwenza ku ezinhle kunazo amagugu yezakhiwo esidlule, ukutadisha oda yamaGreki asendulo. Kazakov wezakhiwo baba umsekeli okuqina i ukunakekela imininingwane organic isitayela classic.

I ucwaningo lokuqala

Entwasahlobo ka-1763 umlilo esabekayo wabhubhisa Tver. Ayokwakha kabusha umuzi Wayala umfundi Ukhtomskogo uPetru Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - umakhi kuhlanganisiwe Nikitin ethimbeni yakhe, esebenza kwenye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu - ekhaya ikhanda ibandla Tver. Catherine yena baziswa II yabuyisela ecebeni esisha edolobheni, ebiza yesibili Tver ubuhle (ngemva Petersburg) eRussia.

endlini sombhishobhi, eyaba esigodlweni, lapho kumisiwe Catherine ngesikhathi efika dolobha elalisanda kabusha, wenza igama edume wezakhiwo, futhi umakhi Kazakov yaqala ukuthola ikhomishini yangasese kusuka ngisho nabantu abacebe futhi elikhazimulayo kakhulu abantu Russian. Ngakho, ngenxa Naschokina PF bakha Manor omangalisayo Rye Semyonovskoe ku emfuleni Nara, ngesikhathi Serpukhov.

Kazakov futhi Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - umakhi omkhulu Russian, owayenguyise efanayo yobudala Kazakova. Ngesikhathi somhlangano yabo kakade Bazhenov isidlulile esikoleni bokwakha European emva Academy of Fine Arts, ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka engaphezudlwana abaningi eFrance nase-Italy. Wenza model of St. Peter eRoma nemipheme. Louvre e Paris, efuna ulwazi nokuhlakanipha eenkhulwini eziholayo classicism French: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques Zhermena Sufflo nabanye.

Ngokungafani Bazhenova Kazakov angizange ngimshiye eRussia, ngakho zama ukuze ungeze isipiliyoni sakhe esiwusizo futhi Bazhenov umqondo bokwakha njengoba art okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukuze uvule ubuhle entsha imiqulu inhlanganisela, izinqumo zokuhlela, ku intuthuko lokubhalela. Imisebenzi Mathewu Fedorovich bathandile Bazhenov, futhi wammema ukuba nokubambisana phezu oda ezinkulu etholakele iNdlovukazi yena.

"I ezibiyele uhambo"

Ekaterina Velikaya elalinayo eMoscow imizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Too enkulu umehluko phakathi Petersburg - inhlokodolobha omangalisayo-Europe - futhi Sobukhosi Okokuqala, lapho eseneminyaka asicekeleki WaseByzantium, umoya Asian, okwakungathi wakhe samuntu the Kremlin. Kukulo muzi lapho yena wayefuna ukuqala Europeanization eMoscow, emnike umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa kabusha enkabeni yedolobha Bazhenov.

Iphrojekthi ambitious, uhlongoza "uhambo ukuze kwakhiwe le ezibiyele Palace", ngisho iNdlovukazi kwakubonakala olukhulu kakhulu. Bazhenov ezihlongozwayo ukuthi lowo muntu adilize esakhiweni esidala futhi ukwakha omkhulu multi-storey esigodlweni, zibheke mbumbulu ngokubabazekayo emfuleni, kodwa ngokuya ukwakha ukuvala iziqondiso eyinhloko ezitaladini osabalalayo eMoscow.

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, lapho umsebenzi usuphelile, wenza imodeli omkhulu Grand ezibiyele Palace. Ngisho nokubeka emisiwe isakhiwo esisha futhi wabhidliza ingxenye odongeni, kodwa ke abazange bawuthole. Catherine wasiyeka iphrojekthi, kwenza eMoscow ezisengozini yobukhulu enhlokodolobha enyakatho zabuzwa nezindleko cwe. Ngemva kwalokho wamiswa njengomholi ka-ukuvuselelwa ezibiyele, MF Cossacks (wezakhiwo nomsebenzi omkhulu izandla-on isipiliyoni kuka Bazhenov) ukubuyisela ingxenye batshabalalisa odongeni, futhi eyakhelwe ukulungele ukuqala ukwakhiwa indawo isakhiwo esisha uhulumeni - iSigele. Kodwa okokuqala, uye waqhubeka ukusebenza ne Bazhenov.

Ukuzalwa "Gothic Russian"

Ngo 1775, ngomyalo wabaholi Catherine e Moscow labetibambile celebration ngesikhathi lo wadla eCrimea nesokuphela kwalesi Kuchuk Kainarji ne abaseTurkey. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngezinye Khodynka kwakhiwa emadokodweni yesikhashana lokhuni esibonisa edolobheni Turkish. Ukwenza lo msebenzi waphathiswa the "ezibiyele uhambo" eliholwa Bazhenov, umlekeleli eduze okuyinto futhi kwaba umakhi Kazakov.

Ngenxa yalokho, uxhumano izakhi Oriental yinqaba futhi ngezabelo zakudala ozalwa zemikhosi, ngamabomu waseshashalazini, isitayela zokuhlobisa, okuthiwa mbumbulu noma "Gothic Russian". Wabathanda kakhulu lab 'uMbusikazi uCatherine, futhi lo dade wacela phinde it in a impahla okuhlala isikhathi eside, ukwakha eduze Khodynka Field Road Palace, edinga ukuba baphumule ngemva kohambo olude kusukela Northern Capital. Phatha iphrojekthi waqokwa Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace isibe omunye iziqongo "Gothic Russian" ngokwenza ekuholeni wezakhiwo Russian Kazakov.

ISigele isakhiwo ezibiyele

Lapho kwakukhona isidingo isakhiwo esikhulu yomphakathi, yebo, ukuthi design yaso yasinamathela M. F.Kazakov eMoscow - wamapulani iyona zenith odumo ithalente esemusha. Futhi bakha ntathu ngokuya isakhiwo iSigele kwaba nenani elisha eliphakeme ikhono lakhe lokusungula.

uhlelo Kazakov BakaJehova babengenayo ngempela izinga Elikhulu Palace Bazhenov, kodwa akusizi ukuba nesifundo sakhe izinga, ukuphelela izixazululo inani izingxenye. I Dome ngaphezu ihholo, lapho bekumele ubambe imihlangano kahulumeni, kuthinta ubukhulu nasekubulaleni lobuchwepheshe. Ukunika lonke iSigele kuya solemnity nobukhosi, isesihlalweni Red Square, kuyasiza ngokuvumelanayo silingane zakudala isakhiwo zomphakathi sikwele main Ensemble futhi emhlabeni enkabeni yedolobha.

Epic e Tsaritsyno

Lesi sigodlo futhi epaki Ensemble, ngokuthi "Tsarina" yayakhiwe umhlaba walithengisisa kuCatherine e 1775. Wayezoba into yokuqala enjalo engaphandle Petersburg. Le phrojekthi eyalwa Bazhenov kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe isitayela fantasy, ngokuthi mbumbulu noma "Gothic Russian" futhi Bazhenov ngokuthi 'soft' Gothic.

Ukuze le phrojekthi umakhi wathatha nazo zonke nentshiseko, iminyaka eyishumi kwenziwa ekwakheni isakhiwo, kodwa ukuze ngiphothule ukwakhiwa yayo futhi kwadingeka Kazakov. Phakathi kwezimbangela lolaka bobukhosi, okuyinto hit Bazhenov emva kokuvakashela Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, ngokuthi umakhi okuqondene "namaFreemason" - Empress nazibona Umsebenzi Wamatshe amandla ukwazi esebeka indodana yakhe - Paul I. Kunezinye imicabango yabantu, liyini iqiniso - akunakwenzeka ukwazi kodwa kokuphothula umsebenzi izigodlo nezingadi imvelo yabo M. Kazakov. Umakhi wazama aphathe ngokucophelela umngane futhi umeluleki, kusale abephule ezinye izakhiwo Bazhenov. Suburban eMoscow yokuhlala we tsars Russian Tsaritsyno wafa, kodwa savuka ifomu yesimanje, it is a ethandwa iholidi futhi omunye izinto eMoscow.

Ubuciko "dopozharnoy" eMoscow

Kusukela ngeminyaka yoma sekwedlule nesishiyagalombili wezakhiwo ekhulwini Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich sizitholela lokho namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi umakhi induna eMoscow. Phakathi izakhiwo zalo izindawo eziningi yokukhulekela, presences izakhiwo kanye izigodi yangasese. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe elahlekile ngomlilo ayehlasela kaNapoleon, abanye zakhiwa kabusha, kodwa ezinye izibonelo ezivelele yomsebenzi wakhe bahlonishwe namuhla.

"Gothic Russian" kwaba bethanda amakhasimende abacebile yasebukhosini, Kazakov, ikakhulukazi elakhiwa ethandwa isitayela zakudala. Lena iSonto Metropolitan uPhilip Meshchansky Sloboda. Kuyinto inhlanganisela ezithakazelisayo isethwe ku nomunye round ngokuya ivolumu kanye high umhlobiso stucco, okuyinto ithalente ebonakalayo ikakhulukazi Kazakova-umdwebi.

Wonderful wobuciko - Church of Cosmas futhi Damian ku Maroseyka - zihlukaniswa inhlanganisela evelele amavolumu lwalugobile nisondele cishe zanamuhla minimalist e lokubhalela. Ngaphezu inqwaba izigodlo, amasonto, izindlu zangasese, izakhiwo esikoleni, wakha izibhedlela ezintathu, ngamunye okuyinto eyaba umhlobiso eMoscow.

Isikhungo okukhethekile eMoscow Kazakov - kwakhiwe Noble OMhlangano - Indlu Unions. Mbumbulu e isikhathi eside ukuba kabusha, kodwa Interiors izikhathi eziningana (suite, futhi into esemqoka - eHholo Ikholomu) anomqondo umakhi ngefomu cishe yasekuqaleni. Inani elikhulu, okuyinto angazamukela abantu 5000, iyamangalisa, e obunobunye classically.

UMdali eMoscow XVIII leminyaka

Ngaphezu kwezinye izakhiwo igalelo umakhi eyaziwa - ibanga okhazimulayo amakhosi, uthisha owayeneminyaka umakhi Kazakov. Imisebenzi I. V Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman zifuniwe ngokuba nokululama kwayo eMoscow, ngesikhathi esifanayo ewusizo omunye umsebenzi albhamu Kazakova 13 izinhlelo, awalethe nezigaba izakhiwo eziphawuleka kakhulu eMoscow .

Washona, asikwazanga athwale ukucabanga ngokufa nomuzi othandekayo, kodwa ithalente kumnandi futhi umsebenzi onzima Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov ayikwazanga elahlekile benganakwa, kanye Renaissance eMoscow namanje igcina imemori lwabakhi okukhulu.