Ukunemba futhi uhla ukufakwa umlilo "Grad". Volley "Grad": engaba ekubhujisweni, TTX, amagobolondo

Omunye Amatshwayo izingxabano zendawo, ngemva Blaze ezindaweni eziningi kokuwa kweSoviet Union, ngaphambili ingxenye yayo, kwaba ukufakwa "Grad". Izithombe missile kanye wezikhali izinhlelo, ishicilelwe emaphephandabeni futhi emakhasini izincwadi internet, bavame ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuba khona wezempi Russian, noma i-imidwebo engokomfanekiso yabambana ngezihluthu. Kunoma yikuphi, uma usebenzisa BM-21, ayanele. Ukuphumelela kule isikhali kuphezulu kakhulu.

"Katyusha" futhi NWB ukuthuthukiswa

Ezweni lethu Salvo ukufakwa uvele ngaphambi kwe-e lonke izwe. Jet Research Institute uye enelungelo lobunikazi bawo kubasekeli uhlelo isiqalisi, ukudubula imicibisholo, ngo-1938. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi ekuthuthukiseni MRL kwenziwa e-USSR cishe njalo, kokuthola ukuthuthukiswa ekhethekile ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. "Katyusha" - lo Guards edume izigqulo - elwa compounds Echelon regimental, kodwa amandla abo isiteleka ingafaniswa izigaba. Isimiso Volley, ngokungafani kuya kweminsalo owodwa kokudubula, uye zimpande ibutho ngesizathu silula. Kusukela namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni kuya maphakathi no-zamashumi amahlanu rocket kodwa kwanhlanga nengaphethwe, eshukunyiswa ezivamile trajectory ballistic nokunemba ukushaya phansi kunabaphostoli wezikhali izikhali. Ezinganele fuel ukusha ngokulinganayo ishayela iyehla iyenyuka iphutha, okuholela ezinkulu amagugu ukuhlakazwa. Iwukudambisa lokhu kusimo ayengakwenza kuphela ukusebenzisa omkhulu, ngenxa ukuthi hit endaweni nazo zonke elikuzo ngaleso sikhathi kwaba. SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili laba ukushayisana esiningi Manpower kanye nemishini. Nakubukwa yazuza 1939 kuya ku-1945, kwathiwa washayelwa nomqondo amaningi kwethulwa rocket izinhlelo kukhiqizwa kwalokho e-USSR. Yashaya inkulumo yakhe phathelana BM (elwa imoto), ukuba malovyrazitelnoe Inkomba "21", isethwe "Grad". ukuhlaselwa ezahlukene isibe olukhudlwana, kuqhathaniswa namanzi "Katyusha", firepower liye landa izikhathi eziningi phezu.

uhlelo langaphambilini

Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni umbono Salvo ukuhlaselwa rocket, kanye ngokujwayelekile rocket ubuchwepheshe, iSoviet kobuholi ezempi ziphathwe ezinye izinsolo. Enomthelela evamile ibutho conservatism kuhlanganiswe siqiniseka izinhlobo kungase kutholakale izikhali. Nokho, abashisekeli abaningi uhlobo olusha izinhlamvu olwakwazi ukuphula ekumelaneni nomdlavuza futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo ukwahlukana German "Katyusha" wathatha isikhundla labadubuli, okwenza kwababusi bahlaseli babedidekile futhi bethukile. Isicelo ngempumelelo NWB ekulweni e-Europe sabe-Asia (ngokumelene Kwantung Ukubuthelela amasosha Japanese) Ekugcineni waqinisa ubuholi uStalin ngo ecabanga ngesidingo ukuqhubeka lo mkhakha ubuchwepheshe lempi. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-50s onobuhle ezintsha ezakhiwa futhi bayamukele. BM-14 kwaba-MS 140 mm ubukhulu kanye endaweni Okuqondiwe kungenzeka hit amabanga eziyishumi. BM-24 shot nakakhulu, 16 800 m. Kwakubonakala sengathi lutho neliphelele ngokwengeziwe ukwakha kanzima, ikakhulu uma ucabangela ukuthi wezikhali legatsha jikelele kunalokho olandelanayo nge isizinda lobuchwepheshe, akancikile intuthuko yesayensi, ezifana zezindiza noma lasolwandle. Izibhamu howitzers asetshenziselwa emashumini ngaphandle othola izinguquko ezihlelekile, futhi akusimangazi ubani. Noma kunjalo, ngokubona umklami okukhulu AN Gonicheva, ungase namanje ukwenza okuningi. Ngo-May 1960 kwaba lowo wathola ezibalulekile umsebenzi kahulumeni. TTX ukufaka "Grad", ukudalwa okuyinto wabelwa, kwadingeka thina kakhulu idlule kwemigomo BM-14 futhi BM-24, base bekhona kakade enkonzweni.

Imisebenzi futhi azihlanganisa

Lutho design entsha evula ekuqaleni abazange ohlela ukusisebenzisa. Izimiso jikelele ngokuvamile kwakhiwa. Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi projectile kuyinto fuel okuqinile, is nje isuke ibangelwa isicelo mass kwezinhloko zamaviyo netimphawu izimo isitoreji emafektri kanye front line esimweni empini. Isikhali Ukunemba kokufaka "Grad" zingathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa komzila ibe yinde kakhulu uvalwe eshiwo Vector ukunyakaza phakathi ekuqaleni-up bese indiza yokuqala. Torque uwanika projectile efanayo ukuze kuncishiswe kusakazeka kwenzeka hhayi kuphela sibonga stabilizers ngokufanele engela ulayini indiza, kodwa ngenxa ekhethekile Umhlahlandlela-anemifantu, ahlukaniswe umgqomo, njengoba nje ukusebenza wezikhali izibhamu. Nge nezinye izinto ezingaba ona imingcele kokudubula, kufanele alwe, hhayi kuphela amabutho ikhanda lenhlangano design, kodwa futhi ababasebenzisayo. PU wadala SKB-203, i-fuel cell waphendula SRI № 6 futhi sezikhali lakhiwa GSKB-47. Igama elithi "ibhokisi leposi", futhi namuhla bambalwa abantu ngento wathi, bese ngo-1960, futhi uzuze ngokwengeziwe. Zonke kwezikhali sidalwe ekusithekeni, kuhlanganisa ukufakwa "Grad". Photo prototypes zigcinwe kumafolda ekhethekile amanqe esiqinile. Zonke izisebenzi ehilelekile ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane NWB entsha, wanika elihambisana okubhaliselwe sivumelwano inyatheliswe. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, akekho noyedwa abasebenzi bezinhlangano ukuzivikela ayikwazanga phesheya, ngisho emazweni sezenhlalo.

ukuhlolwa

Ekupheleni 1961 wayesekulungele ukuhlola kwangaphambi ukufakwa lokuqala volley umlilo "Grad", bese enye. Main Missile kanye wezikhali Directorate of the Army aseSoviet entwasahlobo ka kuphekwe landfill endaweni (Leningrad esifundeni) ukuze kuhlelwe kwethulwa 650 rocket waqhubeka egijima ukuhlolwa ubude umzila amakhilomitha 10,000. Akwaziwa ukuthi ngabe iphutha ibilokhu washesha, kodwa inani ububanzi chassis iphuka, wakwazi ukudlula km 3300 kuphela, ngemva kwalokho uzimele eziphukile. I chassis kwakumelwe avuselelwe, kodwa kwacaca ukuthi, inkinga kwakungekona okungahleliwe, kodwa sasingababonayo amandla omzimba. Ngaphansi kwethonya imithwalo ashukumisayo wagoba amabhuloho amabili kanye umphini okuyiphutha. Nokho, loko ncisheka cha nqanda amukelwa umphakathi. Imibandela test, ngokweqile ukugijima ibanga sase sibekiwe. Faka "Grad" kusukela ngo-1964 kwafika amayunithi ezempi.

nokukhomba indlela

Yiqiniso, le ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi simiso volley umlilo kwakunemifanekiso, kuqinisekiswa test labadubuli, kunokuba ukushayela ukusebenza. Kusuka eMoscow kuya Vladivostok, le NWB ngaphansi kwamandla ayo ukushayela akekho owabekwa uzosikhulula, kukhona Nokho kukhona nezinye izindlela, futhi elingenazinkinga run amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu wakhuluma ngobuciko ngalokho chassis, ngokuvamile, zenziwa akukubi kangako, futhi isidingo kwezinye okhulisa. Iyunithi eyinhloko umshini iyona warhead ehlanganisa amane (10 ngesibalo), amashubhu Gaydi, 3 imitha eside futhi nge ububanzi sangaphakathi 122,4 mm. Labadubuli range setting "Grad" incike ukuthambekela isiqu iyunithi ngemva kwendiza ovundlile, i-engeli okuyinto ichazwa idivayisi ephakamisa. Lendawo itholakala maphakathi base futhi isimiso yayo kuyinto gearbox mechanical, ehlanganisa amabhangqa amabili kinematic: umgodi gear kanye isondo igiya ekuqondiseni futhi isihlava igiya, nge okuyinto kudala ekuphakameni oyifunayo. Beqhutshwa indlela isiqondiso ngezinceku le actuator noma ngesandla.

yokukhiqiza ezintsha

TTX lokulinganisa "Grad" ngokuqondile ahlobene izici yezikhali ezicitshwayo abasebenza ngazo kulo Kuphendula.

I munition esiyinhloko MB kuhlelwe missile 21 ephezulu alufakwa 9M22. ukukhiqizwa yayo waphathiswa inombolo isitshalo 176, okuyinto ngo-1964 kwaba ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu eziyinkulungwane 10. Nokho, umsebenzi, inkampani kuhlulekile, nobunzima ezingalindelekile futhi nobunzima esingalindelekile. Phakathi ikota yokuqala isitshalo ephethwe ukukhulula 650 ejikijelwayo 350 sezikhali ngabo. Qondanisa ukwephulwa isheduli wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona i emisha okudinga isikhathi ukuba kusebenze, kodwa ubuchwepheshe ngcono esikhathini esizayo. Ngesikhathi ukuphikelela ka Umklami Jikelele Alexander Ganicheva laqanjwa indlela yokukhiqiza housings bafaniswe hood ishidi steel, elifana nalelo elisetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa wezikhali amagobolondo. Ngaphambili, rocket ukuthi uthathe osabalalayo machined kusukela amalunga okuqinile, okwaholela ukusetshenziswa eliphezulu zensimbi ezingadingekile zabasebenzi. Enye indlela ezintsha siye sasetshenziswa indlela nokubopha ukusonga projectile stabilizers okuyinto Kuphendula ukubeka "Grad". 9M22 kuhlasela lebanga kancane ephakeme kunaleyo km 20. Khawulela ibanga akuzona elilungile ngokuya ukunemba. Ukwanda amaphuzu okwedlulele esiphezulu. Eqinisweni, okungenani labadubuli uhla ukufaka "Grad", misa 5 km, kunemibandela, umlilo kungenzeka futhi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha eyodwa nengxenye, kodwa nengozi enkulu sicela ungahambi lapho ufuna, ukuthi namandla amakhulu okubhubhisa izikhali kungabangela nemiphumela ebuhlungu kakhulu.

"Usawoti" ubuchwepheshe buyafaneleka. missile izindlu sekulula ngempela. Balulaza ukukhiqizwa, kodwa lokho kwenzeka impumelelo enkulu. uhla ukufakwa umlilo "Grad" liye lenyuka kakhulu. Ngesikhathi projectile efanayo mass-umkhathizwe wayengasizwa hit ilitshe.

rocket kwethulwa

Emlandweni izingxabano wendawo iziqephu iphutha ngenkathi amagobolondo senzelwe MB-21, abangu agijime slate amashidi isethwe kwezitini ukungadluliseli-engeli oyifunayo. Kulezi zimo, yebo, ukunemba ukushaya kwaba ongaphakeme. izindlela Asizayo ungayithola enye by isitshalo "Grad". Izithombe Middle Eastern amaphekula izama umonakalo kolunye uhlangothi usebenzisa amadivaysi ngokurhaba zenzelwe ngokuyinhloko ukunikeza becindezelwa ngokwengqondo.

9M22 missile ukala 66 kg nge ubude 2870 mm. Ukulwa gumbi has a isisindo 18.4 kg futhi iqukethe 6.4 kg TNT. Ukuqala kwenzeka lapho kagesi ishayela ukuthungela fuse. I-fuel okuqinile yakhiwa izingcezu ezimbili isisindo ingqikithi 20.4 kg. Ngokuqeda inhloko yabangamashumi fuse inikeza MRI (MRI-U), okuyinto kuba cocked ngokuzenzakalela ngemuva Ukuhamba rocket at 200-400 amamitha. Wemigqomo amahlamvu projectile, kokuba ijubane 50 m / c, bese ngesivinini 700 m / s. Labadubuli range setting "Grad" kungenziwa eyayenziwe kungagcini esebenzisa ukubopha izindandatho (abakhulu noma abancane). Ngo-1963, NII-147 ochwepheshe baye wadala kwehlukana projectile chemical okufana, esikhethiweyo "Ichibi" (9M23), okuyinto ine ukusebenza izici ezifanayo njengoba 9M22.

Ngiphakathi nendawo 9M22 futhi "Leica"

Izivivinyo baye babonisa ukuthi anamandla kangakanani liyisikhali ukufakwa "Grad". Lesion endaweni Salvo egcwele 1,050 sq. m lapho ehlaselwa Manpower, futhi 840 sq. m ngoba izimoto zempi.

ukuqhubeka ihadiwe ye fuze projectile wathinta. "Ichibi" kungenziwa ifakwe nabo embodiments ezimbili (mechanical radar). Noma yimuphi ordnance okusezingeni eliphezulu alufakwa kuba ngempumelelo kakhulu uma kwenziwa phansi ukuphakama elikhulu, kuhlanganise projectile ukuthi Kuphendula ukufaka "Grad". Lesion endaweni izingcezwana namakhemikhali ayingozi phezu Ukusungula amamitha-30 kusukela inyuka ebusweni ngqo, Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-radar fuze kunciphisa ibanga esiphezulu 1600 amamitha.

Imihlobo ehlukeneko ezakhiwe "Castle"

Ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa BM-21 ababesebenza njalo ukuthuthukisa ezikhona futhi udale izinhlamvu entsha (ekhethekile). Abakwazi ukhokhiswe iyiphi isethaphu "Grad". 3M16 ikhasethi Amagobolondo ikhanda ingxenye 9M42 ukukhanya ngaphakathi umzuzu endaweni isigamu ngaphakathi 500 m kusuka nsuku zonke ukukhanya 9M28K uyahlakaza Landmines (3 ngamunye), self-liquidating amahora 16-24. RS 9M519 ukudala ukuphazamiseka wendawo esimeme.

BM-21 ikakhulukazi isebenzisa Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe elula unguided, kodwa kunezinhlobo ekhethekile nezinhlamvu, ezifana 9M217 ifakwe idivayisi samopritselivaniya okugcinwa ezuziwe ukulwa ngezinqola zempi.

Wadala futhi intuthu-imvamisa izithiyo, anda izinhlamvu umthamo, nezinye lezimanga eziningi ezingajabulisi esibhekana nazo ngoba isitha, okungenzeka kube icala ukufakwa "Grad". Irediyasi nolokubhujiswa isiba abulala nakakhulu amandla ukwanda, ukunemba kuyathuthuka.

Ithuthukele BM-21

uhlelo Ngakho ephelele nokunokwethenjelwa esetshenziswa amabutho emazweni amaningi, futhi uye baqashelwa jikelele kalula yesondlo futhi waba nokwethenjelwa, naphezu engu umxhwele, ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Ngezikhathi isikhathi izici zayo ayathuthuka ngenxa yentuthuko yamuva zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ulwazi.

Ngo-1998 yazenzela sesimanje ezijulile zalesi sihlahla "Grad" luye lwaboniswa Orenburg. Izithombe namavidyo walo mshini, lesi sikhathi ecashele umphakathi futhi ziye enyatheliswa zonke ehola iziteshi Imininingwane izindaba. Ngokungafani imodeli eyisisekelo khona esiteshini ukulawula umlilo, ngokuthi "Skit-B2", wadala ngesisekelo ikhompyutha ngesivinini "Baget-41." Isakhiwo sihlanganisa ukulawula umlilo uhlelo meteosystems, navigation determinant entsha anekhodi zokuxhumana apharathasi ezisebenza automatic ukushintshanisa kwe-data imodi. Ngemishini ububanzi isethaphu "Grad" labadubuli kabili (ukuze 40 km). nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe ezicitshwayo ballistic, nge stabilizers amasha ukuqondanisa neliphelele kunalelo. entsha fuel uqweqwe e inqubo yentuthuko.

Phakathi ukusebenza ukukhomba izindlela ezintsha nesimanje, ukuze kakhulu ukunciphisa isikhathi ukulayisha kanye nezinye izici ukusebenza "Grad". Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kukhona izinto esiyinhlanganisela, ukusetshenziswa ezingasetshenziswa ukwandisa degree of technology esilayidi ukuba radar kanye nokwenza kube lula ukwakhiwa. Cishe, esikhathini esiseduze ukufakwa ikusasa volley umlilo "Grad", esikhundleni imiphongolo ijabulise ukukhiqiza polymer esigcwele candy ibha ukuthi ngabe ukunciphisa isikhathi ashona imizuzu emi-5.

Szu olwesimanje kanye izinhlelo zakamuva "Prima" esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uzothola Russian Armed Forces. Kukhona izindlela zokuzivikela ukufakwa hhayi kuphela imoto amapulatifomu, kodwa futhi kwezinye imikhumbi. Salvo ukubeka "Grad" ingaphinda isetshenziswe njengendlela yokuvikela isici ogwini elisekela.