Ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane kuseli

Amagciwane Amancane yizifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-virus. Ziyakwazi izimuncagazi intracellular.

ukusabalala amagciwane

Zonke edume kakhulu emhlabeni zibangelwa ukutheleleka nge lezi ezidala. Bayakwazi ezithinta zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise lenyama. Cishe u-80% azo zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo ezithinta umuntu, ubangwa amagciwane. Kunamaqembu ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-10 ukuthi kukhona pathogenic ngoba umzimba.

Kodwa hhayi amagciwane angaba yingozi kakhulu ukuba inkosi yayo. Uma kungenjalo, kungaholela ukunyamalala okuphelele umzimba donor, futhi ngenxa yalokho, uyobhujiswa kanye ejenti causative izifo. Kodwa hhayi amagciwane ayinamandla futhi kungaba. Uma amasosha omzimba futhi uyokwakha ngokushesha umzimba aphethe, bayohlala usekhona njengoba oluthile lwento ephilayo. Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi alawa magciwane abe aphethe elilodwa ngaphakathi bahlala kuliphi izwe, hhayi ekuletheni izinkinga zakamuva, futhi imiphumela pathogenic ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ku nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.

Banda ngu ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ekuqaleni kudlalwa yabo acid nucleic namaprotheni. Futhi ngalesosikhathi qamba izingxenye bephethe amagciwane.

Amafomu nezindlela ukutheleleka virions

Ngaphambi siqonda indlela igciwane ukufanisana kwenzeka kuseli, kubalulekile ukuba baqonde indlela lalezi zinhlobo ukuna. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izifo ukuthi chithi kuphela abantu. Lezi zihlanganisa, isimungumungwana, i-herpes, futhi Umkhuhlane kancane. Basuke yadluliselwa contact noma nge amaconsi sisemoyeni.

Enteroviruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses Ungafaka emzimbeni ngokudla. Elinegciwane, isib, HPV kungaba ukuthintana ngqo nomuntu (kokubili ezifuywayo ocansini). Kodwa zikhona ezinye izindlela ukutheleleka. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo rhabdovirus kungenziwa izinkontileka ngokusebenzisa yisilwane izinambuzane igazi-abancela.

Ihlangana futhi umzila parenteral ukutheleleka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo B igciwane Ungafaka emzimbeni izinqubo zokuhlinza, izinqubo zamazinyo, ukumpontshelwa igazi, pedicure noma manicure.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana ukudluliswa mpo izifo. Kulokhu, ukugula kamama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa-fetus kuthintwa.

incazelo igciwane

Kwaphela isikhathi eside mayelana causative ejenti izifo eziningi yahlulelwe kuphela ngesisekelo nemiphumela pathogenic emzimbeni. Bheka lezi ososayensi Amagciwane waphenduka kuphela uma microscope electron yasungulwa. Sabe sesithola ukuthi kanjani ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane.

La magciwane ezingalingani ngobukhulu. Ezinye zazo zifana ngobukhulu ukuze igciwane elincane. Emincane kakhulu eduze ngosayizi ukuba amangqamuzana amaprotheni. Ukuze nesilinganiso zabo besebenzisa ukubaluleka okunemibandela - nanometer, okuyingxenye lingana kuze fike sesigidi we milimitha. Kungenzeka kusuka 20 kuya nanometer angamakhulu amaningana. Ngokubukeka, afane izinduku, amabhola, cubes, imicu, polyhedra.

Ukwakheka nezilwanyana ezincane

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane kwenzeka kumaseli, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukwakheka yabo. Simple Amagciwane aqukethe acid nucleic namaprotheni. Kulokhu-ke ingxenye yokuqala esiphathiswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Zakhiwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela nucleic acid - okungase DNA noma RNA. Lokhu umahluko futhi isekelwe ngezigaba zabo.

Uma amagciwane yizici intracellular kohlelo eziphilayo, kuba kubo, zingabantu inert nukleproteinami ngokuthi virions. ingxenye yabo saziso ngamaphrotheni. Kodwa kuhlukile yezinhlobo ezahlukene amagciwane. Ngenxa yalokhu abakwazi ukubona ngosizo izimpendulo eziqondile mzimba.

Ososayensi baye bathola amagciwane elula hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi umzimba. Ukwakheka yabo kungase kuhlanganise lipids, ama-carbohydrate. Ngamunye iqembu amagciwane has a Ukwakheka esiyingqayizivele kwamafutha, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, acid nucleic. Abanye babo baye ngisho enzyme.

Ukuqala inqubo yokuzala

Amagciwane abhekwa izimuncagazi ngokuphelele. Abakwazi ukusinda uma bengenayo abangele ingozi. Isenzo sabo sokugembula kusekelwe yokuthi, by zizalela, zibulala emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa zitholakala.

Siyaqonda ukuthi le nqubo kungaba, uma sicabanga ngokuningiliziwe indlela lesi silwanyana singena cell, nokuthi kwenzeka ngemva kwalokhu. Virions ungase ucabange nezinhlayiya ehlanganisa DNA (noma i-RNA) ebiyelwe emgodleni amaprotheni. Virus ukukhiqizwa kabusha iqala kuphela emva lesi silwanyana unamathele odongeni cell, alo -plasma ulwelwesi. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi virion ngalinye lingafundwa enamathiselwe ezithile amaseli, ezithinta receptor ethize kuphela. Kokunye yezinyoni angazamukela amakhulu igciwane izinhlayiya.

Ngemva kwalokho, le nqubo kuqala viropeksisa. Iseli ngokwayo ukudansela isiginci sakhe virions owangaphakathi adherent. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kuqala "bula" igciwane. Nge iseli nazo zazihlanganisa enzyme eziyinkimbinkimbi encibilikayo amaprotheni elingenamikhono le igciwane kanye ezikhishwe nucleic acid. Kuyinto eziteshini cell yenzeka enkabeni yalo noma uhlala cytoplasm. Acid akabangeli nje kuphela ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane, kodwa futhi ngoba izici wezulu. umzimba siqu kumaseli is bebengaphuzile, wonke amabutho zathumela ukudala izingxenye ezintsha igciwane.

inqubo ukwakheka

A nucleic acid igciwane luhlanganisa ku-DNA yengqamuzana. Ngaphakathi sebeqala ukwakha amakhophi amaningi ka-DNA viral (RNA), kwenziwa ngosizo polymerases. Ezinye izinhlayiya elalisanda kumiswa abophezele ribosomes ibid sihamba zamagama amaprotheni entsha ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Kanye inombolo ezanele izingxenye viral ziye zanqwabelana, inqubo Ukwakheka uzoqala. Sidlule eduze izindonga cell. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi imibuso eyakha lo virions entsha ziqoqwa. Futhi sihamba ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane.

Njengengxenye virions elalisanda kumiswa kungathola izinhlayiya amangqamuzana ababehlezi kuyo. Ngokuvamile inqubo kumiswa yabo iphela yokuthi basuke owembozwe ungqimba cell ulwelwesi.

zizalela Ukugcwaliswa

Lapho nje inqubo Ukwakheka, amagciwane ushiye umnikazi wazo wangempela. Kwakheka amahlamvu inzalo futhi iqala ukuthelela amaseli amasha. igciwane ukubuyabuyelela senzeka ngqo kumaseli. Kodwa ekugcineni basuke phansi ngokuphelele noma ingxenye lilimele.

Zokuthelela amangqamuzana amasha, amagciwane sebeqala nivame kuwo. ukukhiqizwa kabusha umjikelezo iyaphindwa. Indlela izokwakhiwa nge inqubo ngokufaka virions, kuncike iqembu amagciwane lapho iphathelene. Ngokwesibonelo, enteroviruses zinezikhathi yokuthi basuke ngokushesha adedelwa imvelo. Kodwa-herpes ejenti, reoviruses, orthomyxoviruses hamba njengoba ukukhula. Ngaphambi ushona, bangase baqhubeke nje yonke imijikelezo eziningana ukuveza okunjalo. Kulokhu, amaseli selinciphile imithombo.

izifo

Lokusakaza lamagciwane kwezinye izimo ephelezelwa yokuthi izinhlayiya kukhona Amagciwane zinganqwabelana Amaseli ngaphakathi crystal-ukwakha amaqoqo. Ochwepheshe bakubiza ngokuthi kubo izidumbu ukufakwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Umkhuhlane, ingxibongo noma amarabi amaqoqo ezinjalo zitholakala le cytoplasm amaseli. Lapho entwasahlobo-ihlobo encephalitis kubo atholakala kuyi-nucleus futhi ezinye izifo, angase lapha nalaphaya. Lesi sici isetshenziselwa ukuhlola izifo. Kubalulekile kuleli cala futhi lapho uya viral ukufanisana inqubo.

Isb, uma okweqanda noma izakhiwo isiyingi e emangqamuzaneni epithelium, ukhuluma ngani ingxibongo. Tsitoplazmoticheskie sokuzuza amangqamuzana obuchopho ukukhombisa ethukuthele.

igciwane esiphelweni indlela likubeka ngokucacile. Ekuqaleni, virions ufake ngaphakathi kubo amaseli efanelekayo. Khona-ke iqala inqubo idedela acid nucleic, nokudala "elingenalutho" izingxenye ikusasa nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic. inqubo ukukhiqizwa kabusha usuphothuliwe ukuze igcwaliswe virions omusha ungene imvelo. Enough okuqeda omunye izigaba, ukuze ukuphindwaphindwa amagciwane samiswa noma baqala sizale engaphelele.