Ukuqala kokunyathelisa eRussia

Ukuqala kokunyathelisa eRussia, usuku olusanda kuxoxwa ngazo, luvame ukuhambisana namagama ka-Ivan Fedorov noPetru Mstislavets, owathi, lapho ekhishwa nguThr Ivan IV, wamisa umshini wokuqala wokunyathelisa waseRussia eKremlin.

Ngaleso sikhathi eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi kwase kuvele kuvamile: emva kukaJohn Gutenberg wasungula phakathi nekhulu le-15 ukuthi ungabhalisanga kanjani izincwadi ngesandla, futhi ukuwaphrinta kwimishini ekhethekile, izindlu zokunyathelisa zavela emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu aseYurophu. Ukushicilelwa kwabaseYurophu kwaqala ukubaluleka: intuthuko yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokugcina nokugcina.

Ukunyathelisa eRussia kwakunezinye izinto eziningi ezidingekayo. Lapha, kwakunezingcaphuno ezidingekayo, okokuqala, ukuze kuqinisekiswe igunya elikhulayo le-autocrat neSonto Lama-Orthodox. Kwakuwumthombo omkhulu wezincwadi zenkolelo yenkolo ethi, ngokusho kuka-Ivan the Terrible, akufanele nje ihlanganise wonke amabandla esonto, ukuqeda amaphethelo angamahloni avela, kodwa futhi adale isisekelo esidingekayo sokubeka iRussia njengamandla amakhulu.

Ukuqala kokunyathelisa eRussia kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Okokuqala, izinkulumo ezikhuluma ngo-Ivan Fedorov kanye nendlu yokuqala yokunyathelisa ayicacile futhi ayicacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezincwadini zika-Ivan the Terrible, kubalulwe abantu abanjengoMarousha Nefediev noVasiuk Nikiforov mayelana nokuqala kokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, okungekho olunye ulwazi. Idatha eyisisekelo ngokuqondile ngo-Ivan Fedorov noPetr Mstislavets kuqukethwe emisebenzini kakade i-XVII leminyaka.

Okwesibili, uma ukunyatheliswa kwencwadi eRussia kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokushicilelwa kwencwadi ethi "umphostoli" eMoscow ngo-1564, ekuqaleni kwezincwadi zekhulu le-XIX kubonakala emkhakheni wokubukwa kwezazi-mlando, okwathi, njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlolwa, kwashicilelwa eMoscow ngaphambi kwalolu suku. Ososayensi baye baqaphela manje izincwadi eziyisikhombisa ezinjalo: amaThathu amaVangeli, amaHubo amabili kanye noLenten ababili.

Okwesithathu, okuningi kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kweFomorov eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi, amakhosi aseRashiya, ngokuyinhloko avela emazindlini, enza imizamo yokudala izitolo zokuphrinta ukuze zinyathelise izincwadi zenkolo lapho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusakazwa kwezincwadi ezanyatheliswa kuzo kwakukhulu kakhulu, nakuba izinga lomsebenzi lasala kakhulu.

Ngokomlando osemthethweni, ukuqala kokunyathelisa eRussia kuhlotshaniswa nesabelo esikhethekile, u-Ivan The Terrible kanye noMetropolitan Makarii anike u-Ivan Fedorov. Ukuze kufezeke lesi sabelo, lesi sigaba saqala ngo-Ephreli 19, 1563, futhi ngemva nje kokuphela konyaka, ngo-March 1, 1564, wanikezwa "uMpostoli" wokuqala. Ikhwalithi yale ncwadi yayidlula kakhulu abantu bangaphandle, kodwa ukusakaza kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngemva konyaka, i-Fedorov neMstislavets yanyathelisa "iChapel" eMoscow, emva kwalokho yaphoqeleka ukuba ihambe eRzeczpospolita, lapho yakha khona indlu entsha yokushicilela futhi yaveza i- "ABC" yokuqala ephrintiwe.

Ngemva kuka-I. Fedorov washiya eMoscow, icala lakhe enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia laqhubeka nguNikifor Tarasyev no-Andronicus, owadedela i-Psalter ngo-1568. Naphezu komlilo ozayo, owawuqothula ngokuphelele i-Printing House, inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ayikwazanga ukumiswa. I-Russia idlulisele ngokuqiniseka endleleni yokukhanya.

Ukuqala kokunyathelisa eRussia, naphezu kwazo zonke izingxoxo nokungafani okukhona namuhla, sekube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezwe lethu. Ukudalwa eMoscow kwendlu yokunyathelisa ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi zezimboni kugcizelele isithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini kubantu abafundela phansi futhi wadala izidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezwe.