Izici eziyinhloko zolimi lokubhala

Ulimi lwezincwadi luhlobo lwe-non-dialect of existence (subsystem) yolimi lwesizwe, olubonakala ngezici ezithile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-codification, i-normative, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-stylistic, i-polyfunctionality, kanye nodumo oluphezulu emphakathini, phakathi kwabaphathi balo.

Kulesi sihloko, sicabangela izici zelwimi lokubhala, imisebenzi yalo, kanye nomqondo oqobo, izindawo zayo kanye nencazelo.

Ulimi lwezincwadi yiyona ndlela eyinhloko, ekhonza imvelo yomphakathi ezenzweni zokuxhumana. Iqhathanisa namanye, ama-subsystems angatholakali - amagama, izilimi zasemadolobheni (ngenye indlela - i-city koine), kanye nezindaba zenhlalo nezomsebenzi.

Izindlela ezimbili zokuchaza umqondo

Ulimi lwezincwadi njengombono lungathathwa ngezilimi zolimi ezihambelana nalesi sisekelo solimi lwesizwe, kanye nokuchaza wonke umuntu wabantu abaphethe isistimu encane, ehlukanisa nobuningi bezipikha zalolu limi. Owokuqala kuyindlela yokufunda, kanti eyesibili ingumphakathi.

Ulimi lwezincwadi kusukela ekubukeni kweVV Vinogradov

Kusukela ngombono kaV V. V. Vinogradov, ulimi lwezincwadi lulimi oluvamile, okukhona ulimi oluthile lwabantu abathile noma eziningana zazo. Okusho ukuthi kufaka phakathi ulimi lwazo zonke izibonakaliso zamasiko, ezivezwa kaningi ngokubhala, kepha ngezinye izikhathi futhi ngomlomo, kanye nezindaba ezingamanga, u-journalism, isayensi, ukubhala, ukuxhumana, isikole, kanye nemibhalo yamabhizinisi esemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobonhlobo zayo, njengezincwadi zomlomo-ezinobhala kanye nezincwadi ezibhaliwe.

Amagama ahlukahlukene ahlobene nalomqondo

Leli gama lihlobene nemvelaphi yalo mqondo ngokuthi "izincwadi", futhi ngomqondo we-etymological kusho ukuthi kusekelwe "encwadini", okungukuthi, encwadini. Ngakho-ke, lulimi olulotshiwe. Futhi iqiniso, uma sicabangela ulimi lweNkathi Ephakathi, sizokhuluma kuphela ngolimi lokubhala, konke okuphelele kwemibhalo enenhloso yokubhala. Ezinye izimpawu zolimi lokubhala zilandela kule ncazelo ngosizo lwethemu, ngakho-ke zibonakala zizwakala futhi ziqondakala.

Imigomo eminingi ekhonjiswe enkambweni ethile, empeleni, umzamo wokuphuma emkhawulweni we logic ehlelekile: Izimfanelo zomqondo zihlonishwa ngokuba yingxenye engekho, futhi yena ngokwakhe uchazwa ngabo. Izici zolimi lokubhala zizohlolwa ngezansi.

Ulimi lwezincwadi njengomsebenzi wezwe

Ezingqikithi eziningi, kuyamukeleka kakhulu ukuyichaza njengomsebenzi wolimi lwesizwe. Lokhu kungukuthi, ukubhalwa kwincwadi kuphela uhlobo olusetshenziswa ulimi lwesiRussia, hhayi ulimi oluhlukile, oluzimele. Lokhu kuqondisisa kusekuqaleni kwesiko lesayensi, kunqunywe yindlela yomlando ekuhlaziyweni kolwazi lokubhala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ncazelo ichaza ukukhona nokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma "kwamasiko", ngoba ukukhona kolimi lokubhala njengelungu kulungile. Eqinisweni, lokhu okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuba khona kolimi lwesizwe (isizwe), hhayi nje inkulumo emqondweni omncane wezwi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amafomu okuhlangana aphakanyiswa ngokukhula ngokuqhubekayo "kwamasiko", ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo zezilimi njengendlela yokwakhiwa kwelulwimi, futhi kube yinto esemqoka yale nqubo yomlando.

Izici eziyinhloko zolimi lokubhala zixoxwe ngezansi. Ake sithi amagama ambalwa mayelana nemisebenzi yolimi.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuningi bolimi lwesiRussia

Umqondo nezici zelwimi lokubhala zilandela imisebenzi yalo. Noma yiluphi ulimi olwenziwe ngokwanele lunemihlobo emibili eyinhloko ngenhloso yokusebenzisa: inkulumo ebukhoma kanye nolimi lokubhala. Sithole ulimi olukhulunywe kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo lwesibili kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo, kuyo yonke impilo nokuthuthukiswa komuntu, kuze kube sekudala kwakhe.

Ulimi lwesiRussia namuhla lunemisebenzi eminingi, elisetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemisebenzi yabantu. Ngokusebenza, izindlela zokubhala ulimi (izakhi zohlelo lwegrama, isilulumagama) nazo zihlukaniswa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi olimi ngokuqondile kuxhomeke kulohlobo lokuxhumana. Esilimini sokubhala (izibonakaliso zolimi lwaseRussia ufunda uzothola kamuva), kunezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokusebenza: incwadi kanye nemihlangano. Ngakho-ke, incwadi nelimi elikhulunywayo zihlukile. Enkulumweni yomlomo, kunezindlela ezintathu zokubiza amagama: okuhlangene, ukungathathi hlangothi nokuqedela.

Isakhiwo esiyinhloko esichaza ulimi lwezincwadi yikhono lokulondoloza umbhalo ngakho-ke likhonza njengendlela yokukhulumisana phakathi kwezizukulwane ezahlukene.

Imisebenzi yayo iningi, njengezibonakaliso, imigomo yolimi lwezincwadi, konke kube nzima nakakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi.

Indima ehamba phambili yolimi lokubhala

Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ezitholakala ngolimi lwesizwe (izilimi zomphakathi nezendawo, izilimi zomlimi, izilimi), ulimi oluthile olwenza njalo indima enkulu. Iqukethe izindlela ezinhle zokubiza izinto kanye nemicabango, ukuveza imizwelo nemicabango. Kukhona ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwakhe nezinye izinhlobo zolimi, okungewona umbhalo. Enkulumweni yokuhlangana, lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile.

Ngakho-ke, ulimi lwezincwadi luyisisekelo senkambiso yenkulumo yethu, kanye nendlela ephakeme kunazo zonke zokuba khona kolimi lwesizwe. Isetshenziselwa abezindaba, imfundo, izincwadi, isiko. Ikhonza izindawo ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi wesintu: isayensi, ezombusazwe, ukuxhumana okusemthethweni-kwebhizinisi, umthetho, interethnic, ukukhulumisana kwansuku zonke, ithelevishini, ukuphrinta, umsakazo.

Izimpawu zolimi lokubhala

Ngalesi sigama ngokwalo, siyihlelile. Masiqaphele manje izici eziyinhloko zolimi lokubhala. Lokhu kuzinzile (okungukuthi, ukuzinza), ukucubungula (ngoba ulimi oluye lwasetshenzwa ngabanikazi bamagama ahlukahlukene: ososayensi, izimbongi, abalobi, izibalo zomphakathi), okuphoqelekile kubo bonke abantu abakhulumi bomdabu, izitayela ezithile zokusebenza kanye nokujwayelekile. Nazi izibonakaliso ezibaluleke kakhulu zolimi lokubhala.

Ukujwayelekile

Ukulinganisa kusho indlela ecacile yokukhuluma, ebonisa amaphethini asetshenziswe ngokomlando ekuthuthukiseni ulimi olunikeziwe. Lesi sici sisekelwe ohlelweni lwamazwi ngokwaso, sisekelwa izibonelo ezinhle zomsebenzi wezincwadi. Ingxenye efundisiwe yabantu ikhetha imodi yokumiswa ehlelekile. Njengomthetho wemithetho ethize yokusetshenziswa kwamagama, kuvamile ukuthi kudingekile ukulondoloza ukuqonda jikelele nobuqotho bolimi lwesizwe, ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni. Uma kungenjalo, izinguquko ezinjalo zingenzeka ngolimi, ngenxa yalokho abantu abahlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe lethu bekeke ukuqonda.

Ukucubungula nokuhlela

Izimpawu zelwimi lokubhala zibuye zenziwe futhi zenzeke. Ukucubungula kuza mayelana nomphumela wokukhethwa, futhi okunenhloso, konke okungcono okukuwo. Lokhu kukhethwa kwenziwa ngenqubo yokusebenzisa ulimi lwesizwe, ngenxa yocwaningo oluqhutshwa izibalo zomphakathi, izazi-philologists.

I-Codification isho ukuvumelana kwemigomo yayo ezincwadini zesayensi. Kuvezwa phambi kwezichazamazwi ezifanele zolimi, kanye nezinye izincwadi eziqukethe imithetho yokusebenzisa ulimi.

Lezi zibonakaliso zolimi lokubhala zibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu.

Ezinye izimpawu

Okuphawulekayo kokuhlukahluka kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kubonisa ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitayela zokusebenza.

Ulimi lwezincwadi lubuye lubhekwe nokusetshenziswa okuvamile nokusabalalisa, ukuhambisana namasiko, ukusetshenziswa kanye namathuba okusebenza kolimi olunikeziwe.

Sihlolisise izici eziyinhloko zolimi lwaseRussia lokubhala. Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka yesiko lokukhuluma ukuwuvikela , kanye nemigomo yayo, ngoba ulimi lwezincwadi luhlangene ohlelweni lwabantu bonke abantu. Indima ehola ekudaleni kwayo njalo iyingxenye yezinga eliphezulu labantu.

Yimiphi ulimi lokubhala okufanele lube yilo?

Ngokuqinisekile ulimi lokubhala kufanele luqondwe ngokujwayelekile, ngoba kufanele lukwazi ukubona noma yiluphi amalungu omphakathi. Kufanele athuthukiswe kangako ukuze akwazi ukukhonza imikhakha esemqoka yomsebenzi wesintu. Kubalulekile ukugcina izilimi zokukhuluma, izilimi, izilimi nezindlela zomlomo ezikhulumayo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu obhekene nezilimi ziwukucubungula kwanoma yikuphi okusha okuvela olimini lwezincwadi, kusuka esimweni sokuvumelanisa ukuthambekela kwayo jikelele ekuthuthukiseni ulimi, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezifanele.

Uma kunembile kakhulu futhi ilungisa inkulumo, lapho kufinyeleleka khona kuba khona ekuqondeni, ngokucacile nangokwengeziwe, uma kuthinta kakhulu umfundi noma umlaleli. Ukuze ubonise kahle futhi ngendlela efanele, kufanele ugcine imithetho ethile enengqondo (ubufakazi, ukuvumelana), kanye nemigomo yolwazi lwethu lokubhala, ubunye besitayela, unakekele u-euphony, futhi ugweme ukuphindaphinda.

Izici ezisemqoka zokuhumusha ulimi lwesiRashiya zakhiwa ngesisekelo sezilimi zaseCroatia eziyinhloko, izingcingo zabo. Namuhla, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezilimi ezijwayelekile, izilimi ezibhubhisayo zibhujiswa.