Ukwakheka igazi lomuntu futhi umsebenzi igazi

Le timu, efana negazi futhi igazi umsebenzi, ufanelwe ngokucacile ukunakekela njengenye izisekelo lembula ukusebenza ngokugcwele wonke umzimba womuntu. Qonda ukubaluleka ukugeleza kwegazi kubalulekile ngenxa umthelela yayo enkulu kuyo yonke izinqubo ukhiye emzimbeni.

Kuyini igazi

Ngengati ketshezi kufanele baqonde imvelo yangaphakathi, esihlinzeka imingcele njalo kwamakhemikhali bokuphila ukhiye, ngenkathi ekuthuthukiseni isixhumanisi humoral phakathi emizimbeni. Ngokufunda igazi, Ukwakheka nemisebenzi yayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda okushiwo imibandela emibili eyisisekelo:

- igazi neuropathy (liqukethe plasma);

- ukwakha izakhi (etholakala ngaphakathi igazi ekumisweni).

Igazi kungabuye kuchazwa ngokuthi uhlobo izicubu, libhekene izici eziningana: zayo abamelwe enemisuka ehlukene, lolu ketshezi umzimba motion njalo, kuzo zonke izingxenye igazi akhiwa futhi wabhubhisa ngaphandle kwe-ukugeleza kwegazi.

Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi: "uhlelo igazi, ukwakheka kanye nemisebenzi" kuyafaneleka ukuthi lesi simiso zihlanganisa izitho hematopoietic futhi kroverazrusheniya (isibindi, umnkantsha, izindlala zamanzi, ubende), futhi igazi neuropathy.

igazi ukwakheka

Iningi igazi isigamu - 60% - plasma, futhi% 40 kuphela egcwele izakhi ezifana erythrocyte, leukocyte nama-platelet. Viscous liquid obukhulu (uketshezi olungenambala olusegazini) iqukethe izinto ezibalulekile eziphilayo. Bona udlulele izicubu kanye izitho, ukuhlinzeka wayefisa chemical yokusabela kanye umsebenzi ogcwele yonke isimiso sezinzwa. Ikhishwa nezindlala we uketshezi yangaphakathi hormone singene plasma bese zasakazekela ukugeleza kwegazi emzimbeni. Amasosha Omzimba - enzyme ukuthi ukuvikela umzimba ekulweni izinhlobo ezahlukene izinsongo - eziqukethwe plasma.

erythrocyte

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo kanye eziyisisekelo nemisebenzi igazi, kubalulekile ukuba banake amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Lokhu amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, enquma umbala wegazi. Ngo oyiyo, egazi abomvu kakhulu efana isiponji mncane, ezimbotsheni okuyinto elithwala umoya-mpilo. Ngokwesilinganiso, ngamunye ukufeza 267 erythrocyte-hemoglobin millionov izinhlayiya "ukugwinya" le dioxide yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo ngokufaka wabayisa ukuxubana.

Ukuya ngokujulile ngale ndaba: "Sakhiwo umsebenzi zegazi: amangqamuzana abomvu," kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izinhlayiya angakwazi ukubekezelela semali-hemoglobin ngenxa isakhiwo yenuzi-DRM. Ngokuphathelene ubukhulu erythrocyte, ke ukufinyelela 8 micrometres ubude futhi 3 micrometer ububanzi. Inombolo kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ngaphandle ihaba ezinkulukazi: Kumiswa ngomzuzwana umnkantsha is ezingaphezu kuka-2 million elandayo lalezi zinhlobo, mass yabo Imininingwane emzimbeni imayelana 26 trillion.

leukocyte

Lezo zinto futhi izingxenye ezibalulekile kwegazi. egazi White ngokuthi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, okungase usayizi ezahlukene. Ziyakwazi round ifomu okungalungile. Ngoba igazi amangqamuzana amhlophe - nezinhlayiya kokuba nengaphakathi bayakwazi ukuhambisa ngokuzimela. Kodwa zincane kakhulu ukwedlula igazi amangqamuzana abomvu, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kodwa bahileleke ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba zokuzivikela ezifweni. Igazi ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi igazi akukwazi ephelele ngaphandle amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi.

Leukocyte ifa enzyme ekhethekile bayakwazi ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi futhi ninamathele imikhiqizo noqhekeko kanye amaprotheni angaphandle izinto, futhi zimunce nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho izinhlobo ezithile leucocytes angakhiqiza omzimba - izinhlayiya amaprotheni kokuba omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke: ukwehlula noma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo angaphandle sabanjwa igazi, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila nezinye izicubu noma izitho.

platelet

Lezi platelet lihamba iseduze izindonga isitsha. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - yokutakula semithambo uma umonakalo. Uma usebenzisa amagama wezokwelapha, singasho ukuthi platelet ezizibandakanyile ekuhlinzekeni hemostasis (igazi ekunqandeni). Per ngamamililitha aphindwe kathathu ngokwesilinganiso esingaphezu kwezinkulungwane 500. Lezi zinhlayiya. Ama-platelet I baphila ngemali engaphansi esele izakhi igazi - kusuka 4 kuya ku-7 izinsuku.

Athuthela ngokukhululekile ukugeleza kwegazi kuphinde kugcinwe kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho ukugeleza igazi liya kusimo ethule (ubende, isibindi, izicubu ongama). Ngesikhathi ukusebenza platelet iba ukuma eyindilinga, lapho pseudopodia kwakhiwa (amaqhubu ekhethekile). Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi zinto pseudopodia igazi labo abazokwazi yokuxhuma nomunye bese ilungiswe indawo esilimele udonga.

Igazi ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi wegazi kufanele kubhekwe kuphela ngesisekelo isenzo ka-platelet.

lymphocyte

Le nkulumo ibhekisela amaseli encane mononuclear. Ama-lymphocyte e iningi anosayizi abafika kwabangu-10 microns. Kanti i-nuclei kula maseli ziba yindilinga futhi izinhlangothi obukhulu cytoplasm futhi siqukethe okusanhlamvu okuhle futhi ezinemibala umbala bluish. Ucwaningo olukha phezulu ke kuyabonakala ukuthi wonke amaseli abe ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu akusho kukushintshe ezilandelayo - yabo ingafani izakhiwo ulwelwesi cell kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yayo.

Labo izakhi igazi mononuclear zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: 0-amaseli, B-amaseli ne-T-cells. Umsebenzi lymphocyte ukuze akhonze njengomdala kokumethemba amangqamuzana akha omzimba. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, T-amaseli ukunikeza ekuguquleni B leukocyte. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi T-amaseli - iqembu elithile omzimba amaseli, okhona njengamanje owenza umsebenzi ezibalulekile eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, iqhaza kwabo kuyinto inqubo Kuhlanganisa macrophage kusebenze izici, nokukhula izici, interferon, kanye B cell. Kungaba khona uwedwa futhi inductor T cell ukuthi iqhaza ezishukumisayo lwamasosha omzimba oluvame ukwakheka. On isibonelo umphumela izigaba ezahlukene zama-lymphocyte libonisa ngokucacile ubuhlobo ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi igazi.

Ngokuqondene-cells 0, zingabantu sihluke kakhulu abanye, ngoba akukho antigen ebusweni. Ezinye zalezi egazi abe 'umbulali yemvelo "ngokubhubhisa labo amaseli babe isakhiwo anomdlavuza noma ungenwa igciwane.

plasma

Ukwakheka kwamanzi (90-90%) kanye plasma ingena ukudla okuqinile :. Amaprotheni, amafutha, ushukela egazini, nosawoti ahlukahlukene, metabolites, amavithamini, ama-hormone, njll Enye izakhiwo ezisemqoka ingcindezi plasma osmotic. Futhi, i-plasma athwala izakhi, amangqamuzana egazi kanye imikhiqizo umzimba. Ngokufunda isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi plasma, kungabonwa ukuthi siwulimi ukuhlobana uketshezi ukuthi bangaphandle imithambo yegazi.

Plasma kuyinto unomphela nabo izinso, isibindi kanye nezinye izitho, kanjalo nokugcina homeostasis - ukuqinisela imvelo yangaphakathi.

Physico-chemical izakhiwo igazi

Ukutadisha ngesihloko ezifana ukwakheka, izakhiwo nemisebenzi igazi, kubalulekile ukuba banake amaqiniso athile. Umthamo wegazi e omdala abantu ngokwesilinganiso elilingana 6-8% esisindo saso. In amadoda, lesi sibalo ifinyelela 5-6 amalitha, abesifazane - 4 kuya 5. Kuyinto inani legazi nsuku sidlula inhliziyo izikhathi eziyinkulungwane .. Kuwufanele ukwazi ukuthi igazi akusho ugcwalise ngokuphelele isimiso semithambo yegazi, ingxenye yabo enkulu engakaziwa luyohlala free. I kwabantu of igazi incike isibalo erythrocyte futhi imayelana 1,050-1,060 g / cm ^3. Viscosity ifinyelela 5 amayunithi ezingafanele.

Ukusabela asebenzayo igazi okubangelwa isilinganiso hydroxyl hydrogen ion. Kuchaza umsebenzi pH ezinjalo, njengoba i-pH (hydrogen ion lokuhlushwa). Izinguquko ku igazi pH, lapho umzimba usebenze luyehluka in the ububanzi 7.0-7.8. Uma asebenzayo igazi yokusabela is saya eceleni acid, isimo esinjalo kungase kuchazwe ngokuthi lactic. Ukuthuthukiswa Its kungenxa amazinga anda hydrogen ion. Uma ukusabela is saya eceleni ane-alikhali, kunengqondo ukukhuluma mayelana alkalosis. Lolu shintsho e-pH is phetho ukunciphisa okuhlushwa hydrogen ion, nokukhuphula lokuhlushwa hydroxyl ion OH.

Ezokuthutha umsebenzi wegazi

Lona omunye imisebenzi ukhiye eyenziwa egazini. Ngu inqubo kokuthutha izakhi ezahlukene kungafaka imisebenzi elandelayo:

- trophic-sokudlulisela zonke izingxenye umzimba izakhi, ukulandelela izakhi kanye amavithamini;

- zokulawula: ukuthuthwa hormone kanye nezinye izinto faka humoral isiqondiso isimiso somzimba;

- zokuphefumula: zokuphefumula amagesi ezokuthutha O2 kanye CO2 ovela emaphashini ezicutshini futhi kolunye uhlangothi;

- thermoregulatory: ekususeni ukushisa okweqile kusukela ubuchopho kanye izitho zangaphakathi kwesikhumba;

- excretory: imikhiqizo umzimba kuthiwa uyiswa izinhlaka kukhuthaza.

hemostasis

Ingqikithi yalo umsebenzi kunciphisa ukuze inqubo elandelayo: esimweni umonakalo medium noma esihle bomkhumbi igazi (noma notch lapho izicubu isibambo) kanye nesenzakalo ukopha kwangaphandle nangekhatsi in situ ukubhujiswa isitsha kwakhiwa igazi ihlule is. Nguye kuvimbela abalulekile ukopha. Ngaphansi kwethonya eziphindaphindekayo emsipheni amaza futhi amakhemikhali inesikhala bomkhumbi kuyehla. Uma-ke kunjalo kwenzeka ukuthi ulwelwesi endothelial bomkhumbi igazi ilimele ngaphansi endothelium echayeke kuyi-collagen. Kwasheshe anamathele zegazi, okuyinto aluka egazini.

imisebenzi Homeostatic futhi uyavikela

Ngokutadisha igazi, ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi walo, banake inqubo homeostasis. Ingqikithi kuyehla ukuze alondoloze amanzi-usawoti ukulinganisela ion (phetho ingcindezi osmotic), kanye nokugcina pH imvelo yangaphakathi.

Ngokuphathelene umsebenzi zokuzivikela, essence yayo ukuvikela umzimba by amasosha omzimba okuzivikela, umsebenzi phagocytic ka leukocyte futhi izinto elwa namagciwane.

uhlelo igazi

By isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi zihlanganisa inhliziyo negazi izitsha: igazi, ama-lymph. Umsebenzi ukhiye kohlelo igazi - kuyinto ukunikezela okufika ngesikhathi futhi ephelele lezitho nezicubu lwazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila. ukuhamba kwegazi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo semithambo bunikezwa umsebenzi inhliziyo ukudonsa. Sijule sihloko: "Inani ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi igazi" kuyadingeka ukuze ichaze iqiniso lokuthi igazi ngqo ngokwayo ihamba ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa izitsha ngakhoke iyakwazi ukusekela zonke imisebenzi ebalulekile okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla (ezokuthutha, ukuvikelwa, njll ..).

Umzimba ukhiye ohlelweni igazi enhliziyweni. It has a isakhiwo eziyize isitho kwemisipha ne ngasezindongeni mpo eliqinile sehlukaniswe neengcezu kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Kukhona elinye ukwahlukanisa - enezingqimba. abangababi bemisebenzi yaso kuyehla kube ekamelweni eliphezulu (Atria) kwenhliziyo division by 2 no-2 aphansi (ventricles).

Ngokufunda lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti kwegazi labantu, kubalulekile ukuqonda isimiso emibuthano kwegazi. Kuhlelo igazi, kukhona emjikelezweni womgwaqo ezimbili, ezinkulu kanye nezincane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igazi ngaphakathi uhamba nomzimba ezimbili avaliwe isitsha izinhlelo exhunyiwe inhliziyo.

Njengoba yekucala wombuthano omkhulu imele aorta esukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Lokho-ke kuphakamisa kwemithambo emincane, medium and enkulu. Bona (imithambo), esikhundleni salokho, igatsha ku arteriole, ama-capillary langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. Ngqo capillary ngokwabo yakha inethiwekhi omkhulu kubantu bawo wonke izicubu kanye izitho. It is kule inethiwekhi kwenzeka ukubuyiselwa izakhi ne-oxygen ukuze amaseli, kanye inqubo ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo umzimba (carbon dioxide kanye).

Kusukela engxenyeni engezansi isiqu igazi engena phansi kunabaphostoli vena cava, kusukela phezulu, ngokulandelana, phezulu. Lezi cava ezimbili vena nokuphelele kwegazi, eba ATRIUM kwesokudla.

Ebhekisela yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini, kuyafaneleka ukuthi iqala isiqu yamaphaphu, esukela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla emaphashini futhi ethwala igazi emithambo yegazi. Sam isiqu yamaphaphu ihlukane amagatsha amabili ukuthi ngizoya kwesokunene bese wamaphaphu kwesokunxele. Imithambo yamaphaphu zihlukaniswe arteriole ezincane futhi kuma-capillary, ama-venule odlulayo kamuva ukwakha emthanjeni. Inselele ukhiye we yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini wukuqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa igesi Ukwakheka emaphashini.

Ukutadisha indlela yokwakheka igazi umsebenzi, kulula ukuphetha ngokuthi kubalulekile kwezicubu izitho zangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu igazi lapho ulahlekelwe okuthile okuyigugu noma kahle ukugeleza kwegazi kukhona usongo ngempela ukuphila komuntu.