Ubuciko nokuzijabulisaUbuciko bokubukwa

Umlando we-ballet waseRussia: ukuvela nokuthuthuka

Izimpande ze-ballet yaseRussia, njengezo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko, zilele emlandweni womdanso. Cishe, kwakuyihlelo (zonke izinhlobo zomdanso) nokudlala ("Pereplyas", "Kuma," kuphi "nokunye okunye." Ukudansa. I-ballet yaseRussia ayigcinanga nje kuphela yonke imininingwana yokuzijabulisa, kodwa futhi yaba yisishayamthetho emhlabeni we-ballet.

Iziqalo

E-Kievan Rus ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-VIII-IX, abadansi bokuqala baqala ukuvela, izinzuzo zezinkunzi zabo zebhizinisi ... Ngemuva kwesikhathi lapho uMoscow eba yinhloko-dolobha, i-skomorokhami ayengewona amadoda.

Emakhulwini ominyaka neshumi nantathu namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, izibuko ezijabulisayo zemibukiso ebusweni, amasonto afihlekile, okuthiwa "amaMashkars", amangala futhi emangalisa ukuvakashela izifiki.

Esikhathini sekhulu le-XVII umlando we-ballet waseRussia wabonakala ngokuvulwa kweKremlin Theater ePhalazini lasePotreshny . Ngokwesiko, konke ukusebenza kule ndawo yaseshashalazini kuye kwaphela phakathi kwe-sesennies (izitolo ezikhethekile ze-ballet). Lezi okuthiwa ingeniso zenziwa ngamadoda agqoke izingubo zebhomu. Abadlali babonisa izingxenye eziningana zomdanso webhola.

I-Royal fun

Ukusebenza kokuqala kwe-ballet eRussia kungukusebenza okwenziwa ngoFebhuwari 8, 1673. Kukhona lesi sigameko esibalulekile enkantolo yaseTsar Alexis Mikhailovich futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi "iBallet ngo-Orpheus no-Eurydice". Umlando wemvelaphi ye-ballet yaseRashiya uyichaza njengokushintsha kwemikhosi, imidanso ephuzile, imicibisholo nokuguqulwa. Phakathi kwabo abadlali babekhuluma amazwi akhishwe ngekhanda noma bahlabe. Konke lokhu kwakungafani nokusebenza kwangempela kwezemidlalo. Kwakungumnandi wenkosi kuphela, ukuhehla ukukhanya kwayo.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, mina I. Gregory, umhleli wezemidlalo, ucela uNicolas Lim ukuba ahlele izifundo ezisezingeni lezemidlalo lezemidlalo yasebukhosini. Ekuthomeni, izingane ezingu-10 zama-philistines eziphawulekayo, bese-ke, zingu-20, zadlulisela ngempumelelo ukuqeqeshwa futhi zabonisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-Orlet encwadini yesiFulentshi yenkosi.

Umsebenzi usethe

Kuphela emva kwekhulu lesine leminyaka, uPeter I, ehlose ukuguqula impilo yamasiko eRussia, uletha umculo nomdanso endleleni yomphakathi waseRussia. Uthatha isinqumo sokufaka ubuciko emkhatsini wabahlali baseSt. Petersburg. Ngenxa yalokhu, uPeter mina uvala imidlalo yaseMoscow yase-Alexei Mikhailovich futhi ushicilela isimemezelo sokuguquguquka. Lesi simiso emibuthweni sibophezele zonke izikhungo zombuso ukufundisa ukudansa kwebhodi e-ballroom ngokusemthethweni. Lezi zinguquko zenze isikhundla somdanso ongenakufinyeleleka. Kulaba baphathi bemihlangano ukuthi i-ballet ibangelwa ukwethulwa kwezinto ezintsha ezinjengezinto ezivela emidlalweni yesizwe yama-Slavic emnyakeni wokudansa wama-ballet avela phesheya.

Umbhali V. Krasovskaya ("Umlando weBrazil waseBrazil" - uL. Art, 1978) ukholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yesimo esinamandla nesigaba sikaPetru I emahholo esigodlo, izimpendulo zama-ballet, abaculi kanye nama-opera abaculi abamenywa bevela kwamanye amazwe baqala ukuqala.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1738, leli zwe lahlela ubuciko be-ballet, eqinisweni, yaba ngowokuqala. Umlando we-ballet waseRussia ukhuluma kafushane ngalesi sikhathi. Abaphothule lesi sikole basebenze emaqenjini ama-ballet emidlalo yaseshashalazini yangaphandle ngokubizwa ngokuthi izifanekiselo (abalingisi e-corps de ballet). Futhi ngemva kwesikhathi eside bavunyelwa emaqenjini amakhulu.

Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala kochwepheshe

Ukuzalwa kwe-ballet yanamuhla kubhekwa yizibhamu zomhlaba. Kwakungumsebenzi weJean Baptiste Lange owaziwayo, owenza abafundi bakhe, abadlali abathathu benkantolo. Njengoba umlando we-ballet waseRussia ubonisa, yaba cishe ukukhishwa kwe-ballet yokuqala okuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho nemigomo ye-Royal Dance Academy enhlokodolobha yaseFrance.

I-cadets yezinyunyana ezithintekayo zathinteka emkhakheni wezemfundo, u-half-character-character futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenza kahle kwe-ballet ka-Fessano kusukela e-Italy.

U-Elizabeth I, ukuze angalahlekelwa abadlali be-ballet abaqeqeshwe, uvula i-Majesty's Own Dance School, isethi yokuqala yezingane ezingu-12 zabantu abavamile.

Futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-1742, lo makhosikazi wasayina isimemezelo esalawula ukusungulwa kwethamela le-ballet labadansa baseRussia. Kwakuyizinkanyezi zakhe zaseRussia zokuqala - abadlali be-ballet abaqeqeshiwe: U-Aksinya Baskakova no-Athanasius Toporkov.

Ukuphuma emgodini

Ukufa kukaBatista Lande kuletha ukudideka kulokho okufundwayo kulelizwe. Izethulo eziholwa nguFessano ziba yizicathulo futhi zishaya ubhedu. Izilaleli azikhanga kulemikhiqizo enjalo.

Umlando we-ballet waseRussia uchaza ngokucacile leso sikhathi. Ngalesi sikhathi naseYurophu kunombuzo wokuguqulwa kwecala lokuqokwa. U-Rousseau no-Saint-Mar badinga abadansa be-ballet ukuba baqede izingubo ezivunayo nama-mask nge-wigs. U-Diderot uncoma ngokuqinile ukushintsha indaba yezindaba ze-ballet. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uJohn Weaver, ngaphandle kokulinda izinguquko ezijwayelekile, ubeka ukusebenza komdanso ngenhloso yokucabangela, kanti uGeorges Nover ubhala "Izincwadi zokuDansa" ezivelele.

I-ballet yesiRashiya ayifuni ngemuva. Ukuvela kwe-Hilferding kuwubufakazi balokhu. Lo mchwepheshe waseJalimane wenza isakhiwo sezenzo zokuzijabulisa eSt. Petersburg. EParis, umkhiqizo we-ballet wezindaba uvele eminyakeni engu-15 kuphela kamuva. U-Hilferding wasizwa nguLeopold Paradiso. Sekuyiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini le-18 bakha ukudlala okuzimele ballet.

Ukuqala kwemikhiqizo emangalisayo

Umdlalo wokuqala ku-ballet waseRussia ungokwa-AP Sumarokov. Wenza umdanso womculo wokudumisa, wakha isisekelo sokubhala nge-ballet "iSanctuary of Virtue" ne "New Laurels".

I-Gasparo Angiolini, umculi we-choreographer omenyiwe yi-tsar, okwandisa ukukhanya kwamanothi aseSlavonic, ubeka isenzo se-ballet "Jabulela ngezihlahla zikaKhisimusi". UCatherine II wadumisa kakhulu ukusebenza. Ngomnyaka we-1779, iKhomishana yeSomthetho ephelele yavotela i-ballet, umculo owawubhalwe ngesisekelo senkolo yamaSlavic.

Ngemuva kokuphumelela okunjalo, u-Anzhilini waqhubeka nokujabulisa izakhi zemidlalo, eyayihleka usulu izingqungquthela zezingqikithi. Lezi kwakuyizindlela zokubamba iqhaza: "I-Russia eyinqobe" (ukunqotshwa kwebutho laseTurkey ngaphansi kweCahul noLargue kwadunyiswa), "I-New Argonauts" (i-ode elikhazimulayo emikhumbi yaseMbusweni waseRussia) kanye nokuthi "Ukucabangela okunqobayo" (kwaphakamisa umbuzo wesidingo sokugonywa kwesibungu esikhulu).

Esikhathini esingaphambilana, ukusebenza kobuqhawe bokuqala ka-"Semir" kwakusungulwe. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi abachoreographer baqala ukugxila kakhulu ekuvezeni umdanso we-ballet. Ngokuba abadansi bangasebenzisa ngokuhlekisa ama-optic amahhala angaphandle, futhi emibonweni ye-opera engama-Russia, i-freetto lapho umklami eyakhe khona.

Kulo nyaka omusha ka-1778 eSt. Petersburg (njengomlando wama-ballet e-Russia, izincwadi Veza ngokucacile lesi senzakalo esiyingqayizivele) Ukulinda izilaleli kakade kakade amateryathi amabili: i-"Theater Free" yezohwebo kanye nenkantolo.

Amaqembu we-serf wokuqala

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, ukuphatha ubuciko bokudansa kusekuqaleni. Futhi kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1773, ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kukaLeopold Paradis, isikhungo sokuqala semfundo savulwa enhloko-dolobha ngesisekelo se-Educational House, kamuva eyaba yindawo yokudlala yaseshashalazini yokuqala. Esibekeni sokuqala kwakukhona izingane ezingu-60. Mayelana nokubukwa kokuqala, okwenziwa yiCosimo Meddocs odumile, u-Y. Bakhrushin utshela ezincwadini zakhe.

Umlando we-ballet waseRussia, wafunda futhi wachaza ngokuningiliziwe, ubonisa ngokugcwele le nkathi yomdwebo wokudansa. I-Medox neqembu labantu abasha abafunde eRussia, abadansi bafaka ama-opas amahlaya, ama-choreographic productions, anikezelwe ezenzakalweni zangempela (isibonelo, "Ukuthunjwa kuka-Ochakov"), kanye nokuzijabulisa.

Ngalesi sizinda, i-serf yaseshashalazini yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yekhulu le-XVIII, amaqembu amakhulu ase-actors aseStf ayevele aziwa. Ukuqoqwa okunjalo kwakuseZorich, Golovkina, Apraksin, Sheremetyev, Potemkin nabanye abanikazi bendawo.

Isikhathi esifanayo sabonakaliswa ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlelwa kwemigomo yokudansa kwesifazane kanye nesakhiwo sesiteji sokwethulwa. Kukhona isiko elisha sokucacisa endaweni yesehlakalo, indawo yokubhala ngesitayela esiyiqiniso, ukusebenzisa umdlalo we-penumbra nokukhanya.

Ukunqoba kwe-ballet yaseRussia

Umlando we-ballet waseRussia wekhulu le-19 nelama-20 ucebile futhi uhlukile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX ubuciko ballet bufinyelele ekuvuthweni, okuthandwa ngumbukeli. I-ballerinas yaseRashiya iletha umoya, ubumnandi nokuziphendulela ekufuneni. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuphawulekayo ngu-Alexander Pushkin, echaza ubuhle bokuhamba komdanso wenkathi yakhe yokuphila, izinkanyezi zesimo se-ballet, i-Istomina: "Umphefumulo ugcwele ukundiza" (le nkulumo yaba yinto efanelana ne-ballet). Ukuboniswa kwesibuso sakhe nokulungiswa kwemisindo yokudansa kwavusa ukubonga. Iningi lezilaleli zaya ku- Avdotya Istomin.

Akuyona into encane eyayiyi-Lihutina Anastasia, u-Ekaterina Teleshova, uDanilova Maria.

Imidlalo ye-Ballet ithola ukuthandwa. Umdanso we-Ballet, njengobuciko, uba nelungelo, futhi uxhaswa nguhulumeni.

Ngama-60s ekhulwini elidlule izwe lezwe elihle lathandwa yilo mkhuba omusha we "ubuqiniso". Ethempelini yaseRussia kuza inhlekelele. Ngokuqondene nemikhiqizo ye-choreographic, ikhonjiswe ekuthomeni komkhakha wezindaba, oshintshiwe kumdanso othize. Abadansi be-Ballet abaye bafezeka ukuphelela banikezwa ukudansa ngemikhiqizo engokoqobo.

Umlando wokudalwa kwe-ballet yaseRussia ufaka isiteji esisha. Imvuselelo yaqala noPeter Tchaikovsky, owokuqala ukubhala umculo ngokukhiqizwa kwempahla. Kuwo wonke umlando we-ballet, okokuqala umculo usubalulekile njengomdanso. Futhi kubonakale emgqeni ofanayo nomculo we-opera nezingoma zomculo. Uma ngaphambi komculo weTchaikovsky ubhalwa izakhi zomdanso, manje umlingisi we-ballet nge-plastic, ukunyakaza nokuphakama kuzama ukudlulisa imizwa nomculo, ngaleyo ndlela kusize umbukeli ukuba ahlukanise isakhiwo esithathwe ngumqambi kumanothi. Izwe liyamemezela idumile "iLake Lake".

U-Choreographer A. Gorsky wethula izici zesikhombisa sesimanje emikhiqizweni, waqala ukugxila kakhulu ekutheni ukudweba kweso sakhiwo, ukukholelwa ukuthi umbukeli kufanele azicabange ngokuphelele kulokho okwenzeka esiteji. Wavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi ze-pantomime. UMnuFokin washintsha kakhulu isimo . Uvuselele i-ballet yothando futhi wenza ulimi lomzimba kumdanso luzwakala futhi lukhulume. Ngokusho kukaFokine, konke ukukhiqizwa esiteji kufanele kube okuyingqayizivele. Okusho ukuthi, ukuhambisana nomculo, isitayela kanye nomdanso kufanele kube yinto ethile kuphela. Eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ukukhiqizwa kwakhe kwadutshulwa ngokugcwele "amaNights yaseGibhithe", "Ukubulala iDe Swan", "Iphupho LikaMdumini LaseMidsummer", "I-Acis neGalatea", njll.

Ngo-1908, uDiaghilev SP wamema uFokine ukuba abe umqondisi omkhulu weParis "Izikhathi ZaseRussia". Ngenxa yalesi simemo, uFokine uba udumile emhlabeni. Futhi abaculi be-ballet baseRussia baqala ukuphumelela njalo ngonyaka enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. Umlando we-ballet waseRussia udumisa abadansa beqembu laseRussia, ogama lawo wonke umhlaba owaziyo: Adolf Bolm, Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaclav Nijinsky nabanye. Futhi lokhu kungukuthi ukwehla kwe-ballet yaseYurophu!

UDiaghilev waqala futhi wanqoba. Wabutha inhlamba yabalingisi abasha abanobuchule be-ballet futhi wabanika inkululeko yesenzo. Wangivumela ukuthi ngenze ngaphandle komthetho owaziwayo owawusePettipa owaziwayo kodwa osemdala.

Inkululeko yesenzo yavumela abadansa ukuba bambule futhi baziveze. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinguquko, uDiaghilev wadonsela abaculi (J. Cocteau, A. Derain, uP. Picasso) nabaqambi (K. Debissi, M. Ravel, I. Stravinsky) emhlobiso wabantu bakhe abadume kakhulu. Manje wonke umkhiqizo we-ballet waba yinto ebuciko.

Ngemuva kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba, abaningi abadansa nabadlali bezingcweti bashiya iRussia evukelayo. Kodwa ama-skeleton ahlala. Kancane kancane abantu ababa ibhalti yaseRashiya. Amakhasi omlando isikhathi sokubonakala okuningi ...

Ngemuva kokuphakathi kwabadlali bekhulu lama-XX nabadlali be-choreographers besizukulwane esisha babuyela esitelekeni bekhohlwe ama-miniature okudansa, i-symphony ne-ballet eyodwa-act. Inombolo yama-studio kanye nama-theaters iye yanda kancane.

"Ukuncintisana", i-ballerina, ukugxeka kwe-ballet

Udansa waseRussia odumile uVera Mikhailovna Krasovskaya wazalelwa eMbusweni waseRussia ngoSepthemba 11, 1915. Ngemuva kwesikole samabanga aphansi wangena futhi ngo-1933 waphumelela ngokuphumelela esikoleni seLeningrad Choreography. Wafunda nomdumile uVaganova Agrippina. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kufike ngo-1941, uKravsvskaya ubelokhu ekhonza eTheatre. I-Kirov. Uhlanganyela emabhallets we-repertoire yezemfundo.

Ngo-1951, uVera Mikhailovna waphothula esikoleni se-Leningrad esikoleni esiphakeme esikoleni seTheater Institute. A. Ostrovsky, emva kokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo e-Faculty of Theatre Studies.

Isikole sobuchwepheshe, esitholwa okokuqala nguKravsvskaya ekilasini lika-Agrippina Vaganova, futhi kamuva emaphosta e-ballet eMaryinsky Theater, kanye nemithwalo yolwazi lwe-encyclopedic scale, aristocratism, amasiko amasiko kanye nokuphatha okukhulu kwezilimi (isiFulentshi nesiNgisi), wamvumela ukuba abe ohlakaniphile futhi oyingqayizivele omkhulu wokuhlaziya ubuciko ballet.

Ngo-1998, izindaba ezijabulisayo zanda emhlabeni wonke. Umklomelo "Ukunqoba" wanikezwa kuVera Mihailovna Krasovskaya. Umlando we-ballet waseRussia, awatshela ezincwadini (ezinye zazo zihunyushwe ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe) kanye nezihloko (ezingaphezu kuka-300) njenge-critic critic and critic, zenza uVera Mikhailovna ithuba lokuthola umklomelo wamahhala waseRussia othi "Ukunqotshwa". Lo mklomelo unikezwa ngempumelelo ephezulu kakhulu kwezobuciko kanye nezincwadi.

Ngo-1999 uKravsvskaya Vera Mikhailovna wayehambile.

Epilogue

Umlando we-ballet waseRussia ngokubonga kugcina amagama amakhosi omdwebo wokudansa, owenze kakhulu ekubunjweni kwemidwebo yaseRashiya. Lawa yiwona odumile uShilo, uMnu. Petipa, A. Saint-Leon, uS. S. Diaghilev, uMnu. Fomin nabanye abaningi. Futhi ithalenta labaculi baseRussia bakhangayo futhi liheha inani elikhulu lababukeli emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni.

Kuze kube yilolu suku, izingxube ze-ballet zaseRashiya zibhekwa njengento engcono kakhulu emhlabeni.

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