Umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni anatomy uLeonardo da Vinci. Anatomy kule imidwebo uLeonardo da Vinci

ULeonardo da Vinci washona ngo 1519. Wayeneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa kuphela. udumo lwakhe umdwebi odumile wawusugcwele kuwo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Nokho, kukhona esinye isici sokuphila kwakhe ukuthi kwakungenziwanga eyaziwa emphakathini. Bambalwa abantu bazi kangakanani nesithakazelo nokwakheka uLeonardo da Vinci sika. Ucwaningo lwakhe kulesi siqondiso nhlobo omunye angazanga.

Ngisho nasezindaweni ezizungeze ngokushesha ukwakheka komzimba womuntu uLeonardo da Vinci sika ngesikhathi awahlangabezananga isithakazelo futhi ekuqondeni okufanele. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni nesishiyagalolunye - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka lwamashumi amabili. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi futhi abangu uzifunde ngokucophelela ukuvulwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu uLeonardo da Vinci sika. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ososayensi olwenziwa kokuhlaziya emisebenzini yakhe yesayensi, sibuyekezwe izinkulungwane emakhasini amarekhodi umculi omkhulu Yenguquko, kwaba sobala ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe yesayensi kungekho ayibalulekile kunalokho art.

Amakhasi elingaziwa yokuphila uLeonardo da Vinci

Anatomy, yokukhanya, yokuma komhlaba, ezesayensi yezitshalo uketshezi Dynamics, njll - .. Zonke lezi sciences matasa empilweni yakhe eningi isikhala, ithela mhlawumbe ukuthi nje nokudweba. Lokhu umdali abanamakhono wayesaziwa ngokuthi indoda archetypal ophilayo phakathi Renaissance - ungumculi, ngezikhathi ezithile ukwenza isayensi.

Nokho, iningi anatomy uLeonardo da Vinci sika, njengoba kunjalo nangazo zonke umsebenzi wakhe yesayensi, siyobona ukuthi kwakungeyona neze ayibalulekile kunalokho lo mdwebo. Nale minyaka eyishumi edlule akazange aqale ngokubhala emifanekiso emisha. Kusukela 1508 kuya 1513 umculi kakhulu wazinikela ukuba isayensi, ngezinye izikhathi kuphela ibuyele ku-imidwebo olwaluqale kule minyaka edlule.

Iningi neminye imikhakha yesayensi

Kuzo zonke ucwaningo lwesayensi ngalesi sikhathi ikakhulukazi wathatha uLeonardo da Vinci Anatomy. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, lapho wasebenza kakhulu nge izidumbu, ngobunono eneka ukuba ukuqonda okunembile ngaphezulu isakhiwo yomuntu engokoqobo.

Ingabe ikhono elimangalisayo umculi nekubhala ekhululekile isitayela uLeonardo da Vinci emkhakheni ukwakheka komzimba womuntu wakwazi ukwakha omunye ephelele isikhathi sakhe esiningi ucwaningo. Waze kakade walungisa umsebenzi ukushicilelwa, kodwa akazange abe nesikhathi bakwenze inhloso yayo. Uma incwadi yakhe yanyatheliswa, isifundo yomthethosisekelo ngokomzimba yomuntu ngabe ushiya kude phambili, kwaba umnikelo omkhulu kangaka ekuthuthukiseni anatomy uLeonardo da Vinci. Ngeshwa, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, konke okudalwe yilo elikhulu indoda okufakiwe kanye imidwebo okwakusele imibhalo yakhe siqu zazizinde iminyaka emine ngicashela emhlabeni.

yizinhlobonhlobo

Kuze kube manje, banamakhono amaningi yale ndoda, ngokungenamkhawulo abanamakhono, kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo kithi. Ngo neminyaka yakhe yobusha wayehlala Florence, wasebenza ngiqeqeshwe elilodwa abaculi abadumile kakhulu Italian - Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo axhasa umndeni Medici. Okulandelayo endaweni yomsebenzi lalingesinye workshop art - ". Le mpi nqunu" le womculo Antonio del Pollaiolo, nombhali umbhalo Pollaiuolo wayengomunye walaba abadwebi lokuqala Renaissance, okuyinto waziphatha egumbini sokuhlaziya, eduze ekucwaningeni ngesimiso somuntu uhlelo kwemisipha. Bomlando bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto web lokuqala kanye izifundo ensimbi for Leonardo abasha da Vinci waseNgilandi.

Entsha yokusondela isakhiwo somzimba womuntu

Anatomy of the abaculi Yenguquko livele njengento esizayo ukuze abe ukuliqonda kahle emzimbeni. Yingakho banaka kakhulu kuphela ohlelweni kwemisipha. Nokho, baye wafunda, ngokungafani kuya uLeonardo da Vinci Anatomy kafushane njengoba idivayisi izitho zangaphakathi cishe akanandaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Pollaiuolo mathupha ekhiqizwa autopsies. Nokho, naye, yayikhathazeke kakhulu ngohlelo anatomy imisipha, kodwa ngenxa esifubeni, kogebhezi esiswini abazange zathinteka.

Inzalo kokuqala

Uma ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yakhe zesayensi, futhi uLeonardo da Vinci wenza kanye Pollaiolo, eminyakeni eyalandela, kancane kancane waqala cabanga isakhiwo ezingokomzimba, ibhekwa imidwebo zakho ozithandayo noma ebaziwe hhayi kuphela njengoMhlengi.

Ngokuvamile, wonke ukuphila walo mculi okukhulu ihlanganisa nje anatomy jikelele. Izazi-mlando wakhe wokuqala wesandla ubheke 1484-th, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo - e 1515. Mhlawumbe namanje e Florence, ekuhambeleni kokuqala Leonardo ukuze egumbini sokuhlaziya, waqala ukwenza autopsies. Okokuqala wenza esibhedlela of Santa Maria Nova. Lapha ekutadisheni imisipha isakhiwo ehilelekile womuntu kanye neziningi ezinye abaculi i-Florentine ezifana Michelangelo.

Umhlahlandlela sabo esisemqoka esisebenzayo usekhonze imisebenzi yesayensi Mondino de Lucchi, owayephila kusasele isikhathi eside uLeonardo da Vinci - "Anatomy". Owavula indlela yakhe ezizukulwaneni eziningi hhayi kuphela odokotela, pathologists, kodwa futhi abaculi, futhi kushisa Italy, le nqubo kwenziwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Kukholakala ukuthi ngosuku lokuqala kuyadingeka ukuvula esiswini ke - esifubeni, olwesithathu - inhliziyo, kanti owesine - esitho. Ucwaningo lwaqala ikhanda cut sezinwele, ukuvulwa okwengeziwe Yekhanda senziwa, ngemva kwalokho ubuchopho wahlolwa, bese - base Yekhanda. Kulesi sikhathi sokuphila uLeonardo ekhiqizwa yokwakheka imidwebo yakhe yokuqala kwendikimba lwezigaba engu- of the imilenze. Ekuqaphela yinkimbinkimbi kwesidumbu, Leonardo babekholelwa imibono yakhe njengesisekelo ekucwaningeni ngesimiso somuntu ekwakhekeni nasekumeni komzimba.

Uqopha "uyahlanya" ngqondongqondo

Njengoba cishe bonke imisebenzi Leonardo - idayari, bese uqopha kubo babe yizinkulungwane eyinqaba. Zimelela uhlobo inkhulumomphendvulwano ukuthi umbhali olwenziwa nomuntu engcondvweni bese lapho uvikela Uveza umbono wakhe, okuholela siyiqiniso elingephikiswe icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza isiqondiso yesandla Leonardo yena, kanye agumenti ukuthi kungahlanganiswa ngqo nefilosofi.

Yayithanda inhliziyo, uhlelo zemisipha, skeleton kanye nemisipha. Leonardo kuqala ephethwe kahle ngokumangalisayo ukudweba ngokunembile bobunjwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, inani zonke izingxenye uhlelo lwamathambo lomuntu. Zonke ngaphambi kwalesi sithombe skeleton, njengoba umthetho, kwaba okunemibandela kwendikimba noma bakudala kakhulu.

Kuphela ngesisekelo nelwatinchanti lwabo

Leonardo wanikeza kakhulu ekongiweni nakho, ngoba cishe zonke abafundi bebodwa. Ubizwa ufunda incwadi, wahlola bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ongazijwayele. Lokhu umdali elihlakaniphile Babekholelwa ukuthi yonke into kufanele wadala "ngesisekelo isipiliyoni." Kuzo zonke izici, okuyinto zicatshangelwa uLeonardo da Vinci - usosayensi, umumo womzimba kubaluleke kakhulu. Kulokhu cishe yonke indawo emibhalweni yakhe kuyofikwa yokusesha impendulo eyodwa. Leonardo, owayekholelwa ukuthi iqiniso lingatholakala, eqondiswa nje logic noma sesayensi ngekucaphelisisa, sebekubeke asiliboni eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma "zokucabangela". Ngakho-ke, ngesisekelo nocwaningo lwakhe, kuhlanganise nesakhiwo bolwazi lwabantu, wafaka isayensi eyisisekelo, njengabo wezibalo.

Amaphutha amaphutha

Umdwebo edumile by uLeonardo da Vinci, lapho komzimba womuntu uchazwa, ngokososayensi, Liyindawo olunembile, kodwa ngaphandle nje kwento eyodwa ezihlobene besifazane uhlelo zokuzala. Kodwa lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba abesifazane abangu autopsied izidumbu zaziyinkinga ngesikhathi Yempucuko.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umculi Italy wafunda anatomy kuphela ukuze sithuthukise izithombe zabo, okuyinto ukuboniswa zazishintsha zaba nemizimba yabantu, wakwazi ukudweba kakhudlwana lesi siyalo.

A genius kule konke, Leonardo wazama ukuba siqonde indlela 'usebenza' indlela yomuntu. Ngokusho ososayensi, ebheka abantu abamzungezile nje umakhenikha ubona imoto. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngu esibonisa ubunjalo babantu in umdwebo wakhe noma ebaziwe, umculi wayefuna ukuba ozwakalayo kakhulu, ngokuba kuyabongeka lokho phambi uzomvumela akufanele igcine ngokuba namaqiniso kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile - isidali ekhethekile, sikhumbuleke.

Anatomy Imidwebo

Lo mculi Florentine is hhayi nje ukudala uhlaka izitho zomzimba womuntu noma amaqembu kwemisipha, kodwa wabuye wabakhombisa ukuthi imidwebo yakhe esigabeni. Kulokhu, isithombe ngasinye sihambisane isidingo ukuqonda amarekhodi. Futhi siqiniseke ukuba sifake Leonardo otzerkalival kubo njengoba emimoya le ndlela ekupheleleni. Kuyilokhu kwamuva, futhi unezela eyinkimbinkimbi cwaningo, okwenza kube nzima ngayo ososayensi ukusebenza, zakhipha ukutadisha ifa yesayensi da Vinci waseNgilandi. Namuhla, ngemva kweminyaka emine, wonke amanothi akhe futhi imidwebo ekhomphyutheni ngokucophelela futhi okwethulwa yomphakathi. Ngababuka, kungashiwo ukuthi impumelelo ukwakheka komzimba womuntu uLeonardo da Vinci sika kukhona omkhulu, njengoba kuyintando wakwazi ukuphinde kahle ukuhlola umzimba womuntu ngesikhathi sako.

Kulokhu, noma yini eyingcuba, ngaphandle kuphela emehlweni, umculi kanye usosayensi uye wayechitha imidwebo amanothi kanjani inhliziyo. Nokho, waphika umqondo galenovskoe ukuthi kulomzimba umsuka emithanjeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLeonardo da Vinci khona owayephikisana Umbono wokuthi ventricles ezimbili, ngempela kufanele bakholwe ukuthi valve zihlukaniswe ngezigaba inhliziyo. Kumele kuthiwe Master kwadingeka nakancane sokuhamba kwegazi, lapho siqhuba ucwaningo.

Ukubaluleka okomnikelo

Lokhu ubuhlakani Florentine kubhekwa umsunguli wesayensi ngokuthi anatomy ashukumisayo. Ngemva uGalen, ngoba nantathu namakhulu eminyaka, cishe kwakungekho noyedwa Ucwaningo olusha ku isakhiwo umzimba womuntu, yayingekho, futhi ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi yakhe babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli kweBhayibheli nangezimfundiso ezingenakuphikiswa. Ukubona lokuqala da yokwakheka Vinci ngokwemvelo eduze imisebenzi u-Avicenna, kuyilapho yokugcina - Vesalius.

Ngokwenza amalungiselelo akhe siqu, Grand Master esethula entsha ekutadisheni izitho zangaphakathi. Kuyinto ba owasungula imodeli ingilazi sokutadisha valve inhliziyo. Umdwebi wokuqala waqala nisike ithambo skeleton phansi, ngaleyo ndlela belinganisa ngezabelo yayo. Iqhaza uLeonardo da Vinci e anatomy ayikwazi overestimated. Nguye kwaba nombhali izithombe lokuqala imizimba yabantu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. imidwebo yakhe wabiza dimonstrazioni.

impumelelo

Leonardo lokuqala emlandweni anatomy isayensi wasikisela ukuthi sacrum womuntu akuyona sakhiwa amathathu amahlanu amathambo, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza kahle ukuchaza engela yayo ukuthambekela sacrum. Bakhandwa kuqala kubhekwe futhi lezi zici yokwakheka komzimba, njengoba emthambekeni Curves noma emaphethelweni ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda inqubo okumelwe uphefumule futhi ukhulume ukuthambekela okhalo.

Lokho Leonardo wakwazi kahle ukubala ukuthi unyawo lwethu, kukhona amadayisi amabili nanhlanu, ngenkathi akazange esabe ukuya ingxabano imisebenzi Avicenna futhi uGalen, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo yabo ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha. Umdwebi wakwazi kahle ukudweba owokuqala evele ngokuhlanganyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Leonardo wakwazi ukuchaza inombolo yezici yokwakheka lwamathambo omuntu, elihlobene ne yokuhamba kwethu bipedal: ngokwesibonelo, isikhundla etshekile of kunawo wonke maqondana mpo.

wemibhalo yakhe yesandla yokwakheka, okuyizinto izitatimende, emakhulwini amaningi aye eyanikezwa izazi. Futhi nakuba namuhla amanye awo isayensi kufakazela kanye refutes ezinye, ezifana bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ayinangqondo mayelana igazi, Nokho, naphezu ngamaphutha athile izifundo, kunzima overestimate okomnikelo uLeonardo da Vinci e anatomy njengoba isayensi.

Harmony zokuphila

Ngenxa uLeonardo da Vinci sika nokwakheka imithi namuhla wangenela kude phambili. Nokho, wenza banesimo sengqondo esingaqondile odokotela. Uyindoda ezivelele, umculi kanye usosayensi njengoba kungekho noyedwa umuntu oye wabona ukungakwazi odokotela kanye nokungazi ngalezo zinsuku.

Namuhla, imidwebo yakhe impahla British Royal Collection - ukuqoqwa wasebukhosini eBrithani. sesayensi yokwakheka komzimba yanamuhla, ehamba izungeze lezi amasu amasha imaging ezifana-magnetic resonance imaging, noma Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi womuntu nasezintweni ezincane kakhulu, yebo, uye wagxumela phambili. emachibini okunjalo ayengenawo Leonardo, kodwa i-Florentine abaculi wakwazi ukufeza ukuthi lapho ososayensi babe ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa kamuva.

Ngokwesibonelo, imidwebo yakhe, esibonisa imibungu, cishe ngokuphelele kuvumelana nalokho namuhla kubonisa umfanekiso ultrasound kanye ehlombe wenza da Vinci, ubukeka cishe iyafana ngeso yabo yesimanje ngakuthathu.

Okuningi kwalokho kwenziwa Leonardo, ngokuqinisekile kubonisa okushiwo izinto kwafakazelani amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuba esethula omkhulu i-Florentine umdwebi Yenguquko.