UMninimandla onomusa uyisihluzo somuntu esesemthethweni futhi esinomusa. Isiqu sokukhuluma

Isiqu sokukhuluma siklanyelwe kokubili ukuvimbela ukungahloniphi ku-interlocutor, futhi ukugcizelela ukubaluleka komhlanganyeli ngamunye emphakathini jikelele kanye nengxoxo ethile ngokukhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ezinsukwini zethu izidingo eziqinile kule ndawo zenziwa kuphela ngesikhathi izingxoxo ezibalulekile zomphakathi - imihlangano yezombusazwe noma yebhizinisi. Okungeke kushiwo ngezikhathi zakudala.

Ngaphambilini, ukulingana kwamaRussia ezingeni lesishayamthetho akuzange kucatshangelwe - ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917 kuleli zwe, abahlonishwayo nabafundisi babejabulela amalungelo. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwezokwelapha noma ukubiza umuntu lusho okungaphezulu - ngokushesha wabonisa ukuthi ungubani, futhi yiziphi izimfuneko ezinganikwa abanye.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokusakaza ezaziwa? Indaba ingayitshela ngani? Nakuba izinhlobo zezihloko sezivele zivele zivele zivele isikhathi eside, ezinye ze-echoes zalezo zikhathi zisezwakalayo, omunye angasho ngisho nangaphezulu - asemanje, aguqulelwe kuphela. Ake sixoxe ngalolu daba ngokuningiliziwe.

Kusukela phezulu kakhulu

Amafomu okuphathwa ngokuhlonipha ngokuyinhloko ahlotshaniswa neziqu ezibonisa ukubaluleka komuntu ebusweni bokuhlonipha abahlonishwayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi isimo sengqondo esiqine kunazo zonke sasingesihloko senkosi. Ukuze kusetshenziswe isihloko se-monarch esemthethweni, kanye namagama anjengokuthi "inkosi", "umbusi", hhayi ngenxa yenhloso yaso ehlosiwe, isongelwa ngesijeziso esibi kakhulu.

Ngokwemvelo, kwakukhona izinhlobo zeziqu eMbusweni waseRussia wezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza. Iziqu eziningi zisetshenzisiwe ngobuningi: Ubukhosi bakho baseMbusweni (umbusi osebenzayo, umkakhe noma umphathi wezinhlanzi), ukuphakama kwakho kombuso (abantu abavela ezinkambeni ezinkulu, amakhosazana namakhosazana). Kubonakala ukuthi izikhalazo ezinjalo azihlukanisi phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane, kubhekisela kuwo wonke umuntu osesithombeni esiphakathi.

Kwakungokwemvelo ukuba inkosi iphathwe njenge "uMninimandla OnoMusa," nakumaGrand Omkhulu ngokuqondene "Nababusi Abanomusa Kakhulu" (ngokunjalo, ngencwadi enkulu!). Ngisho nezihlobo kunoma yisiphi isilungiselelo esisemthethweni kufanele zihambisane nalomthetho.

Indawo Yokuqala

E-Russia, kwakungekho isibonelo esicacile sokuhlukaniswa kweklasi, njengokuthi, eFrance, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi kwakungekho. Futhi abameleli besonto babehlonishwa ngokusemthethweni kuneziphathimandla zezwe. Ubufakazi balokhu kuyiqiniso ukuthi uma induna ephethe ihhovisi lesonto, owokuqala ukukhuluma ngesihloko sesonto lakhe, bese kuthiwa ngumholi wezwe.

Nalapha futhi, inqwaba yegama elithi "Yakho" isetshenzisiwe, bese isihloko sinobuhlobo obuphakathi, nakuba abesifazane bengavunyelwe ukuhola isonto. Ngokungafani namakhosi noma izicukuthwane, izigaba zesonto zisasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni egameni lobuholi besonto, kanye nesikhathi samasevisi nezenzakalo zesonto. Amagama alandelayo asetshenzisiwe: "Ubungcwele" (ngokuphathelene no-patriarch), "Eminence" (umbhishobhi omkhulu noma idolobha elikhulu), "Eminence" (umbhishobhi), "Ukuhlonipha" (hegumen, archpriest, archimandrite), "uMfundisi" (ama-hieromonks, abapristi).

Kubapristi besigaba esiphakeme kakhulu, cishe asizange siphendulele ukucela abantu. Ezingeni lasemakhaya, ukukhononda okunomusa kumuntu ongokomoya kwakubhekwa ngokuthi "ubaba" ohlobene nenhlonipho, "ubaba ongcwele."

Amakhosana nama-Counts

Le ngxenye yesitatimende sokwelapha esikhathini sethu sidinga kuphela ukuqonda incazelo ebhaliwe emadokhumenti omlando kanye nezincwadi zakudala, kanye nokuhlanganyela emhlanganweni wezinkulumo ezinhle. Kodwa emphakathini lapho izicukuthwane zaziyi "nerve enkulu yombuso" (okushiwo yiKhadidali Richelieu, kodwa futhi eMbusweni waseRussia, lo mbuzo wawuhunyushwa ngendlela efanayo), ubuhle nokubaluleka kwalowo mhlonishwa kwakungenakudliwa.

Noma ubani ohlonishwayo eRussia wayeyi "Hlonipha". Ngakho kwakungenzeka ukubhekana nomuntu ongaziwayo, ngendlela ecacile ukuthi uyinduna, kepha izinga lobukhulu bakhe alisobala. Wayenelungelo lokulungisa i-interlocutor, ekhombisa isihloko esifanele, futhi umxhumanisi ubophezelekile ukuba axolise futhi alungise.

Izicukuthwane ezinesihloko (izibalo, izikhulu, izinhlamvu) zazibizwa ngokuthi "Udumo lwakho". Ngokungathi "isikhulu" kufanele kuthiwa abafokazi abahloniphekile (ngokuvamile abantu abavela kumaSulumane). "Ubukhosi bakho" beyizihlobo ezikude zendlu yobukhosi. Futhi ilungelo lokunikezwa "uMhlonishwa" noma "Ukuphakama Kwakho" kungatholakala njengomvuzo. "Ukuphakama Kwenu" kwakudingeka ukubiza inzalo eyayikude yombusi ngokuqondile.

Amakhosi ngaphandle kombuso

Kodwa igama elithi "inkosi", elivame ukubonwa njengombonakaliso wenkosi, lisetshenziselwa eRussia ngaphandle kwe-officialdom. Babevele bebizwa ngokuthi "umuntu ohloniphekile" futhi basebenzise njengendlela yokwelashwa ngokuhloniphekile esimweni esingavumelekile nesisemthethweni. Ngokusemthethweni, uhlobo lokwelapha olunjalo luzwakala sengathi "umbusi onesihe," kodwa kungekudala kwavela ifomu elilula elithi "mnumzane". Washintsha izinto eziningi ongakhetha kuzo: "master", "master", "umuntu ohloniphekile noma ohlonishwayo."

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthula okunjalo kuphazamise kuphela abamele amakilasi acebile futhi kuphela ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwabo. Akekho owafuna ukuhlonipha okukhethekile lapho esebenzelana nabasebenzi kanye nabalimi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi babehlale behlukumeza - amaRussia asezingeni eliphezulu afundiswa kahle kakhulu. Kodwa akekho owakubheka njengokucasula ukubiza umuntu "ohlala" ongajwayelekile (kuhlanganise nomlimi wakuleli). Ku-cabman, inceku, noma engaziwa (esicacile) isithwathwa esincane, "othandekayo" noma "othandekayo" sibhekiswe. Lokhu kwakuyindlela ehloniphekile ngokuphelele.

Bhala ngegama eliphakathi. Kuvela kuphi lesi siko?

Isiko lokubiza umuntu ngamagama kanye ne-patronymic libhekisela emvelweni ohloniphekile. Ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Petrine, lokhu kwenziwa kuphela ngokuphathelene nama-boyars, izicukuthwane zabizwa ngegama labo eligcwele negama (ku-"Peter I" kaTolstoy "uMikhailo Tyrtov"), nakwabangekho abahlonishwayo - ngegama elincane (i-Ivashka Brovkin). Kodwa uPetru uye wahambisa le ndlela kuzo zonke izimo zokukhulumisana komuntu ngenhlonipho.

Kwabesilisa ngegama kanye ne-patronymic babhekiswa kaningi kunabamele abesilisa ocansini obuhle - ngokuvamile baba abantwana babababa nabafazi babayeni (ezincwadini zakudala, izibonelo eziningi zingatholakala). Ngokuvamile kwakukhona amacala okwelapha, futhi ngokuqamba ngamagama nje - kungabuye kubonakale emaphethini okufunda okubhala (okwakungubani igama likaRaskolnikov noPechorin?). Ukudluliswa kwesicelo kumuntu ohlonishwayo kuvunyelwe kuphela emndenini womndeni noma phakathi kwabangane abasondelene kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwegama kanye ne-patronymic kungomunye wamasiko ambalwa adala agcinwe kwisitifiketi sezinsuku zethu. IRussia ehlonishwayo ibizwa ngaphandle kwegama kuphela emihlanganweni yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhlonipha amasiko abanye abantu, olimini lwabo umqondo wokuthi "patronymic" awukho.

Qopha kuThebula Lamanani

UPeter ngethulisile hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwegama lakhe - ngo-1722 wabe esethula idokhumenti elinjengethi "Ithebula Lezinhlu", ngokucacile wakha uhulumeni wesifundazwe nezempi eRussia. Njengoba inhloso yalokho kwakhiwa nje ukuhlinzekela abantu abangenalwazi, kodwa abanolwazi ithuba lokwenza umsebenzi, ngokuvamile bavame ukutholakala kanye nabantu abahloniphekile. Kule akhawunti kwakukhona amalungiselelo ilungelo lomuntu siqu kanye nefa elihloniphekile lenkonzo ende, kodwa ayevame ukushintsha, futhi ekhulwini leminyaka kwakungenxa yokuthi umuntu waseRaznochintsy avela khona angaba nesimo esiphakeme.

Ngakho-ke, kanye nabahloniphekile, kwakukhona nesihloko esisemthethweni. Uma okuthunyelwe okubalulekile kwakuhlala ngumuntu ohloniphekile, kufanele aphathwe ngokusho komthetho wakhe omuhle, futhi uma ama-raznochinets - esebenza. Kwakunjalo ngisho nalapho kwenzeka izikhundla eziphezulu ezikhonza phezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isihloko senkonzo sithunyelwe kumlingani womlingani - kufanele aphathwe njengendoda yakhe.

Udumo lomphathi

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasosha acashunwe ngenhla konke etafuleni. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nezinduna ezincane kunazo zonke ebutho laseRussia zaziyi "Hlonipha", okungukuthi, basebenzisa ilungelo lokuguqulwa okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba lula kubo kunesisebenzi sikahulumeni sokukhonza abahlonishwayo (okwesikhashana ngokushesha kwaba yisakhiwo sephoyisa).

Ngokuvamile, imithetho yayinjengalandelayo: abasebenzi ngaphambi kwesigaba se-IX sezempi, inkantolo kanye nenkonzo yomphakathi kufanele kuthiwe "uMhlonishwa", kusukela ku-VIII kuya ku-VI - "Inhlonipho", V - "Inhlonipho". Izihloko zamabandla aphezulu zikhonjisiwe ngokucacile ukuthi akuzona kuphela izicukuthwane, kepha "ikakhulukazi ukufaneleka" - "Udumo wakho" (IV-III) kanye no "Udumo wakho (II-I) kufanele emelelwe phakathi kwabo.

Akukhona kuzo zonke izingxenye kwakungenzeka ukuba "ukuphakama okuphezulu" - iklasi eliphakeme kakhulu letafula lalingekho kwi-dragoons, i-Cossacks, i-Guards kanye nesevisi yenkantolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakungekho iklasi elingaphansi kule mikhumbi, isigaba se-XIV. Kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lunikeza inkonzo, ezinye izinyathelo zingasuswa.

ULieutenant Golitsyn

Esimeni samaphoyisa, isiko kanye nokwelashwa komunye nomunye ngesigaba kwakusakazeke. Uma ufaka isicelo esimisweni esingavamile noma esingaphansi komthetho, kanye nomncane kumuntu ophezulu, igama elithi "inkosi" kufanele lengezwe. Kodwa lezi zikhulu zabiza ngokuthi zilinganiselwe futhi zingabonakali. Lokhu kwakungavunyelwa futhi kuhloniphe umphakathi. Izikhulu zazinamahlombe nezinye izinsizwa, ngakho-ke kulula ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owayephambi kwakho. Ngakho-ke cishe noma ubani angaqamba isisebenzi esingalazi "u-lieutenant" noma "unkosikazi-kaputeni".

Isosha laphoqeleka ukuba libize umlawuli "uhloniphekile", ephendula ngemishwana egunyaziwe. Lena kwakuyindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke yokuphathwa kahle. Ngezinye izikhathi, esimweni esingahlelekile (isibonelo, ukubika isimo esimweni), izingxenye eziphansi zingafaka isicelo kumlawuli wezintambo, wanezela "umnumzane". Kodwa kwakudingeka kube njalo "ukukhipha" isikhalazo esisemthethweni kumuntu ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngisho nangokwemigomo ngokuzwakalayo. Ngenxa yalokho, wonke umuntu uthole "i-vashbrod" eyaziwayo, "eyakho". Ukuboleka izikhulu zaseRussia kanye nabaphathi, abavame ukucasulwa "ngamapharele" esosha. Akuzange kuvunyelwe esimweni sesiphathimandla kanye nokwelashwa okunonya kwamazinga aphansi. Nakuba amasosha ebutho laseRussia ayesabhekene nokujeziswa komuntu ngisho naphakathi kwekhulu le-XIX, ngisho nangenkathi yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, izikhulu zazingabhekwa njengecala, kwakusabhekwa njengendlela ebi. Ngokuba leli phoyisa kwakungekho umthetho ongenqunyelwe ukubhekana namasosha, kodwa iningi lawabiza ngokuthi "abafowethu", "servicemen" - okungukuthi, ejwayelekile, phansi, kodwa ngenzuzo.

Akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi

Nakuba izikhulu zaseRussia nazo zazigqoke imfashini, kodwa zabonakala zingezansi kuzo kunezikhulu. Ngakho-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka njalo ukunquma isigaba somsebenzi ongajwayelekile. Kulesi simo kwakungenzeka ukuphendukela kumuntu "umbusi onesihe" - wasondela cishe konke.

Uma ngabe lesi sikhulu sithunyelwe noma sineyunifomu, ukuphuza isihloko bekubhekwa njengokuhlambalaza.

Amakhosi angaphansi

Kodwa ukwelashwa "umfana" emphakathini omuhle waseRussia kwakungavamile kakhulu. Yebo, yayisetshenzisiwe, kepha ngokuvamile njengokungeza kwesibongo ("uMnu Iscariot"), isikhundla ("mfundisi jikelele") noma isikhundla ("uMfundisi iKhovisi likaHulumeni"). Ngaphandle kwalokhu, leli gama lingase libe ne-connotation engavamile: "Nkosi enhle." Izinceku kuphela ezisetshenzisiwe ngalesi sikhalazo: "Yini abafuna ukuyenza?" Kodwa lokhu kusebenza ezincekwini ezindaweni (zomphakathi, zokudla); Ekhaya abanikazi ngokwabo basungula indlela izinceku okufanele zibheke ngayo.

Igama elithi "master" ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX ngokujwayelekile lalibhekwa njengefomu elibi - bekholelwa ukuthi leli yigama labashayeli bekhanda kuphela labagibeli babo, nanoma yikuphi.

Ezingxenyeni zomuntu siqu phakathi kwabantu ababaziyo okuhle, amagama amaningi namazwi avunyelwe, agcizelela ukuzwelana: "umphefumulo wami," "othandekayo," "umngane wami." Uma izicelo ezinjalo zishintsha ngokungazelelwe ekuphatheni "umbusi onesihe," lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubuhlobo buye buthathaka.

Ukungahlali kahle akupheli isikhathi

Namuhla, ukukhwabanisa okunjalo kulesi sihloko sokukhuluma akudingeki. Kodwa kunezimo lapho ungenakukwenza ngaphandle kwalo. Ngakho-ke, izinxusa zezwe nezizwe zibizwa ngezo zonke izinhlobo futhi namhlanje (lokhu kwaze kwenziwa ngisho nase-USSR, nakuba ngokuyisimo isimo sengqondo esiphathelene nezihloko sasibi kakhulu). Isiqu sokukhuluma esinamandla sikhona enkambisweni yenkantolo. Izindlela zasendulo ezigcinwe eziguqulwayo esontweni, futhi zisetshenziselwa abantu bezwe uma kwenzeka bexhumana nabommeli beziphathimandla zesonto.

I-Russia yanamuhla, akunjalo, ayinayo inhlobo yonke yokuphathwa kabi (kumuntu noma owesifazane). "Mister" kanye "Mistress", ngokugcwele ngokuhambisana namasiko, ziqede ngokungadingekile. Igama lamaSoviet elithi "umngane" laliyizinhlanhla - lisasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ebuthweni laseRussia, futhi ngezinga elivamile - kakhulu kakhulu. Izwi elihle - eYurophu ephakathi nalokho okuthiwa omunye nomunye umfundi womphakathi owodwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwesitolo esisodwa noma isosha-mfowethu; E-Russia - abathengisi abathengisa izinto ezifanayo, okungukuthi, kuzo zonke izimo, abantu abalinganayo abenza umsebenzi owusizo ovamile. Kodwa abanye abantu bafuna ukuyilahla ngokuthi "ukusinda kwe-USSR". Ngenxa yalokho, isichazamazwi sezinsuku ezingasasebenzi asikhohliwe, kodwa okwamanje kusadingeka kuguquke.