Uyini CIS? CIS amazwe - uhlu. Map CIS

CIS - Union of Soviet Socialist Republic ayekade inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ogama msebenzi kuthiwa isiqondiso wokubambisana phakathi republic ezenze eSoviet Union. Leli akulona izinhlangano supranational. Phakathi kwezihloko kanye nokusebenza izinhlangano kuhlinzekelwe nsuku yokuzithandela. Kuyini CIS futhi iyini indima yalo e kwamaZwe? kwaba kanjani ukwakheka le Commonwealth? Iyini indima abehlukene sokugcwaliseka kwaso? Mayelana nalesi kamuva esihlokweni. Okulandelayo Uyophinde unikezwe ibalazwe CIS.

izinhlangano Ezemfundo

Ukudalwa inhlangano waba nengxenye Ukrainian SSR, le RSFSR kanye isi-Byelorussian SSR. Ngo-1991, 8 Disemba, ku Bialowieza sivumelwano elihambisana esasayinwa ehlathini. Lo mbiko, eyayihlanganisa izihloko 14 no esethulweni wawuthi eSoviet Union yaphela njengoba isihloko ngokoqobo geopolitical futhi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa ngesisekelo umphakathi zomlando kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe, esekelwe izivumelwano zamazwe amabili, isifiso ukudala Umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti komthetho, kanye ngenhloso ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bawo nomunye ngesisekelo ukuhloniphana nokuvuma ukuthi ubukhosi, ukuya emaphathini bavumelana ukwakha inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe.

kuciniswa isivumelwano

Kakade ngosuku lweshumi Disemba Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine futhi Belarus onginike amandla zomthetho le dokhumenti. Disemba 12 sivumelwano Schalkwyk kuphasiswe yiPhalamende Russian. Iningi (188) amavoti "ngoba", "babezithiba" - 7 "ngokumelene" - 6. Ngosuku olulandelayo, 13, uhlangane nalo inhloko republic emaphakathi Asian eyayiyingxenye ye-USSR. Babengabameleli Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan naseKazakhstan. Isitatimende Lo mbhalo ubhalwe umphumela lo mhlangano. It amakhanda uzwakalise kwemvume yabo ukuze ujoyine CIS (sokuqonda izifinyezo - Commonwealth of Independent States).

Isimo kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlangano kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukulingana yezihloko ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, kanye nokubhekelelwa bonke njengoba abasunguli. Kamuva Nazarbayev (uMongameli Kazakhstan) wenza isiphakamiso ukuhlela umhlangano Alma-Ata, lapho amazwe CIS , okuzokwenziwa ezibalwe ngezansi, uzoqhubeka kuxoxiswane ngazo futhi ukwamukelwa of izixazululo ngokuhlanganyela.

Ukuhlangana Alma-Ata

Ngo inhloko-dolobha Kazakhstan kufika 11 abameleli republic wangaphambili wase-USSR ngaphambili. Kwakumelwe amakhanda Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Armenia, i-Azerbaijan Belarus. Zazingekho abameleli abavela Georgia, Estonia, Lithuania futhi Latvia. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi simemezelo esasayinwa umhlangano. Kuyo izimiso kanye nezinhloso ze Commonwealth entsha banikezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhalo iqukethe ilungiselelo ukuthi zonke izifundazwe CIS uyosebenzisa ekusebenzelaneni kwabo ezimweni alinganayo ngokusebenzisa izikhungo wokuxhumanisa. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, kwakheka kwi silinganiso isisekelo. Usebenza kulezi zikhungo wokuxhumanisa kufanele kube ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano phakathi izinhlangano CIS (okulotshiweyo ngenhla). Ngesikhathi esifanayo balondoloza ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela phezu okuhloswe wezempi futhi amasu, izikhali zenuzi.

Ukukhuluma ngalokho CIS, kumele ukuthi lokhu kuhambisana akusho umngcele ezivamile - republic ngamunye, ngaphambili yeSoviet Union ukugcina ubukhosi bazo, uhulumeni, isakhiwo zomthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudalwa Commonwealth uwukubonakaliswa kokuzibophezela ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano indawo ezivamile kwezomnotho.

Map CIS

Territoriralno Commonwealth kwaba esingaphansi-USSR. Ezinye republic zangaphambili ngeke baveza isifiso sabo sokuba ukujoyina CIS. Noma kunjalo, le nyunyana sisonke Kwangithatha isikhathi impela isikhala geopolitical. Iningi izifundo wazama nokubambisana nenzuzo Okusizayo ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo, ngenkathi sigcina ubuqotho bayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umhlangano Disemba 21 ama-republic angu-USSR nomthelela kwaqedwa ukuguqulwa emazweni CIS. Uhlu ungeze eMoldova nase-Azerbaijan, elaba wokugcina yenza idokhumenti ukusungulwa Commonwealth. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo ababenakho amalungu umhlobo kuphela inhlangano. Lokhu kwaba isehlakalo esibaluleke kakhulu esizweni-ukwakhiwa sonke isikhala post-Soviet. Ngo-1993, Georgia kwahlanganiswa uhlu CIS. Phakathi wemizi emikhulu kakhulu Commonwealth kufanele ngokuthi Minsk, Petersburg, Kiev, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, eMoscow.

nezindaba yenhlangano

E Minsk emhlanganweni mhlaka 30 Disemba lamazwe CIS ngemvume izivumelwano zesikhashana. Umzimba obuphakeme Commonwealth yasungulwa nalokho ngokufana. UMkhandlu siqukethe zezinhloko izifundo kwenhlangano.

Ukukhuluma ngalokho CIS, kumele ishiwo ukuthi ngokomthetho izinqumo. Ngamunye inhlangano Commonwealth has nevoti elilodwa. Isinqumo Imininingwane senziwa ngesisekelo ukuvumelana.

Emhlanganweni e Minsk futhi yasayina isivumelwano elawula ukulawula Armed Forces futhi Border Kwamabutho. Ngokusho kwakhe, isihloko ngasinye wayenalo ilungelo ukudala ibutho lakhe siqu. Ngo-1993, wawuqeda isigaba yenhlangano.

On 22 Januwari ka kulo nyaka e Minsk, Charter kwavunyelwana. Lo mbhalo isibe siyinhloko inhlangano. Ngo-1996, 15 Mashi, emhlanganweni we State Duma we Russian Federation yokutholwa Ukulungiswa 157-II HD. It kunqunywa ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi imiphumela inhlolovo labetibambile ngo-1991, 17 Mashi, ukuze kulondolozwe i-USSR. Esigabeni sesithathu libhekisela uqinisekise ukuthi isivumelwano kwi ukwakheka Commonwealth, ayigunyazelwanga uKhongolose amasekela Yabantu - sakhiwo esiphezulu esithatha izinqumo amandla isimo e-USSR - akuzange ifa lomhlaba, futhi akanayo amandla zomthetho mayelana ukumisa ukuba khona kuyo eSoviet Union.

indima waseRussia e-Commonwealth

On lomhlangano Russian uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha uMongameli Putin wakhuluma. Vladimir Vladimirovich wamemezela ukuthi eRussia kanye CIS ifinyelele esibalulekile sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Kule ndaba, njengoba kwaphawula u-uMongameli, kubalulekile, noma ukufeza umphumela ube ukuqina qualitative Commonwealth kanye kumiswa ku osekelwe kuyo abasebenza ngempela, okuyinto unomthelela ezithile isakhiwo lesifunda emhlabeni, noma isikhala ngenye geopolitical elinde "ukufiphala", lapho isithakazelo Commonwealth phakathi izikhonzi zakhe Kuzobakhuthaza irrevocably elahlekile.

Uma wahlupheka ukwehluleka eziningana okuphawulekayo ubudlelwane zezombusazwe phakathi republic, ngaphambili yakhiwa eSoviet Union (Moldova, Georgia ne-Ukraine) ngo-March 2005, uhulumeni waseRussia, phakathi nenhlekelele, iziphathimandla Kyrgyz Putin wakhuluma ngempela egcizelela. Waphawula ukuthi zonke nokudumazeka babe umphumela ngokweqile okulindele. Kafushane, umongameli we-Russian Federation waqaphela ukuthi zahlelwa imigomo efanayo, kodwa empeleni lonke inqubo kwakuhlukile ngokuphelele.

Imibuzo Commonwealth ukuzinza

Ngenxa yokukhula izinqubo centrifugal ezenzeka ngaphakathi CIS, uye wasiphakamisela ngokuphindaphindiwe udaba ngesidingo wokuguqula inhlangano. Nokho, kuvunyelwane isiqondiso Cishe lokhu ukunyakaza akuyona. Ngesikhathi Julayi isiqongo lengakahleleki 2006, unyaka lapho uya weCommonwealth Heads of izifundo, Nazarbayev ezihlongozwayo izimpawu zendawo eziningana ongacabanga umsebenzi.

UMongameli Wokuqala Kazakhstan, kubhekwe ukuthi kudingekile ukuba avumelana izinqubomgomo ukufuduka. Kudingekile, ngokombono wakhe, ukuthuthukiswa ezivamile zokuxhumana ezokuthutha nobambiswano ekulweni nobugebengu cross-border, kanye nobambiswano amasiko, isayensi kanye ezemfundo nemikhakha.

Njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa abezindaba, lokhu kugxeka kwabo mayelana ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza e-Commonwealth ephathelene ne-inani lezimpi ukuhweba. Ngo nalezi zinhlekelele, Russian Federation kuqhathaniswa Moldova, Georgia ne-Ukraine. CIS, ngokusho kwabanye kwababukele, kwaba sisonqenqemeni sokusinda. Lokhu lula izenzakalo zamuva - izingxabano ukuhweba phakathi Georgia neRussia. Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, unswinyo Russian ngokumelene Commonwealth kuncike kwakuyinto eyayiqala ngqá. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwaphawula u-izingqapheli eziningi, inqubomgomo Russian Federation ukuhlonipha ezifundeni post-Soviet baliklasi lonkhe Ekupheleni kuka-2005 futhi CIS ngokukhethekile ezakhiwe "Gazprom" (Russian igesi ayitholwa). Izindleko fuel enikeziwe, ngokusho kwabanye abalobi, kwaba uhlobo isijeziso indlela yokukhuthaza Commonwealth of izifundo, kuye ngokuthi ukubambisana kwazo yezombangazwe Russia.

"Amafutha kanye negesi ubudlelwane"

Ukukhuluma ngalokho CIS, akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa isici Ukuhlanganiswa kwato tonkhe tifundvo. Bangabaholi eziphansi uphethiloli akhululwe Insimu Russian Federation. Nokho, ngo-2005, unyaka ngoJulayi, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ukwenyuka kancane igesi izintengo emazweni aseBaltic. Izindleko singezelelwe ezingeni European $ 120-125 / ayizinkulungwane ^M3. Ngo-September ka lowo nyaka kwamenyezelwa nesanda amanani yokubasela Georgia kusukela 2006, ukuze $ 110, futhi 2007 - kuze kufinyelele $ 235.

Ngo-November 2005, liye lenyuka intengo igesi Armenia. Izindleko ukudiliva kwakufanele kube $ 110. Nokho, iziphathimandla Armenia baye baveza ukukhathazeka ukuthi Republic ngeke ukwazi ukuthenga uphethiloli ngaleso intengo. Russia unikezele loan entshisakalweni khulula, okungase offset izindleko esekhulile. Nokho, i-Armenia, uphakamise enye inguqulo ye Russian Federation - esikhundleni udlulisela ubunikazi omunye amabhlogo okuqondene naye we Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant, kanye lonke igesi zokuthutha inethiwekhi kuleli zwe. Nokho, naphezu izixwayiso kuthabathela ecaleni Armenia ezimayelana nemiphumela engase engakhi okwengeziwe amanani ukwenyuka, izwe kuphela ephethwe uyephuza ukwanda ngenani.

Ukuze Moldova, ekunyuseni amanani kwamenyezelwa ngo-2005, unyaka. Ngu 2007, intengo kwavunyelwana supply entsha. Inani lamafutha kwaba $ 170. Ngu-December, kuvunyelwene ukuphakela fuel ukuze Azerbaijan ngemali yasemakethe. Ngo-2006, inani lase $ 110, futhi ngo-2007 zase kuhlelwe ukulethwa $ 235.

Ngawo-December 2005, impi phakathi Russia nase-Ukraine. Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaZibandlela 2006, kwamenyezelwa izonyusa amanani ku $ 160. Njengoba izinkulumo ezengeziwe aziphumelelanga, Russia ephakanyiswe intengo $ 230. Ngandlela-thile, ithuba elihle kuyi gesi yayingokwemvelo eBelarus. Kuze kufinyelele kuMashi 2005, Russian Federation yamemezela ukwanda intengo ukulethwa. Nokho, ngo-April 4, Putin athembisa ukugcina intengo ezingeni elifanayo. Kodwa ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli ukuze Belarus ke kwaphinde yamemezela amanani ukwenyuka. Ngemva kwezingxoxo omude 2007-2011 izindleko eyayibekwe ku- $ 100.

Indima Commonwealth izinhlangano ku ubudlelwane uwoyela negesi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngesikhathi 2006, uhulumeni waseRussia sizame imfundo ngesisekelo inyunyana of CIS. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ilungu lawo lokuba izikhonzi Commonwealth, ngandlela-thile okuhlobene igesi futhi amafutha ahamba, aqaphele, ngaphezu kwalokho, indima eyinhloko Russia njengoba umphakeli ayitholwa eneji zokubasa eYurophu abasuka ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union. Kulokhu, emazweni angomakhelwane uyabanda enze umsebenzi abanikezeli igesi ayo ukuze amapayipi isiRashiya, noma ukuba abe indawo yohambo. Njengoba isibambiso kwalesi sibopho amandla kuhilela ukushintshana noma ukuthengiswa amandla ezokuthutha kanye namandla amafa.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, nge Turkmenistan bafinyelela esivumelwaneni ku nokuthengiswa igesi yayo ngokusebenzisa amapayipi "Gazprom". Ngo Uzbekistan kukhona ukuthuthukiswa imali Russian nezinkampani ezikhona endaweni. E-Armenia ngo ubunikazi "Gazprom" kuyinto iphayiphi igesi Iran. Futhi, isivumelwano yathinteka nge Moldova ukuthi inkampani igesi wendawo "Moldovgaz", kwesigamu okungokwendlela "Gazprom", ukukhipha ukwabelana ezengeziwe, wenze inkokhelo njengoba inethiwekhi ukusatshalaliswa igesi.

ukubukwa ezibucayi

Uyini CIS namuhla? Ukuhlaziya umlando yamuva we Commonwealth of izifundo, akunakwenzeka ukuqaphela ngokuchichima izingxabano emazingeni ahlukahlukene. Akwaziwa izibhelu ngisho kwezempi - kokubili abaFu- ndi futhi naphakathi-state. Kuze kube namuhla, luhlala inkinga kungalungiswanga ukubonakaliswa wobandlululo, kuleli ngokungemthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusadingeka indawo futhi izingxabano kwezomnotho phakathi Russia ngakolunye uhlangothi nase-Ukraine futhi Belarus ngakolunye.

Inkinga eyinhloko ukuxazulula inkinga lezimpahla yamanani. Ngokuphindaphindiwe Russia njengoba isihloko ngobukhulu Commonwealth (ibalazwe eRussia kanye CIS, ekubonisa lokhu lapha ngenzansi) kokuba kwezomnotho nakwezempi eliphakeme, usolwa yokwephula isivumelwano letisisekelo, ikakhulu amalungiselelo ukuziphatha imisebenzi intelligence endaweni. Ngokombono geopolitical umbono, CIS namuhla ayinakho umgomo esisemthethweni ukubuyela ngandlela-thile esikhathini esidlule, ngesikhathi lapho zonke izifundazwe eNgophezukonke ekhona njengamanje abakulesi sikhungo babekhathazekile uMbuso Russian futhi i-Soviet Union. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, empeleni, ubuholi olusemthethweni Russian Federation Izinkulumo zakhe, futhi ngokusebenzisa abezindaba ngokuvamile wezwakalisa ukugxekwa uhulumeni ezinye Commonwealth izinhlangano. Ngokuvamile amalungu le-International Association icala nokudelela esidlule, okuyinto evamile e izenzo bedle amazwe athuthukile Western (ngokuyinhloko) futhi zisho amazwi revanchist (ngokukhethekile, umfanekiso wanoma izenzakalo 2nd neMpi Yezwe ekukhanyeni, nalokho izwe ezivamile nawaseSoviet-Russian historiography).