Edmund Burke: izingcaphuno, amazwi, biography, imibono eziyisisekelo, imibono yezombangazwe, imisebenzi esemqoka, isithombe, ifilosofi

Edmund Burke (1729-1797 GG.) - ovelele British sibalo ePhalamende, ezombusazwe kanye zomphakathi, umbhali, umlobi, isazi sefilosofi, umsunguli we isiqondiso olandelanayo. imisebenzi yayo kanye nomsebenzi ewela kwekhulu le-18, kwaba nomunye umuntu owayephila French Revolution, kanye ilungu umzabalazo ePhalamende. imibono yakhe kanye nemibono yakhe kwaba nethonya ophawulekayo endleleni umcabango kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, futhi imisebenzi yakhe isikhathi ngasinye okubangelwa eshubile emphakathini.

Ezinye amaqiniso okuphila

Edmund Burke, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako isihloko lokhu kubuyekezwa, yazalwa ngo-Ireland ngo-1729. Uyise wayengumGreki YamaProthestani, unina - engumKatolika. Wathweswa iziqu Trinity College Dublin, yabe isinquma ukuthatha wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo, waya eLondon. Kodwa lapha waba nesithakazelo umbhali career. Edmund Burke kwaba umhleli we umagazini "Register yonyaka," esichaza izindlela isiqondiso salo nokuqukethwe cishe konke ukuphila kwakhe. Khona-ke waqala, futhi umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe, ekubeni unobhala kaNgqongqoshe Prime (ngo-1765), futhi kamuva owaba ilungu ephalamende imbala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo (1756) wabhala eziningana imisebenzi-reflection, okuyinto amenza abanye udumo futhi bavunyelwe ukuba aqale ukuqomisana emibuthanweni etemibhalo. Edmund Burke, imisebenzi esemqoka abazinikele ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe nezobuzwe zefilosofi, eyaduma kubangelwe izinkulumo zabo asephalamende amapheshana njalo yaba kuncike ingxoxo emnandi futhi mpikiswano.

ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Umsebenzi wakhe ePhalamende yaqala lapho waba ngunobhala we uNdunankulu, ababengabendlu party Whig. ngokushesha Wathatha abaholayo ingxenyenamba ukuthi kunqunywe yakhe ukubukwa zezombusazwe. Edmund Burke, umsunguli conservatism Kodwa ezinye izinto labetibambile nemibono. Ngakho, eneminyaka engu-umsekeli kabusha futhi ekholelwa ukuthi amandla yenkosi kumele zisekelwe sovereignty of abantu. Wamelana ohlanga ngokuphelele, bekholelwa ukuthi impilo egcwele sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe kufanele kube emcimbini ithuba lokuveza imibono yabo ngqo futhi ngokucacile.

eziyisisekelo

Kodwa kwamanye nezindaba Edmund Burke, imibono eziyisisekelo okuyizinto ngoludala, banezikhundla ezihlukene. Ngakho, njengoba isimiso umsekeli kabusha, wayekholwa ukuthi lezi zinguquko kufanele kancane kancane ngokucophelela kakhulu hhayi abaphazamisa ibhalansi akhona amandla ngeke kuyilimaze eminyaka yakha uhlelo. Wamelana ushintsho olusheshayo ezinqala kulo ngenkolelo yokuthi lelo izenzo ezinjalo kuzoholela isiphithiphithi isiyaluyalu.

mayelana nomphakathi

Edmund Burke, abanemibono zezombusazwe nabanye ukubhuka kungenziwa ngokuthi ngoludala, wakhuluma ngokumelene izenzo British Uhulumeni maqondana amakoloni North American. Wabiza ukubanika inkululeko kwezomnotho futhi adambise umthwalo wentela, wakhuluma ngesidingo yokuqeda duty isitembu. Wabuye wagxeka imisebenzi East India Company eNdiya wenza isivivinyo elikhulu umbusi ezweni W. Hastings (1785). Inqubo kwakuhluke kakhulu elikhulu futhi wembula ukuhlukumeza eziningi elawula uhlelo British kulelizwe. Edmund Burke, conservatism kubonakala ngokukhethekile endleleni ngayo ingxabano nabakwa-Hastings, wagomela ngokuthi India kufanele senze kwezinkambiso Western nemithetho, futhi umphikisi wakhe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wagomela ukuthi akwamukelekile emazweni asempumalanga.

Inguquko French

Yaqala 1789 wazamazama wonke amazwe aseYurophu, hhayi kuphela izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, kodwa futhi imibono yabo. Ngokumelene yokugcina ngokucijile wagxeka Edmund Burke, phikisana ukuthi ukubukwa onobuhlakani wokuvukela umbuso nawukucabangela, abstract, ungenalo inhlabathi zomlando yangempela futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke imile izimpande emphakathini, ngoba Awunawo izimpande noma umlando. Waqhathanisa amalungelo wangempela zemvelo. Lesi sakamuva, ngokombono wakhe, kuphela theory, kuyilapho eqinisweni kukhona kuphela naleyo akhiwa inkambo izenzakalo ezingokomlando zezizukulwane ezedlule.

On the umphakathi kanye nesimo

Edmund Burke, ogama imibono kukhona isiqondiso ngoludala, sinqatshiwe, wazama futhi wagxeka theory inkontileka kwezenhlalo J.-J. Rousseau, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuthi abantu ngokwabo ngokuzithandela renounces ingxenye inkululeko yabo futhi adlulisele yemfanelo isimo ukuphathwa nokuvikeleka Ukuvikelwa. Ngokombono Burke, zonke izinhlangano zezombusazwe, ezenhlalo nezomnotho esekelwe ekuphileni nasezimfundisweni esisebenzayo, lokuthi amakhulu eminyaka ekhiqizwa futhi ihlolwe ngu isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, akunandaba mqondo, wathi, ekuzameni ukushintsha oda ekhona, kungaba kuphela ngokuqapha ngcono ngaphandle izinguquko ezinqala. Kungenjalo, woza isiphithiphithi nezinxushunxushu, okuyinto lokho okwenzeka e-France wamavukelambuso.

Yini ekhuluma inkululeko

Abalobi basikisela ukuthi ekungalinganini emphakathini nezicukuthwane ikhona njalo, ngakho-ke, kubhekwe amaphrojekthi wamavukelambuso ku ukwakhiwa umphakathi nje esekelwe jikelele ukulingana utopia. Edmund Burke, aphorisms okuyinto ngamafuphi baveze okushiwo ifilosofi yakhe, wagomela ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukulingana Imininingwane nokuzimela jikelele.

Ukuyiphi isitatimende esilandelayo kule ndaba: "Ukuze ube nenkululeko, kubalulekile ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo." Imibono wabaholi wanaka ukwakhiwa njengoba zokucabangela futhi bakhomba izibhelu okwafika njengezwi eFrance ngemva Icebo lika. Ikakhulu sibonga ukunandisa kwakhe ngokumelene iphamfulethi Revolution Ya empumelelweni bese uhlala likahulumeni eliholwa uWilliam Pitt Omncane wenza isinqumo ukuya empini ngokumelene nombuso. Edmund Burke, izingcaphuno ephakamisa izikhundla zakhe ngoludala, bagomela ngokuthi umuntu angazinqumela ningalokothi ngokuphelele ezimele kusukela umphakathi, ngandlela-thile linamathele kuye. Wakhuluma ngawo ngale ndlela: "inkululeko Abstract, njengabanye ayekhulekela, alikho."

Imicabango aesthetics

At ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe etemibhalo (1757), wabhala iphepha esithi "cwaningo yefilosofi umsuka imibono kwethu sublime futhi enhle." Kuyo usosayensi aphakanyisiwe entsha ngesikhathi sawo embonweni wokuthi ukuqonda yobuhle umuntu enhle akuxhomekile Imibono yobuciko kanye nokuthula kwangaphakathi izidingo ezingokomoya. Lo msebenzi oye wamlethela udumo ayewukhonzile eziningi imisebenzi mayelana sobuhle bayo. Lo msebenzi liye lahunyushelwa isiRashiya, okhuluma ngodumo lwakhe.

umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke

Edmund Burke, ogama ifilosofi futhi buvezwa kakhulu imicabango conservatism, waveza imibono ezithakazelisayo ngomlando senhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ayekholelwa ukuthi kabusha kufanele bacabangele isipiliyoni ethize esizuzwe ngamanga dlule zukulwane. Yena elibizwa uholwe izibonelo eziqondile kunokuba eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma abstract. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo kwakuyindlela engcono kakhulu uguqule senhlalo. Kulesi senzakalo, ungumnikazi nesisho esithi: ". Ungakhumbuli isibonelo - kuwukuphela esikoleni besintu, ukuba omunye umuntu esikoleni akukaze gone futhi ngeke uya"

Umbono owamukelekayo

Edmund Burke babekholelwa emasikweni eyinhloko ukubaluleka ukuthi ucingo ukuze alondoloze futhi zihlonipha bajwayela impilo uqobo futhi zisekelwe izidingo zangempela futhi nezidingo zabantu, futhi akuveli ukufunisela. Akukho lutho mubi, ngokombono wakhe, kunalokho ukwephula Yiqiniso engokwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto lihlelwe emlandweni kuhlanganise nokuphila ngokwakho. Wabalahla izenzakalo French yesikhathi sakhe indzabambhalo adumile "Ukucabanga phezu Revolution eFrance" (1790) Kulezi izikhundla. revolution Ephukile, wabona ukuthi ukuba wonakaliswe umuzwa engokomoya enkulu zanqwabelana izizukulwane ezidlule. Imizamo ukwakha umphakathi omusha lapho abhekwa emphakathini, ngoba kukhona kuphela isiphithiphithi ekubhujisweni.

Inani

Emibhalweni kanye nezinkulumo Burke wokuqala wathola imvume yokugcina ngemibono imibono olandelanayo. Ngakho-ke, ubhekwa umsunguli conservatism classical. imibono yakhe zefilosofi hlala endaweni egqamile emlandweni umcabango zezombusazwe kanye inkulumo zezombusazwe ukhombise impilo inkululeko amakoloni North American ngokumelene eyonakele amandla IsiZulu e-India, i-nenkululeko enkolweni yamaKatolika e-Ireland uye wakwenza omunye abameleli ovelele ngesikhathi sakhe. imibono yakhe, Nokho, asikwazi ngokuthi ngokucacile ngoludala, kusukela ngokuvamile banamathela imibono ovulekile.