Yemalahle: ukusetshenziswa nokwehluka

Kunzima ukucabanga into esisemqoka ngaphezulu esintwini kuka amalahle. Elisetshenziswa Amatebhe kangangokuba ngezinye izikhathi nje babamba ongezansi. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, ungahlosile ukungabaza aqala, futhi umsindo ngempela umbuzo enengqondo ikhanda lami: "Ini? Konke amalahle?! ". Zonke ejwayele ukucabanga kwamalahle impahla ezivuthayo kuphela, kodwa, eqinisweni, uhla zokusebenza kuba likhulu kangangokuthi kubonakala ngendlela engakholeki.

Ukwakheka kanye umsuka amalahle ezivuzayo

Ukuvela amalahle emhlabeni fanele ngenkathi ezikude Paleozoic, lapho iplanethi wayesekhona isigaba ukuthuthukiswa futhi kwaba ngokuphelele zezinto eziphilayo alien kithi. Ukwakhiwa amalahle ezivuzayo zaziqale cishe eminyakeni 360.000.000 edlule. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu inhlabathi wamanzi komlando, lapho izigidi zeminyaka zanqwabelana izinto eziphilayo.

Uma sikubeka kalula, amalahle - ke siyizinsalela izidumbu zezilwane giant, zemithi nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso ukuthi kujule kuze phansi, obonakaliswayo ocindezelwe ngaphansi ikholomu amanzi. Inqubo kumiswa ezifakwa lide kakhulu, futhi ukwakheka umphetho amalahle kudingeka okungenani ube neminyaka engu-40.000.000.

Isizinda of amalahle

kudala abantu baqaphela ukuthi kubaluleke futhi Irreplaceable amalahle, izakhiwo kanye isicelo ngendlela okufanele isabele ahlolisise abuye ukuzivumelanisa ngezinga elikhulu kangaka muva nje. ukuthuthukiswa Emikhulu kwamalahle ezifakwa yaze yaqala emakhulwini eminyaka XVI-XVII. eNgilandi, kanye material ekhishwe isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko for ingulube yensimbi kudingekile ngokukhiqiza izibhamu. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa yayo ngezindinganiso lanamuhla wayemncane ukuze umkhakha yayo ayikwazi kubhekwe.

ukukhiqizwa Emikhulu waqala kuphela towards maphakathi nekhulu XIX. Lapho kwezimboni sesiqala ukwakha nje kudingeka amalahle. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalo, ngaleso sikhathi lwalulinganiselwe kuphela amandla omlilo. Namuhla, amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezimayini usebenza emhlabeni wonke, ibubulo usuku ngaphezu eminyakeni embalwa ekhulwini XIX.

Izinhlobonhlobo amalahle

Imali kwamalahle ezivuzayo ongafinyelela ekujuleni amakhilomitha amaningana, ngelulela yokuphila ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe ngisho nasemajukujukwini omhlaba, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi yonke indawo, ngoba kokubili okuqukethwe kanye ukubukeka zinhlobo heterogeneous.

Kunezinhlobo 3 izinhlobo eziyinhloko wezinsalela: anthracite, lignite, futhi Peat, okuyinto kakhulu ngalokwanele okusikhumbuza amalahle.

1. Anthracite Ukwakheka endala kakhulu emhlabeni yalolu hlobo, isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala lokhu zilwane iminyaka 280.000.000. Kunzima kakhulu, has high density ne-carbon okuqukethwe 96-98%.

2. Ukuqina kanye kwabantu ansundu incane kanye okuqukethwe carbon kuwo. It has engazinzile, isakhiwo okuxekethile futhi ayegcwele amanzi, okuqukethwe kuyo ongafinyelela afinyelela ku-20%.

3. Peat ibizwa nangokuthi njengoba ezahlukeneyo amalahle, kodwa ingakamiswa kwakhiwa, ngakho amalahle, kepha akanalutho.

Izakhiwo amalahle

Manje Kunzima ukucabanga nezinye izinto ewusizo futhi kunengqondo ngaphezu kwanoma amalahle, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo futhi ukusetshenziswa okwakubekelwa kuyancomeka. Ngoba kuqukethwe izinto futhi compounds, wayemane nje esisemqoka kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila kwanamuhla.

I ingxenye ilahle simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• isilinganiso volatiles okuqukethwe ifinyelela 35-40%;

• isilinganiso umlotha okuqukethwe ingeqi 15-18%;

• isilinganiso umswakama okuqukethwe zokhahlamba kusuka 12-15%;

• isilinganiso okuqukethwe kwama-kilojoule elilingana 5500-7000 kcal / kg.

Konke lokhu izingxenye futhi senze amalahle, ukusetshenziswa kanye ukusetshenziswa okuyinto multi-functional. izinto oluyingozi eziqukethwe amalahle, unikeze ukuthungela okusheshayo ophumelele alandelayo okushisa aphakeme. Okuqukethwe umswakama ukucutshungulwa amalahle lula ikhalori okuqukethwe kwenza kube ukusetshenziswa esisemqoka imithi kanye izimonyo umlotha kukodwa eyigugu impahla amaminerali.

Ukusetshenziswa amalahle emhlabeni namuhla

izinhlelo Various namaminerali. Yamalahle wayedabuka komthombo ukushisa ke amandla (waphendula amanzi aba umusi) manje kule ndaba, amathuba amalahle angenamkhawulo.

amandla Thermal kusukela amandla omlilo of amalahle iguqulwe ibe kagesi therefrom ekhiqizwa coke imikhiqizo chemical walulama ketshezi nophethiloli. Coal - zilwane kuphela lapho ukungcola equkethwe izinsimbi ezingavamile ezifana germanium futhi gallium. Ngoba akhishwa coke igesi kuhhavini, kusetshenzwe ke ku-benzene, okuyinto behlukene coumarone resin, edlulisela enkulu ekwakhekeni zonke izinhlobo upende, lacquers, injoloba kanye linoleum. Eyatholakala kusukela amalahle , hydrocarbon elimnandi, phenols futhi pyridine elisekela. Phakathi ukucutshungulwa amalahle uthola isicelo enkulu ekwakhekeni vanadium, graphite, isibabule, molybdenum, i-zinc, okuhola kanye sebuningini namanje futhi manje imikhiqizo ebalulekile.