Umlando yokuziphatha kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla

Umlando nesenzakalo yokuziphatha elisuka endulo. Njengoba abantu abahlala bebaningi, kwadingeka isidingo sokuqondisa khona kwabo ngezindinganiso ezithile, siyivumele ukuba uthole ku nge induduzo enkulu nomunye. Isimiso esifanayo iyagcinwa kuze kube namuhla.

Amazinga Yokuziphatha ye emakhulwini eminyaka adlule

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla yokuziphatha - akusiyo lutho kodwa iqoqo imithetho yakhelwe ukwenza izimpilo zethu ezithandekayo futhi ephephile ukuxhumana nomunye, kanye lokuzivikela bona abanye ekumangalelweni nolwazi kanye nezikhalo. Abaningi izidingo, ezifana hhayi iyoshaya ehlombe yomfokazi, kukhona icashile futhi nje isuke ibangelwa ukuphila ngokwakho, kodwa kukhona nalabo ngocansi ngesimo izimfundiso nesiqondiso.

Umlando umsuka yokuziphatha njengoba injalo bokuqala ikakhulukazi eyaziwa ngenxa izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezibekwe emibhalweni zaseGibithe nase Roma, kanye kule "Odyssey" zikaHomer. Ngisho nakuba la imibhalo yasendulo washayelwa izimiso of ubudlelwano ubulili, abaphathi kanye abangaphansi, kanye nemithetho emisiwe zokuxhumana nabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuphula izitshalo kuhilelani lesi sijeziso esinzima kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, imithetho yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu babe eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu parallel ukuthi ngomlando ngokwawo savela.

Knightly ikhodi udumo

Ukuziphatha eNtshonalanga Yurophu ithole i ngokwako evundile ikakhulukazi ekhulwini X-XI, ne ukusabalala phakathi kwezakhi zenhlabathi elibusisekile umphakathi isimiso Chivalry. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona Ikhodi Ukuhlonishwa - iqoqo imithetho, bavumelana imininingwane hhayi kuphela imithetho yokuziphatha, kodwa futhi eqondisa knight umbala kanye nesitayela izigqoko zakhe, kanye nezimpawu ejwayelekile heraldic.

Phakathi nale nkathi, eziningi ezintsha imicikilisho yokusebenzelana eyinqaba kakhulu namasiko, ezifana kuyingxenye esisemqoka e tournaments knightly futhi impela feat egameni umama wakulowo inhliziyo, zinjalo ngisho ezimweni lapho okhethiwe akuyona naye wenza okufanayo. Ukuze ngikwenze ngokugcwele isimo salo, Knight kwadingeka abe nesibindi, ihloniphekile futhi ophanayo. Nokho, eminyakeni emibili izimfanelo itawufuneka kuphela maqondana abantu embuthanweni wakhe. Nge ezivamile abantu knight kwaba khulula ukwenza akuthandayo, kodwa lokho omunye indaba.

Ukuziphatha, noma kunalokho, yokunamathela kwayo okuqinile imithetho, wakwazi ngezinye izikhathi ukudlala isiphithiphithi nalabo abamlalelayo zifa. Akwaziwa, isibonelo, icala lapho, ngesikhathi impi ye Crecy, okuyinto isibe izimpi obaluleke kunayo Eminyakeni Eyikhulu neMpi, Knights French ayegibela eNkosini yakhe Philip VI umlayezo ophuthumayo, akazange alinge ziphazamisa nenhlonipho enkantolo futhi owokuqala bambize. Lapho ekugcineni le nkosi Mawakhulume, bakhothama isikhathi eside, enika nomunye unelungelo lolu dumo. Ngenxa yalokho, nemithetho yokuziphatha kuhlangatshezwene nazo, kodwa walahlekelwa isikhathi, futhi kubambezeleka nomthelela ongemuhle impi.

Ukuziphatha wayiqhubekisa ku XVII- XVIII leminyaka esigodlweni senkosi French uLouis XIV. Empeleni, leli gama uye wangenela ezweni esigodlweni sakhe, lapho ngesikhathi omunye namasu bonke abakhona wathola ikhadi (French - etiquete) ne uhlu oluningiliziwe imithetho yokuziphatha, ayenakho ukuze baqhubeke beqondiswa.

Umlando yokuziphatha eRussia

Ngo zangaphambi Petrine Russia njengoba kukhona imithetho ethile yokuziphatha, kodwa musa zazivela eYurophu, kodwa kusukela WaseByzantium, okuyinto kusukela kudala babesondelene. Nokho, side by side nabo ithole amasiko zasendle endala abangamaqaba, ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ukudideka amanxusa akwamanye amazwe. Umlando yokuziphatha eRussia, bebelokhu isihloko Ukutadisha ngokucophelela kakhulu kukhombisa ukuthi kubaluleke linikwe isimo sezenhlalo lomuntu.

Kwanqunywa, isibonelo, eza ngesikhathi ehambele ontanga yabo, ukungena egcekeni futhi wayeka kwezinsika emphemeni. Uma umnikazi lendlu wawuyizingalo ka ibencono, kwakufanele ahlale ngaphezulu emgwaqweni, futhi ukuhamba yonkana igceke. Okubalulekile isivakashi aphethe waphoqeleka ukuba ukuhlangabezana emi phezu kompheme, namanje - endimeni, futhi lowo isimo ngezansi - ekamelweni eliphezulu.

Ukufaka egumbini obekumele hatless, kodwa musa ukushiya ephaseji, njengoba oswazini noma odondolweni, futhi ngokuqinisekile ubambe. Lapho ekungeneni, isivakashi u kathathu ababhapathizwa isithonjana, bese, uma umnikazi lwalungenhla ngaphezu isikhundla sakhe, wamnika prostrate. Uma bayalingana, ke saxhawulana. Izihlobo ngesikhathi esifanayo bangana.

Umlando Russian nenhlonipho inkathi wokubusa uPetru mina ngezindlela eziningi ungathi ngendlela amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu kwenziwe, kanye elicwile ekusebenzelaneni, kanye eRussia, ngo yobuqaba futhi incivility. UPetru, efana mithi abaningi bezinye izizwe ukuphoqa izifundo bephoqeleka ukuba ulandele kwezinkambiso impucuko. Phakathi umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu wethula izingubo fashion cut European, okuvumela caftans egqoke kanye elingenamikhono kuphela abameleli amakilasi aphansi. Yena zaphoqa boyars ngaphansi kokujeziswa kokubeka esihle phuca intshebe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonga inkosi, uye yasishintsha isikhundla sabesifazane Russian. Uma phambi abafazi namadodakazi izikhulu eziphakeme kwadingeka ngisho ukuba ahlale ekhaya, kodwa manje ziye babe abahlanganyeli njalo kuzo zonke imikhosi. Bafika bangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke imithetho lomkhumbi olamandla ongedluli asebenzelana ngayo nabo. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko nomthelela ezifuywayo izikhulu ezingeni European.

Ezemfundo, okuyinto yimfashini

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi u-Alexander I, izicukuthwane wangena imfundo vogue nokuqwashisa ezindabeni izincwadi nezobuciko. Khuluma ngezilimi eziningana baba kuyinsakavukela. mbumbulu scrupulous Western onobuhle European, izingubo nendlela obaphatha ngayo abanye bazitshela ubunjalo isitayela esimeme, okuthiwa comme il faut (kusukela French comme il faut - ngokwezwi nezwi okusho "engakwesokudla").

Isibonelo esimangalisayo lokhu isithombe ajwayelekile kithi kusuka esikoleni, Evgeniya Onegina. Engingakusho nje sikhumbula indlela esibaluleke ngayo lesi hala enamathiselwe ikhabethe lakhe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wakwazi kukhanye emphakathini, umyalo kwabo isiFulentshi futhi ujwayele izinkondlo lasendulo.

Ngokusho Pushkin, wakwazi hhayi kuphela ukudansa mazurka, kodwa futhi zangisiza ekwenzeni ukuthi epigraph Latin, khuluma ngezinto izinkondlo of Juvenal bese nikela lady ngesiqubulo ekhaliphile. Ukuziphatha ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola wonke isayensi, ukuzuzwa okuyinto kwakuxhomeke kakhulu imikhakha kanye nentuthuko eyengeziwe umphakathi.

Nezazi kanye okufunwa entsha yokuziphatha

Umlando okwalandela yokuziphatha ezweni lakithi igubha ukunyukela kuwo kuya ezingeni entsha phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Lokhu kwakubangelwa izinguquko ka-Alexander II, ukwembula indlela eya imfundo, abantu abaningi amakilasi nomphakathi. Izwe has a stratum kwezenhlalo ngokuthi nezazi entsha bese ezazingaziwa.

Ukuze-ke fanele kuze ntu bani cha possess esiphakeme emphakathini, owawubumba kahle, futhi, ngenxa yemfundo, kufakwe imikhuba emihle. Nokho, phakathi nabo Inhlonipho ngokweqile nokunamathela scrupulous kakhulu kuya nemithetho yokuziphatha, ezithathwe ngesikhathi kubusa langaphambilini, waqala ukubheka kancane zakudala.

Ukuziphatha XIX leminyaka wabiza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukunamathela ngokuqinile fashion ubucwebe, lapho kwedayimane negolide wakhala le cameos lasendulo ezenziwe ngetshe lendlovu noma izinhlobo ezifanele itshe. Emphakathini ladies 'sekuyisona de rigueur ukugqoka zezinwele short wokukhumbula namaqhawekazi linemibhikisho European, yaphela ukuphila kwakhe phezu lesikafula, ngaphambi nje kokuba abulawe nje ukunqampunwa izinwele. Futhi udumile, futhi ngenxa yalokho waba omunye nezidingo etiquette, noma curls ahlanganiswe kudabuke eziningana kweqembu elincane izinwele uwela phansi ngokukhululekile.

Ukuziphatha ezweni sabasebenzi enqobile

Ingabe indaba yokuziphatha kwadingeka ukuqhubeka yayo phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet? Yebo, noma kanjani, kodwa sisonke ukuba ibonise nesinamawala futhi egcwele izenzakalo ezimangalisayo kwekhulu XX. Phakathi Yombango kwaphoqa emuva ekuphileni okudlule yomphakathi wokuziphilisa, ukusungula uma nemithetho yokuziphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuphelele imikhuba ehlobene ehloniphekile. maholoholo asiqokomisa aba ngumqondiso besekhaya sabasebenzi - isigaba-kuyinto engemukelekile. Imikhuba yokuziphatha waqondisa kuphela osomaqhinga bese kuthi amalungu ngamanye abaphathi abaphezulu, kakhulu, akubi njalo ngaso sonke.

Lapho ekugcineni impi wanqamuka, futhi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu XX, elisungulwe lizwe Nokho ukuphila engacebile, kepha esigculisayo esibhedlela kwezombusazwe, abantu abaningi baphuthuma imfundo ephakeme, owawungumnyaka impela ezingabizi ngaleso sikhathi. Umphumela walesi isifiso sokuthola ulwazi isibe ezivamile ekhuphuka isiko labantu, futhi nalo isidingo kwabaningi nemithetho yokuxhumana.

Igama elithi "nenhlonipho" kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa, kodwa noma ubani ofisa ukwenza ngokwayo kunganikeza umbono omuhle kwabanye, kwadingeka ukuba balandele imithetho nenhlonipho. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke sima siqine eziningi izinkulumo fixed okuhloswe ngezikhathi ezithile. Imishwana efana - "uma sicela", "sicela" noma "Cha withhold wothando" baba lwentando yilowo nalowo cultured.

Ngaleyo minyaka, isitayela uthanda izingubo zabesilisa bekulokhu suit ibhizinisi kanye Ihembe uthayi nowesifazane - ingubo esiqinile, ihembe kanye isiketi ngezansi kwedolo. Ayikho izingubo sexy akuvunyelwe. Igama elithi "umngane" ne ukwengeza amagama asetshenziswa oluvelele ngokulinganayo njengoba indoda nowesifazane. Imithetho "nenhlonipho namaSoviet" akuyona ezifundiswa esikoleni, kodwa ucishe ngokuqinile banamathela by iningi lezakhamuzi.

Izici etiquette Oriental

Konke okwaxoxwa ngalo lapho ngenhla - ngumlando European yokuziphatha kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa indaba ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle kukhulunywa kanjani kule ndawo mpilo esintu athuthukiswe East. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iningi lalezi imithetho yokuziphatha futhi ubudlelwano namanye amalungu omphakathi enamathiselwe ukubaluleka okukhulu. Lokhu ngokulinganayo ukufakaza amasiko namuhla linqoba kula mazwe futhi umlando wabo eminyaka ubudala.

Ukuziphatha e China ingenye izici endala yisiko lakhe. Ngamunye wemindeni isinqumo ngokulandelana ukwenza izinguquko endleleni yokuziphatha futhi ubeka izimfuneko ukuqaliswa okuyinto kuyaqashwa ngokucophelela. Nokho, naphezu umehluko, bonke babesebenza nobabili.

Ngokwesibonelo, e bonke ubudala, izingubo Chinese kufanele zifane isimo salo futhi isikhundla sabaphathi olusemthethweni. Izingubo lokwelekelela zihlukaniswe labo ukuthi wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza ukugqoka lo mbusi, ababusi ngaphansi kwesizwe uthi, izikhonzi, izicukuthwane, nokunye. Ikakhulukazi ongumlimi elula wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza ukugqoka yajabulisa, futhi kwadingeka avume kwezinkambiso aqine.

Izinga ngalinye wokwehlayo kwakuhambelana nokuka isigqoko ezithile, okuyinto ayisuswanga ngisho endlini. abantu Chinese musa ukugunda izinwele zabo, futhi sibekwa zezinwele eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyinto inkomba isimo senhlalo.

Imithetho yokuziphatha eKorea, kanye nomlando wabo

kakhulu ukuhlonipha yaleli zwe kufana Chinese, ngoba womabili la mazwe, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka ayikaxhumaniswa ngu ubuhlobo obuseduze. kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile kwaba commonality lamasiko, ngemva ngenxa, kwaqubuka izinkinga sezombusazwe XX leminyaka, isiShayina abaningi bathuthela e-Korea, ngokuletha nalo ingxenye enkulu esikweni lesizwe.

Ngesisekelo imithetho yokuziphatha bakha izidingo ebiyelwe kwalezi zinkolo ezimbili uma kwentiwa lizwe - ubuConfucius nobuBuddha. Bafundiswa ezikhungweni zemfundo kuwo wonke amazinga ekusetshenzisweni kwazo yenziwa ukulawula baqaphe.

Isici sici nenhlonipho yasendaweni ekugwema ukusebenzisa umuntu tabito yesibili. Kuphakanyisiwe ngisho amehlo Korean Asikaze sitshele ngothile, "esho" noma "yena," futhi ngenhlonipho usho umaye igama ne Ngaphezu ke, "Mnu", "Nkosikazi" noma "uthisha."

Izici yokuziphatha zezakhamuzi yelanga eliphumayo

Umlando yokuziphatha eJapane kungenxa yokungabikho efuna ukuwusekela ukuze ungawi ku XII-XIII ekhulwini ikhodi Bushido ( "INdlela Warrior"). Yena kuchazwe izindinganiso zokuziphatha nasezimisweni zokuziphatha isigaba yezempi, futhi lokho kuyinto wansuku zonke isimo. On isisekelo yawo XX esikoleni ekhulwini ebhukwinitifundvo lapho bonke imithetho yokuziphatha muntu ofundile emphakathini nasekhaya, kuxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe kwathiwa iyawakha.

Unaka ngokukhethekile ukuba nenhlonipho ubuciko ukuba bahlanganyele inkhulumomphendvulwano, nge isitayela zokuxhumana kuncike ngokuphelele ngesimo social interlocutor. Backlash kungabangela ithoni njengoba insufficiently Suave, nangesizotha ngokweqile, wafihla isifiso sokugwema ingxoxo. A-Japanese bafunde ngempela zihlale ukwazi ukuthola umhlabathi ophakathi.

Futhi amukelwe ukulalela interlocutor athule, amazwi akhe kumelwe abe okungenani ngezikhathi ezithile buhlanjululwe Emazwini akhe siqu. Uma kungenjalo, kungase kubonakale sengathi ingxoxo akububonisi yiphi intshisekelo. Ngokuvamile, umlando yokukhuluma nenhlonipho Japan - isigaba esikhethekile izifundo zamasiko, odinga Ukutadisha ngokucophelela kakhulu.

nabafisa ukuzovakasha e ukuhlonipha

Kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa namaSoviet e-Russia, kuhlanganise ukuvuselelwa ubudala amasiko, sathola impilo entsha isiko indlela yokuziphatha kuchumana emkhatsini webantfu. Mayelana isithakazelo esibonakaliswa lezi zinkinga, kubonisa inani elikhulayo-atikili ashicilelwe abezindaba, wagxila jikelele okuyinto lingachazwa ngokuthi "Umlando yokuziphatha." Ukuziletha impumelelo zabo kaningi kuyinto umcimbi ngempela elikhanyayo empilweni yamasiko yezwe.