Zhan Batist Lamark: Biography emfushane. imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo of Zhana Batista Lamarck futhi umnikelo wakhe ekuthuthukiseni biology

Zhan Batist Lamark, Biography emfushane lapho kuzoxoxwa yithi - usosayensi wokuqala odale umbono ephelele kwemvelo eziphilayo. Nokho, ungumnikazi eziningi nezinye izinto ezitholwe kancane aziwayo. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi liveza umqondo obaluleke kakhulu ayiswa isayensi Zhan Batist Lamark? Biology - a term okuyinto e 1802 wasikisela ukuthi kwakuyilo nososayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba ngowokuqala uhlukanise phakathi kwezilwane ye ezingenamgogodla futhi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Sinikeza siqonde ukuphila futhi ipumelelo usosayensi odumile, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Umlando Omfushane kuye uzokunika umqondo jikelele lokhu isisebenzi yesayensi.

Umsuka, ebuntwaneni

Zh B. Lamark (iminyaka yokuphila - 1744-1829). Wazalelwa castle umndeni, elise Picardy (France). Abazali bakhe ongaswele yezikhulu. Babefuna ukubona indodana yompristi, kunqunywa ngakho Lamarck e esikoleni ongumJesuit. Isiphelo sakhe emva kokufa kukayise, kwaba washintsha. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-16, washiya esikoleni futhi ngajoyina ibutho Zhan Batist Lamark. Umlando Omfushane eziningana iminyaka yakhe okwalandela zokuphila Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso umsebenzi wezempi.

kwezempi imithi abaqhuba

Phakathi neMpi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa ', wabonisa isibindi esikhulu kulwiwa Prussians. Marshal Kwayena umfundi yangaphambili ongumJesuit College izikhulu. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe wezempi, lolungenamaphutsa kuqalile, kanye ngokomoya, Lamarck awuzange ukhalaze ngalesi. Usosayensi Ikusasa uye wanquma umhlalaphansi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngaqala ukutadisha imithi enhloko-dolobha yeFrance Zhan Batist Lamark. Umlando Omfushane wakhe ngokuqhubeka esijana eParis, lapho Lamarck ikakhulukazi bakhangwa ngesayensi yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezesayensi yezitshalo.

"Flora French"

isazi Onekhono ezikhuthele abasha eminyakeni embalwa yokwenza idale omningi imiqulu 3. Indzaba ngokuthi "French Flora". Kuleli phephandaba uchaza eziningi izitshalo, futhi kukhona isiqondiso sendlela ukukhomba kubo. Lo msebenzi baletha udumo imfundamakhwela nososayensi owayenguFakazi ngesikhathi Zhan Batist Lamark. Biography Zhana Batista ukhishwa ubulungu Paris Academy of Sciences. Yanikwa kuye ngoba impumelelo yakhe. I-Academy baqhubeka ukuze zibhekane ngokuphumelelayo wezitshalo Zhan Batist Lamark. Umlando wakhe, kodwa, akugcini esifundweni.

Zhan Batist baba sezilwane

Lapho Jean Baptiste wayeneminyaka engaba ngu-50 ubudala, ngo-1793, yasishintsha umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi. Lamarck wasebenza Royal Botanic Gardens, okuyinto lalenziwa ngalesisikhathi Museum of Natural History. Museum wayegcwele neminyango wezitshalo, ngakho ososayensi baye bahlongoza ukwenza wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. iminyaka engu-10 kamuva, Lamarck baba njengofakazi oyisazi kule ndawo, njengoba kwaba isifundo ye izitshalo.

New usebenza Baptiste

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ifikile esigabeni lapho ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu izuzwe wezitshalo, izitho zomzimba kanye ne-chemistry. Aze aphelela, lezi eyala babé itholakala kuphela ochwepheshe. Lamarck, ukuzama ukuvimbela nokwahlukana olusondelayo isayensi ibe amagatsha ahlukene bese ugcine uxhumano okukhona phakathi kwawo, wadala inani imisebenzi. Kuzo, wanikeza umbono generalized phezu komhlaba, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, i-physics, nokunye. D.

Ukubalwa kokuqala kwenziwa umsebenzi uvele 1794. Sizokwenza ukuphikisana ngemisebe ye-eneji kanye ndaba. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuphenywa izimbangela imihlola ngokomzimba eziyisisekelo, ikakhulukati leto letitsintsa ukushiswa." Lokhu kwalandelwa umsebenzi 1796 "indaba ecatshangwe kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela womoya ...". Kulezi imisebenzi, isekelwe kakhulukazi eyifilosofi kunokuba idatha enokwehla, hhayi Zhan Batist esebeké phambili imibono emisha, kodwa misjudgments ambalwa.

Ngo 1802 kwaba khona omunye indzaba, "Hydrogeology". Lamarck kulo msebenzi umlando iplanethi yethu njengoba uchungechunge ocean ugcwalise umhlaba futhi ezikhoselweni wayo. Kukhula amazwekazi kanye sebethule kwezulu biogenic kwenzeka, akholelwa, ngesikhathi izikhukhula. Lamarck kule ncwadi Kulindeleke izindlela sokuhlaziya ebusweni, esetshenziswa izazi zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wandisa Uhlaka isikhathi emlandweni womhlaba, okuyinto babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ekhulwini le-18 ngempela emincane futhi okunomkhawulo minyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Nokho, umsebenzi Zhana Batista, kanye odlule ezimbili, abakutholanga obuningi.

"Biology izinhlelo of ezingenamgogodla"

Lamarck wanyathelisa incwadi entsha ngo-1800. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "biology izinhlelo of ezingenamgogodla." Usosayensi kuwo wagxeka ezihlongozwayo Linnaean ngezigaba simiso ezingenamgogodla. He qamba siqu sakhe. Lamarck ngokubhala lo msebenzi wajabulela iqoqo ocebile, ayengakaze yena eqoqwe eminyakeni 30 zokuphila kwakhe. Kulesi umsebenzi akathembeli ku-agumenti eyodwa kuphela, njengenjwayelo, kodwa futhi ucwaningo futhi ingcebo impahla oluyiqiniso. Lamarck wenza umbandela esiyinhloko ekulinganisweni homology yezitho zangaphakathi. Le ndlela bavunyelwe ososayensi ukugwema eziningi amaphutha aye enziwa ababusi Onomusa, elingelakwaJuda iqembu elifanayo eziphilayo ezithile kuphela ngesisekelo ukufana zangaphandle, ukuze kwenziwe usosayensi endaweni jikelele kwesigaba ehlelekile ithole izimpethu, molluscs kanye nezinye.

"Philosophy emayelana nezilwane"

Ngesikhathi Lamarck sekudlule iminyaka engu-60, wayazi konke kwatholakala phambi kwakhe emkhakheni izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki. Manje usosayensi uye umgomo omusha - ukuba babhale incwadi, okuyinto babengeke bagcine iye yachazwa eziphilayo, njengoba kuchazwe ngu imithetho yemvelo. Zhan Batist e indaba yakhe entsha wakhulelwa ukuze abonise indlela iyiphi izitshalo nezilwane, indlela savela futhi washintsha nokuthi ungafinyelela kanjani esimeni sayo samanje. Usosayensi wazama ukuveza ukuthi abazange badalwe esimweni sayo samanje, futhi esakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya wemithetho yemvelo ngokwemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, Lamarck wayengu- mdali imfundiso yokuziphendukela lokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulesi sici, kwaba kuyisandulela Darwin (ngezansi). Ngo 1809 usosayensi enyathelisa incwadi yakhe. Ukuvulwa Zhana Batista Lamarck encwadini "Philosophy emayelana nezilwane". Naphezu igama, likhuluma hhayi kuphela ngezilwane kodwa yayihlanganisa nokuthi izilwane zasendle bebonke. Kulesi umsebenzi, ngakho-ke, kubekwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Zhana Batista Lamarck, okungakho namuhla eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho theory Lamarck sika ngokufa Zhana Batista

Ngokuvamile emlandweni wesayensi, kwenzeka ukuthi abantu ayephila nabo abazange babone ukuthi nabantu abakhulu, futhi inkolelo-mbono zabo. ngemva kweminyaka eminingi bamukela ukuqashelwa ewufanele. Angizange uyidlule le ukudalelwa, futhi Zhana Batista. imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo of Zhana Batista Lamarck awuzange waqonda bangesikhathi sakhe. Abanye ososayensi nje bamshaya iyiphi ukunakekela umsebenzi wakhe, kuyilapho abanye futhi ingabe Bamhleka usulu. Lamarck, sithembele ukusekelwa, wanquma ukubonisa lo msebenzi ukuze Napoleon. Nokho, i-emperor, okwakuthiwa umxhasi isayensi, bahlekwa usulu Zhana Batista esidlangalaleni. Lamarck ekupheleni ukuphila abayizimpumputhe. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-engu-85, ukhohlwe yibo bonke, wafa Zhan Batist Lamark. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, washiya kuwo ifa, wenza igama lakhe ongafi.

Ingqikithi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Lamarck

Kuyini theory Lamarck sika? Usosayensi umangalele ukuthi ukuphila kule planethi yethu umsuka ngendlela engokwemvelo. Okokuqala kwakukhona eziphilayo elula. Kancane kancane, eminyakeni zeminyaka, base ngcono, washintsha nje baze bayofika isimo samanje. Zhan Batist wagomela ngokuthi kokhokho bethu, ngokungafani nazo, futhi wahlela imvelaphi bakudala ngaphezulu zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Yiqiniso, wayeqinisile Zhan Batist Lamark. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wasikisela, nakuba ezicini ezithile, akaphinde asibalele amanzi.

Izizathu ezimbili sokuthuthukisa umhlaba organic

Kungani izitshalo nezilwane azishintshanga, savela ngaphambili uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa manje? Usosayensi wazama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Nokho, naphezu ubuhlakani ukwamukeleka ngaphandle kokungatshazwa of Lamarck abakwazanga ukukuchaza kahle lesi simo materialistically. Ososayensi baveza ukuthi le ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni organic kuxhomeke ezicini ezimbili eziyinhloko. Esokuqala siwukuthi izilwane kanye nezitshalo ngokwabo bamagange ukuthuthukisa futhi ushintsho. Ngakho, afise ukuba kwenziwe intuthuko kuyinto impahla esingokwemvelo eziwumgogodla. Eyesibili isizathu - umthelela wabo ka isimo lapho izinto eziphilayo ukuphila. Lesi simo, ngokuthi ngenye imvelo ophilayo isuselwe umthelela emoyeni ku izitshalo nezilwane, inhlabathi, umswakama, ukushisa, ukukhanya, ukudla, njalo njalo. D.

Umthelela imvelo ophilayo

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane aphansi ngqo futhi ushintsho ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo. Azuza izakhiwo ezithile shape. Ngokwesibonelo, wanda ngezinga ezinhle inhlabathi isitshalo Uthola ukubukeka ezahlukene ngokuphelele kuka uhlobo olufanayo isitshalo ezazihamba ngcolile zwe. A esezikhulile emthunzini ayibukeki kwanda ukukhanya. Futhi, izilwane nazo ziyahlukahluka, kodwa lokhu kuhlukile kancane. Bona akhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya ekushintsheni imikhuba emisha imvelo. Ilokhu ukuphinda, ziba imizimba ehlukahlukene ukuzivocavoca kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, njalo abahlala isilwane ehlathini, okuyinto uphoqelekile ukukhuphuka izihlahla, ivele nemilenze prehensile. A nezilwane ummeleli, ophoqelelwe sonke isikhathi ukuhambisa olude, kukhona onamandla imilenze, izinselo futhi ukhule. Kulokhu Asibona ekubhekaneni nethonya nenkhulumombiko imvelo, okuyinto eza ngokusebenzisa imikhuba. Zhan Batist ayekholelwa nawukuthi indawo izimpawu ezithile ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ukuthola ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo, kungenziwa ngofuzo.

Waqaphela futhi engaziwa imibono Lamarck

impumelelo Scientific namhlanje basikisela ukuthi akubona bonke kwaba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Zhana Batista Lamarck kweqiniso. Ososayensi cha recognize ukuthi emhlabeni organic kukhona isifiso ofuna ukuphumela obala futhi engaqondakali ukuthuthukisa. ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, Darwin wachaza isakhiwo efanelekayo zezitshalo nezilwane, kanye nendlela lapho zizivumelanisa nendawo eziphila kuyo, ngokuhlukile kancane. Wayecabangela imbangela eyinhloko ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nokho, i-biology yesimanje ibona umthelela eziphilayo kwezimo zendawo, unendima ebalulekile ku-mbono yokuziphendukela Lamarck. Noma kunjalo, yilowo nalowo efeni izici aluthola ngesikhathi ukuphila i umzimba kwenqatshiwe. Isayensi ukholelwa ukuthi izimpawu ezintsha avele ngaphansi kwethonya yokwanda koshintsho - izinguquko ezenzeka igciwane amaseli eziphilayo.

Naphezu kwalokhu, Zhana Batista Lamarck elikhulu umnikelo. Yena waqala owadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhula okungokwemvelo emhlabeni organic lonke. Zhan Batist Lamark, umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni biology, okuyinto ngempela umxhwele, namuhla liyana ukuqashelwa kahle deserved ka kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela.