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Zonke imisebenzi Dostoevsky uhlu. LweziNcwadi Fodora Mihaylovicha Dostoevskogo
Zonke imisebenzi Dostoevsky, uhlu ofakelwe yalokhu kubukezwa, baba zabuna hhayi kuphela isiRashiya, kodwa futhi izincwadi emhlabeni. Lesi sihloko Uzonikezwa imisebenzi edume kakhulu kumbhali. Umlobi ngobukhulu ncwadi siyafundwa esikoleni. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe iye yaveza ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi zafakwa esiteji, olukhuluma yabo ayigugu elihlala njalo nokuhlobana.
noveli yokuqala
Zonke imisebenzi Dostoevsky (uhlu kuzoqala nge ebhekisela ncwadi yamenza abadumile emibuthanweni etemibhalo) ukukhombisa ithalente enemisebenzi umlobi. Lona "Abantu Abampofu" inoveli, wadala ngo-1846. Leli bhuku ezithakazelisayo ngoba kulotshiwe uhlobo epistolary. I protagonist, Makar Devushkin, e ukuxhumana ne intombazane, lapho uthando, kodwa ingabe alinge ayitshele wakhe imizwa yakhe, ngoba abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakholelwa ukuthi asikufanelekeli ukwamukelwa wakhe, nakuba naye wenza okufanayo kuye.
Nge ifomu ezinjalo isethulo kwendaba ngokuningiliziwe futhi wakwazi thembeke ukuveza imizwa ka izinhlamvu zakhe Fyodor Dostoevsky. "Abantu abampofu" - inoveli, okwakubekelwa kuyancomeka ngu nomcwaningi abadumile Vissarion Belinsky.
Wavula indlela umlobi abasha emhlabeni tetemibhalo, futhi wenza igama lakhe laziwa umfundi jikelele.
indaba ezihlekisayo
Umbhali akafunanga abahlala uhlobo umdlalo waqala ezihlukahlukene izitayela. Akazange nje wabhala temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, kodwa lo mbhalo futhi izinkondlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emva kokukhululwa kwe noveli yokuqala ekukhanyeni, wanquma ukwakha umsebenzi izinhlamvu yamahlaya ifomu izincwadi. Yavela kanjalo-ke "Inoveli in Nine Izincwadi" - indaba ezihlekisayo, esanyatheliswa kuyi "Contemporary" umagazini ngo-1847. Lo msebenzi - ukuxhumana we abagembuli ezimbili, ngayinye elifuna akhohlise umlingani wakhe.
Gogol umbhali ulingisa amagama amabili ezifanayo futhi wabeka ngamunye izici isici. Omunye wabo - ukucabangela futhi ethobekile, kwesibili - kunalokho, luhlaza lokho futhi kuqondile. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bobabili bagcina sebeya wakhashelwa abangane babo ezivamile. Zonke imisebenzi Dostoevsky, uhlu okubandakanya hhayi kuphela imibhalo okukhulu nezinezinhlekelele kodwa ezihlekisayo ukukhombisa yini naye abe isibukeli esihle futhi sazi esivelele.
"Ephoxekile kwalimala"
Kwaba umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqala eyalotshwa umlobi ngemva kokubuya kwakhe ekudingisweni. It yanyatheliswa ngo-1861. Ukugxekwa wambingelela nge ukuzibamba okukhulu, ngaphandle kukamagazini i- "Contemporary", owadumisa yomugqa wendaba nezinhlamvu. Lokhu kulandisa egameni lomuntu lokuqala - umlobi abasha Ivan, okuyinto zigutshuzelwe izici kwakhe lembhali.
inoveli Dostoevsky esithi "ephoxekile kwalimala" has indaba imigqa emibili, okwenza indaba kancane esilufifi. Noma kunjalo, ngisho le ncwadi ibonisa ngokucacile ngokusebenzisa izici yesitayela sembhali - ukuhlaziya okujulile ngokwengqondo uhlamvu, uzwela zonke abaxosha - ingqikithi ukuthi ligijima wonke umsebenzi somlobi.
"Player"
Ngo-ejulile analysis of kwengqondo nokuziphatha kwabantu kuhluke yonke imisebenzi Dostoevsky. Uhlu lwezincwadi nombhali kuyadingeka ukuze ubuyise Ukhulume inoveli ngokuphila kwakhe.
Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu-amanoveli nzima kakhulu imisebenzi umbhali, njengoba kubonakala uthando lwakhe lo mdlalo, futhi ubuhlobo nzima nge othandekayo wakhe, eyasebenza njengodonga sibonelo umlingiswa oyinhloko kule noveli, kanye owaziwa Nastasi Filippovny encwadini "The Idiot." Maphakathi - indoda possessed abanothando owesifazane akuthandayo, kanye nokugembula.
Imisebenzi 1860-1870-yalolucwaningo
LweziNcwadi Fedora Dostoevskogo kuhlanganisa inqwaba yemisebenzi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ethandwa kakhulu kukhona izincwadi wadala kule minyaka eyishumi.
Ngo-1866 wabhala inoveli "Ubugebengu Ziyisijeziso", okuyinto eyaba zakudala uhlobo futhi omunye wemisebenzi engcono lembhali. Lolu cwaningo yalo msebenzi likhona lwezifundo zesikole, ngaphezu, liye ngokuphindaphindiwe wathwebula.
Eminyakeni emithathu ezayo, eloba omunye wemisebenzi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi ashukumisayo - noveli "The Idiot", okuyinto kubhekwa romantic kakhulu encwadini yakhe, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene sincumo ezibuhlungu.
I 1870s wabona ukukhanya enye yezinto ezinzima iningi lemisebenzi yakhe - ". Abafowabo Karamazov" Le ncwadi elinesimo lwendaba ezijulile zefilosofi, umlando eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlamvu enezici. Umbhali ebekwe ukukhombisa isimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwesimilo somphakathi ngokoMthetho ukusabalala kwemibono izinguquko kanye nihilism, kanye ukubhujiswa amagugu kanye amasiko.
Izindaba kanye ibhulogi
Umbhali wasebenza hhayi kuphela uhlobo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ezinkulu, kodwa futhi wabhala nemisebenzi encane. Omunye amanoveli yakhe edume kunazo zonke - ncwadi zefilosofi "Double". Likhuluma ngamaphathi umlando we underling ukuthi kwaba enganakiwe, omanqikanqika, zihlakazeke. Ngolunye usuku wayenobuhlobo double, okuyinto wakwazi ngokushesha ukuthatha indawo yayo sibonga amakhono, ubungqabavu, zobuqili meanness. Umsebenzi wobuciko udalula ubuthakathaka bobuntu futhi servility, esiye saholela iqiniso lokuthi Inkampani samukele twin esikhundleni umuntu ajwayelekile. Kulolu chungechunge, ungase futhi ukusho indaba ezihlekisayo "nomfazi wenye indoda nomyeni ngaphansi kombhede." Lo msebenzi is ebuswa nge amahlaya enhle, okuyinto engavamile ngakho ukuba esibayeni somlobi.
Mangithi amazwi ambalwa yakhe yezenzakalo zosuku, lapho alikhulumi nje kuphela ngamalungelo umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa sikuveze ucabangana ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe yeRussia, kanye umbono wakhe ngesimo ngamazwe yezwe. Diary lembula kombhali onguye ngaphakathi, ngoba kuwo abelana izimfihlo ikhono lakhe futhi amasu, ichaza imibono ukuthi aphethwe temibhalo yephrozi. Ibhulogi eshicilelwe kusuka 1873 kuya 1881, okubonisa isithakazelo nombhali kanye abafundi kulo msebenzi.
izinkondlo
amavesi Dostoevsky khombisa ithalente lakhe akuyona nje umbhali nephrozi, kodwa imbongi. Omunye imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala lyrical "ezenzakalweni European ngo-1854" lunikezelwe ngesikhathi seMpi YaseCrimea. Umbhali ubeka imibono yayo phezu umlando Russia no Injongo yawo e yokukhululwa izizwe Orthodox. Uthi, naphezu usongo izwe laseYurophu namanje jeza phi ukuhlolwa njengakuqala eminyaka.
izinkondlo Dostoyevsky sika, ikakhulukazi iveza imibono yakhe kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Ngo-July 1, 1855", waphinde ukhuluma ikusasa Russia, luthemba imvuselelo yayo, futhi ucela ukuba inkosi ukumthethelela, nabasekeli ayengaphansi izinto zokuzilibazisa ukuphikiswa. Okubhaliwe Sizokwenza usuku iNdlovukazi lokuzalwa ezahlukene umoya wokushisekela izwe nokuqukethwe zefilosofi.
Waphindze futsi wabhala inkondlo "Ngo wokugcotshwa nesokuphela kwalesi ukuthula," okuyinto igubha obhekwe ukuthula futhi wokugcotshwa entsha uMbusi u-Alexander II. Phakathi umbhali lyric futhi kungaba uphawu ngesiqubulo sakhe phezu sombutho Bavarian, kanye umkhiqizo "nihilism emzabalazweni kanye nokwethembeka." Umsebenzi wokugcina Kuyathakazelisa ngoba kuwo umbhali eveza nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe kule ukunyakaza entsha eRussia. Kufanele uphinde ucacise iqoqo izinkondlo "notebook wami kanzima" - iqoqo temdzabu impahla ayezenzé eqoqwe ngesikhathi sokuthunjelwa kwakhe.
eminye imisebenzi
Lokhu kubuyekeza ithatha kuphela imisebenzi edume kakhulu kumbhali abadumile, a haratkeristika emfushane okumelelwe ethebuleni elandelayo.
| igama | incazelo |
| "Netochka Nezvanova" | Lokhu inoveli sidle yomlobi, eyakhishwa ngo 1849. Ngo umsebenzi umbhali usitshela isiphetho intombazane, osechithe wakhula kanzima, bese bagcina indlu ocebile, lapho yena ethethwe kobubele. Kodwa nansi imfihlo abesabekayo umndeni iphoqa wakhe ukushiya le liyisiphephelo |
| "Ingane" | Umsebenzi mayelana insizwa eyayiyintsha wesihlahla, futhi lokhu wahlakulela ubuhlobo obungathí sina uyise. Esikhathini inoveli, umlobi ihlaziya Psychology ezicashile we abasafufusa izinsizwa esebenzelana nabanye |
| "Nights White" | Lo msebenzi lyrical nombhali, mhlawumbe nokuthuthela kakhulu futhi ukukhanya kuzo zonke izincwadi zalo ezingu okukhulu. Indaba uthando phakathi kwabantu ababili abasebancane okuyibona abaningi baphoqeleka ukushiya ngenxa ukubuya umkhwenyana intombazane |
| "KaMalume Dream" | Kuyinto umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu, lapho amahlaya comedy exutshwe nhlekelele. Incwadi lunikezelwe usathandana elingavamile Prince ukuze entombazane isoka lakhe wangaphambili wakwazi ngenjongo yokumbonisa ukuthi umshado wakhe esikhathini esizayo lapho esebone ephusheni, kungani Prince uyafa |
| "I-Village of Stepanchikovo" | Indzaba isitshela indaba i isiyaluyalu engavamile edolobhaneni elincane namaqhawe umshado izinhlelo |
| "Indlu Abafileyo" | Umsebenzi Kuyathakazelisa ngoba ngokuphila kwakhe futhi utshela indaba ngokuphila iziboshwa etilongweni. Umbhali lidluliselwe imizwelo yabo okuvelayo ngemva isixhumanisi |
| "Amanothi kusukela Underground" | Okubhaliwe uthi mayelana izigameko nokuphila insizwa kusukela nezihlakaniphi. Kuyathakazelisa ngoba kuwo umbhali uhlaziya ukuziphatha hero ngomlomo wakhe |
| "The Dream soMuntu iwubuphukuphuku" | Indaba lisitshela ngesikhulu esithile iqhawe kokuzama ukuzibulala futhi kuzalwa kabusha kwashesha futhi ngemva ubuthongo engavamile |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumelwe kuphawulwe imisebenzi edume kunazo lesibonwa lembhali.
| igama | sici |
| "Petersburg Chronicle" | Kwakhishwa uchungechunge lwezihloko satirical, umbhali abasha incoma edolobheni, osho ukuthi idlala indima ebalulekile empilweni Russia. Kodwa ngo-eseyi zakamuva zivela isithombe esindayo futhi udangele komuzi ke lokho kubonakala kule amanoveli |
| "Winter Amanothi Summer Okuvelayo" | Lena uchungechunge Tindzaba ohambweni komlobi yeziNguquko eYurophu kanti nesimo sayo sengqondo emazweni Russian European |
| "Pushkin" | Uhlaziyo ezijulile imisebenzi imbongi edumile nalokho okukushoyo sezincwadi emhlabeni |
Ngakho, umsebenzi Dostoevsky sika kwaba enezici kakhulu: wasebenza emikhakheni ehlukahlukene nephrozi futhi ngabhala nenkondlo.
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