Imfundo:Izilimi

Amagama ase-Old Slavic. Ulimi oludala lwesi-Slavic. Incwadi endala yesi-Slavic

Esinye sezilimi ezithakazelisayo kunazo zonke ulimi lwesiSlavonic Old. Amagama ayingxenye yesigamagama sakhe, imithetho yolimi, ngisho nezici ezithile ze-fonetiki kanye nezinhlamvu zamagama zaba isisekelo solimi lwesimanje lwesiRussia. Ake sihlaziye ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lolimi, nini nokuthi luvela kanjani, nokuthi lusetshenziselwa yini namuhla nokuthi yiziphi izici.

Siphinde sixoxe ngokuthi kungani kufundiswa emayunivesithi, futhi sisho nemisebenzi edume kakhulu futhi ephawulekayo enikeziwe kuhlelo lwe-Cyrillic ne-Old Slavic. Sizophinde sikhumbule uCyril noMethodius, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengomfowabo kaSolun.

Ulwazi jikelele

Naphezu kokuthi ososayensi bebelokhu banakekele lolu limi emakhulwini eminyaka, bafundela amagama alfabhethi asekudala kanye nomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwawo, akukho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nalo. Uma isakhiwo segrama kanye nesofthiwe solimi, ukwakheka kwe-lexical kunconywa kakhulu, ngakho-ke konke okuhlobene nomsuka wayo kusacatshangelwa.

Isizathu salokhu ukuthi abalobi ngokwabo abazange babhale phansi umsebenzi wabo, noma balahlekelwa isikhathi. Ukutadisha okuningiliziwe kokubhala kwalokhu kwaqala kuphela emakhulwini embalwa kamuva, lapho kungekho muntu ongasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi yiluphi ulimi oluyisisekelo salokhu kubhala.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi lolu limi lwakhiwa ngendlela efanele ngokwezilimi zolimi lwesiBulgaria ngekhulu le-IX futhi lisetshenziswe ensimini yeRussia iminyaka embalwa.

Kumele futhi uqaphele ukuthi eminye imithombo umuntu angathola igama elifanayo lolimi - iSonto Slavonic. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsuka wezincwadi eRussia uxhumeke ngokuqondile nesonto. Ekuqaleni le ncwadi yayinkolo: izincwadi, imithandazo, imizekeliso yahunyushwa, futhi imibhalo yokuqala yenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikakhulukazi lolu lulimi lwabantu kuphela abasebenza esontweni.

Kamuva, ngokuthuthukiswa kolimi namasiko, ulimi oludala lwesiRashiya lwathathelwa esikhundleni solimi oludala lwesiRashiya, olwaluxhomeke kakhulu kulowo owayengaphambi kwalo. Kwenzeka cishe ngekhulu le-XII.

Noma kunjalo, incwadi ye-Old Slavic isifinyelele ngokungahleliwe, futhi siyayisebenzisa kuze kube yilolu suku. Sisebenzisa uhlelo lwegrama, oluqala ukuvela ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-Old Russian.

Izinguquko zokudala

Kukholelwa ukuthi ulimi lwesiSlavonic oludala lubonakala kuCyril noMethodius. Futhi yilona lwazi esiluthola kuzo zonke izincwadi zokufunda emlandweni wolimi nokubhala.

Abafowethu babhala umbhalo omusha ngesisekelo seSolon ezaziwa ngamaSlav. Lokhu kwenziwa okokuqala ukuze kuhumushe imibhalo yeBhayibheli kanye nemithandazo yesonto ngesiSlavonic.

Kodwa kunezinye izinguqulo zomsuka wolimi. Ngakho-ke, I. Yagich ukholelwa ukuthi isisekelo seSlavonic elidala sasingenye yezilimi zolimi lwaseMacedonia.

Kukhona futhi inkolelo ngokusho ukuthi isisekelo sombhalo omusha wawuwulimi lwesiBulgaria. Ubeke phambili uP. Safarik. Wayekholelwa ukuthi lolu limi kufanele luthiwa i-Old Bulgarian, hhayi i-Old Slavonic. Kuze kube manje, abanye abacwaningi baphikisana ngalolu daba.

Ngendlela, kuze kube manje izazi zezilimi zaseBulgaria zikholelwa ukuthi ulimi esikucabangayo yiyona indala yesiBulgaria, hhayi isi-Slavic.

Singakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi kunezinye izinkomba ezingaziwa kakhulu zomsuka wolimi, kodwa mhlawumbe abazange bahlolwe emibuthanweni yesayensi, noma ukungafaneleki kwabo okuphelele kwafakazelwa.

Kunoma yikuphi, amagama ase-Old Slavonic angatholakali kuphela ngezilimi zaseRussia, Belarusian nase-Ukraine, kodwa futhi naseziPolish, eMacedonia, eBulgaria nezinye izinkulumo zesiSlavic. Ngakho-ke, impikiswano mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izilimi eziseduze nolimi lwesiSlavonic Old akunakwenzeka ukuba zigcwaliswe.

Abafowethu baseSolun

Abadali bama- Cyrillic alfabhethi nezinhlamvu zamaGlagolitic - uCyril noMethodius - bevela emzini waseSoluni, oseGreece. Abazalwane bazalwa emndenini ocebile kakhulu, ngakho babekwazi ukuthola imfundo enhle kakhulu.

Umfowethu omdala, uMikhail, wazalwa cishe ngo-815. Ekuqalisweni kwamakholi wathola igama elithi Methodius.

UConstantine wayengumncinyane emndenini futhi wazalwa cishe ngo-826. Ngangazi izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ngangazi kahle isayensi. Naphezu kokuthi abaningi babikezela impumelelo yakhe kanye nekusasa elihle, uKonstantine wanquma ukulandela ezinyathelweni zomfowabo omdala futhi waba umonisi, esethole igama elithi Cyril. Wafa ngo-869.

Abazalwane babambe iqhaza ekusakazeni ubuKristu nemibhalo. Babesemazweni ahlukene, bezama ukudlulisela abantu izwi likaNkulunkulu. Kodwa nokho balethwa ezweni nge-alfabhethi yakudala yesi-Slavonic.

Bobabili abazalwane babethandelwa. Kwamanye amazwe aseSlavic ngoMeyi 24 uphawu ngosuku lokubhala kanye nesiko lama-Slavic (eRussia naseBulgaria). EMakedoniya, lolu suku luhlonipha uCyril noMethodius. Amazwe amabili aseSlavic - iCzech Republic neSlovakia - athuthele leli holide ngoJulayi 5.

Ama-alphabets amabili

Kukholelwa ukuthi incwadi yase-Old Slavic yadalwa ngokuqondile ngabakhanyisi bamaGreki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasekuqaleni kwakukhona ama-alphabets amabili - i-Glagolitic ne-Cyrillic. Ake sicabangele kafushane.

Okokuqala yiGlagolitic. Kukholelwa ukuthi umdali wayo kwakunguCyril noMethodius. Kukholelwa ukuthi le alfabhethi ayikho isisekelo futhi yadalwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Endulo, iRussia yayisetshenziswa ngokungavamile, kwezinye izimo.

Owesibili yi-Cyrillic. Indalo yakhe nayo ibhekwa ngumfowabo kaSolun. Kukholelwa ukuthi lo mqulu wawusekelwe kwiskripthi saseByzantine. Okwamanje, amaSlav aseMpumalanga - amaRussia, ama-Ukraini namaByelorussia - asebenzise izinhlamvu zamagama ezindala zesiSlavonic, noma ama-alfabhethi asekudala.

Ngokuqondene nombuzo wokuthi yiziphi izinhlamvu zezilimi ezikhulile, azikho futhi impendulo engavamile kuyo. Kunoma yikuphi, uma siqhubeka ukuthi iCyrillic neGlagolitic yadalwa ngabazalwane bakaSolun, umehluko phakathi kwesikhathi sokudalwa kwabo akudluli iminyaka eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu.

Ingabe kwakukhona ulimi olulotshiwe ngaphambi kwama-Cyrillic alfabhethi?

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abanye abacwaningi bomlando wolimi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakukhona ulimi olulotshiwe eRussia ngisho nangaphambi kukaCyril noMethodius. Ukuqinisekiswa kwalesi sihloko kubhekwa "incwadi kaVelesovuyu, eyabhalwa yi-Old Russian Magi ngisho nangaphambi kokutholwa kobuKristu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akubonwanga ukuthi yikuphi lelikhulu lesikhumbuzo esakhiwa phansi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi bathi emakhokheni ahlukahlukene abahambi bamaGreki nezakhamuzi zasendulo kukhona ukubhekisela kokutholakala kokubhala kumaSlav. Okunye okukhulunywe ngakho yizivumelwano ezazisayina nabathengisi baseByzantine.

Ngeshwa, akukaze kutholakale kuze kube manje ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso yini, futhi uma kunjalo, ngabe yiluphi uhlobo lokubhala oluseRussia ngaphambi kokusabalalisa kobuKristu.

Ukufunda ulimi lwesiSlavonic Old

Ngokuphathelene nokufunda ulimi lwesiSlavonic Old, kwakungenasithakazelo kuphela kubafundi abafunda umlando wolimi, i-dialectology, kodwa futhi nabafundi baseSlavic.

Ukutadisha kwakhe kwaqala ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngokusungulwa kwenqubo yokuqhathanisa. Ngeke sigxile ngalolu daba ngokuningiliziwe, ngoba, eqinisweni, umuntu ongajwayelene nezilimi, amagama namagama omama ososayensi ngeke abe mnandi futhi ajwayelekile. Ake sithi nje ngesisekelo socwaningo, akuzange kuhlanganiswe incwadi eyodwa, eziningi zazo zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha umlando wolimi ne-dialectology.

Phakathi nocwaningo, imibono yentuthuko yolimi lwesiSlavonic yakudala yasungulwa, izichazamazwi zesilulumagama sase-Old Slavic zahlanganiswa, uhlelo lolimi nolwazi lwezingcingo zafundwa. Kodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kukhona namanje izimfihlakalo ezingenakulinganiswa nemigqa yezwi elidala lesiSlavonic.

Sibuye sizivumele ukuba sihlenge izichazamazwi ezidumile kunazo zonke kanye nezincwadi zezifundo zolimi lwesiSlavonic Old. Mhlawumbe lezi zincwadi ziyoba nesithakazelo kuwe futhi zikusize ukuba ufunde emlandweni wesiko lethu nokubhala.

Izincwadi ezidume kakhulu zanyatheliswa ososayensi abanjengoKhabugraev, Remnev, Elkin. Zonke izincwadi ezintathu zibizwa ngokuthi "ulimi oludala lwesi-Slavonic."

Umsebenzi wesayensi othakazelisayo owawushicilelwa wanyatheliswa ngu-A. Selishchev. Walungiselela ibhuku lokuqeqesha elihlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili futhi lihlanganisa lonke uhlelo lwesiLungu lwesiSlavonic, aluqukethe kuphela izinto ezifundiswayo, kodwa futhi nemibhalo, isichazamazwi, kanye nezinye izihloko eziphathelene nokuziphatha komlimi.

Okunye okuthakazelisayo yizinto ezinikezwe abazalwane bakaSolun, umlando wemvelaphi yamagama. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1930 umsebenzi othi "Izinto Eziphathelene Nomlando Wombhalo Wokubhala WaseSlavic Endala Endala " yanyatheliswa nguP. Lavrov.

Umsebenzi ka A. Shakhmatov, owabona ukukhanya eBerlin ngo-1908 - "IThe Legend of the Prescription of Books in Slovenian." Ngo-1855, i-O. Bodiansky yokuqhathaniswa kwe-monograph Ngesikhathi Sokuqala Kwama-Slavic Letters washicilelwa.

Futhi "i-Old Slavic Dictionary" yahlanganiswa, ngokusekelwe emibhalweni yesandla yama-10th-11 ekhulwini, eyayihlelwa nguR. R.itit and R. Vecherki.

Zonke lezi zincwadi ziyaziwa kabanzi. Ngesisekelo sabo, abhale nje kuphela izikhala nemibiko emlandweni wolimi, kodwa futhi balungiselela imisebenzi embi kakhulu.

I-Old Slavic ungqimba wesilulumagama

Uhlaka oluthile olukhulu lwesilulumagama sase-Old Slavic luzuze ilifa lesiRashiya. Amagama ase-Old Slavonic agxilwe ngokujulile ngolimi lwethu, futhi namuhla asikwazi ngisho nokuwahlukanisa amagama avela ngesiRashiya.

Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbalwa, ukuze uqonde ukuthi amaSlav aseMdala angene kanjani ngokujulile emlimini yethu.

Amagama anjalo esontweni ngokuthi "umpristi", "umhlatshelo", "wand" weza kithi ngokuqondile ngolimi lwesiSlavonic Old, imiqondo engacacile efana "namandla", "inhlekelele", "imvume" nayo isebenza lapha.

Yiqiniso, amaSlav asekudala ayeningi kakhulu. Nazi ezinye izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi igama liyi-Old Slavism.

1. Ukuba khona kokunamathiselwe. Isibonelo: buyela, ngokweqile.

2. Izindleko ezinamagama ngamazwi kaNkulunkulu, okuhle, isono, okubi, nabanye. Isibonelo: okubi, isono.

2. Ukuba khona kwezixhumi -st-, -sign-, -us-, -yush-, -asch- -sche-. Isibonelo: ukuvutha, ukuncibilika.

Kubonakala sengathi sibhale izibonakaliso ezimbalwa kuphela esingathola ngazo amaSlav aseMdala, kodwa cishe awukhumbuli izwi elilodwa elivela kithi eSlavonic elidala.

Uma ufuna ukwazi incazelo yamagama ase-Old Slavonic, khona-ke singakuleka ukuba ubheke isichazamazwi esichazayo solimi lwesiRussia. Cishe zonke zazo zigcine ukubaluleka kwazo kwasekuqaleni, naphezu kokuthi kudlulile isikhathi esingaphezu kweyishumi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanje

Okwamanje ulimi lwesiSlavonic oludala lufundwa emayunivesithi ngamakhono ahlukene kanye nezinto ezikhethekile, futhi lisetshenziselwa emasontweni.

Kungenxa yokuthi kuleli qembu lokuthuthukiswa lolu limi lubhekwa njengokufa. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungenzeka kuphela esontweni, ngoba imithandazo eminingi ibhalwe kulolu limi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuphawula futhi ukuthi imiBhalo yokuqala yahunyushwa ngokuqondile ngolimi lwesiSlavonic Old futhi isasetshenziswa isonto ngesimo emakhulwini eminyaka edlule.

Mayelana nezwe lesayensi, masiqaphele ukuthi amagama ase-Old Slavonic namafomu abo ngabanye avame ukutholakala ngezilimi. Lokhu kudonsela ukunakekelwa kwezincwadi zezilimi, okuvumela ukutadisha ukuthuthukiswa kolimi, amafomu akhe kanye nezilimi.

Abacwaningi bemasiko nomlando bayazi nalolu limi, ngoba umsebenzi wabo uhlobene ngqo nokucwaninga kwememori yasendulo.

Naphezu kwalokhu, ngalesi sigaba, lolu limi lubhekwa njengokufa, ngoba kulokho, njengeLatini, isiGreki sasendulo, sekuyisikhathi eside kungekho muntu okhuluma, futhi bambalwa kuphela abakwaziyo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesonto

Ulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu kunazo zonke lisetshenziswa esontweni. Ngakho-ke, imithandazo yaseSlavonic Old ingazwakala kunoma isiphi isonto lama-Orthodox. Ngaphezu kwalokho, libuye lifunde izingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini zesonto, iBhayibheli.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siphinde sibone ukuthi abasebenzi besonto, abafundisayo abasebasha bafundela le nkulumo, izici zayo, i-phonetics kanye nehluzo. Namuhla ulimi lwesiSlavonic oludala lubhekwa njengelulwimi lweSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Umthandazo odume kakhulu, ovame ukufundwa kule nkulumo, "uBaba wethu". Kodwa kusekhona imithandazo eminingi enkulumweni yesiSlavonic yakudala, engaziwa kangako. Ungabathola kunoma iyiphi incwadi yomthandazo endala noma uyizwe ngokuvakashela isonto elifanayo.

Ukufunda emayunivesithi

Ulimi lwesiSlavonic oludala luye lwafundwa kabanzi emayunivesithi. Dlulisa emandleni ephilogical, ngokomlando, ngokomthetho. Kweminye imanyuvesi kungenzeka ukuba ufunde abafundi-izazi zefilosofi.

Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa umlando wemvelaphi, i-Old Slav alfabhethi, izici zezingcingo, ulwazimagama, uhlelo lolimi. Izinsisekelo ze-syntax.

Abafundi bafunda imithetho kuphela, bafunde ukugxila emagama, bawahlukanise njengengxenye yokukhuluma, kodwa futhi bafunde imibhalo ebhalwe ngolimi olunikeziwe, zama ukuhumusha nokuqonda incazelo.

Konke lokhu kwenziwa ukuze ophilologists bangasebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuze bafunde amanothi endala okubhala, izici zokuthuthukiswa kolimi lwesiRussia, izilimi zalo.

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi kunzima ukutadisha ulimi lwesiSlavonic Old. Umbhalo olotshwe kuso kunzima ukufunda, ngoba awuqukethe ama-archaisms amaningi kuphela, kodwa imithetho yokufunda izincwadi, i-yer neyer kunzima ukuyikhumbula ekuqaleni.

Abafundi-izazi-mlando, ngenxa yolwazi lwabo, bazokwazi ukutadisha izikhumbuzo zakudala zeziko kanye nokubhala, funda izincwadi zomlando kanye nemibhalo yezindaba, baqonde umqondo wabo.

Kuyafana nalabo abafundela e-Faculty of Philosophy, umthetho.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lolulimi lwesiSlavonic lwanamuhla lulimi olufile, intshisekelo yalo ayizange iphelelwe kuze kube manje.

Iziphetho

Kwakuyilimi elidala lesiSlavonic elaba isisekelo solimi lwaseRussia oludala, olwaluguqulela ulimi lwesiRussia. Amazwi aseMandulo eSlavonic avela ngathi njengesiRashiya esibucayi.

Uhlaka lwesigama samagama, izici zocingo, ulimi lwezilimi zase-Eastern Slavic - konke lokhu kwabekwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kolimi lwesiSlavonic Old.

I-Old Church yeSlavonic yimilimi efile, lapho kuphela izikhonzi zesonto okwamanje ezikhulumayo. Yadalwa ngekhulu le-IX ngabazalwane uCyril noMethodius futhi ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha nokurekhoda kwezincwadi zesonto. Eqinisweni, iSlavonic yakudala yayihlala ulimi olulotshiwe, lapho abantu abangazange bakhulume khona.

Namuhla asisasisebenzisi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sifundwe kabanzi emazingeni ephilogical and historical, kanye nakwezemfundo zemfundo. Namuhla Amagama aseSlavali asekudala nalolu limi oludala angase azwakale ngokuvakashela inkonzo esontweni, ngoba yonke imithandazo emasontweni ase-Orthodox ifundwa kuso.

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