Intuthuko engokomoyaInkolo

AmaProthestani angubani? AmaKatolika namaProthestani. AmaProthestani eRussia

Namuhla kukhona ukubuya ezingokomoya. Abantu abaningi kakhulu bacabanga ngento engafaneleki yokuphila kwethu. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ukuthi bangobani amaProthestani. Lesi yisiqondiso esihlukile sobuKristu, noma ihlelo, njengoba abanye bakholwa.

Sizophinde sithinte kulokhu okwenzekayo ngezindlela ezehlukene kumaProthestani. Kuyothakazelisa ukwazi ngesimo sabasekeli balo mkhuba eRussia yanamuhla.
Funda kuqhubeke, futhi uzofunda izimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye eminingi.

Bangobani amaProthestani?

Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ingxenye enkulu yabathembekile yashiya iSonto LamaRoma Katolika. Lo mcimbi ku-historiography ubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuguqulwa". Ngakho-ke, amaProthestani ayingxenye yamaKristu angavumelani nezimiso zamaKatolika zokukhulekela kanye neminye imibuzo yezinkolo.

Ngokulandelayo, sizoqonda umehluko phakathi kwamaProthestani nezindawo ezifana ne-Orthodoxy ne-Catholicism. Okwamanje, kufanelekile ukujula kancane emlandweni walokhu okwamanje.

Izinkathi Ephakathi eNtshonalanga Yurophu zaba yisikhathi esinjalo lapho umphakathi wawela ekuthembekeni okuphelele hhayi kakhulu kubabusi bezwe abavela esontweni.

Cishe ayikho inkinga exazululwa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kompristi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakungumshado noma izinkinga zomkhaya.

Ukuzihlanganisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuphileni komphakathi, obaba abangcwele bamaKatolika baqoqa ingcebo engapheli. Ukumemeza ukunethezeka namazinga aphindwe kabili, okwenziwa yizindela, umphakathi ohlukanisiwe nawo. Kwakukhona ukunganeliseki okukhulayo ngokuthi imibuzo eminingi yayingavunyelwe noma ixazululwe ngokungenelela okuphoqelekile kwabapristi.

Kwakukhona ngalesi simo uMartin Luther wayenethuba lokuzwa. Ungumfundisi waseJalimane nomfundisi. Njengelungu le-Order of the Augustinian, wayehlale ebona ukungcola kwabafundisi bamaKatolika. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngokusho kwakhe, ukuphefumulelwa kwendlela yangempela yomKristu wezenkolo behla.

Umphumela waba yi "Izintshumayelo Ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye Nhlanu", uLuther ayezibophezela eminyango yesonto eWittenberg ngo-1517, kanye nenkulumo ephikisana nokudayiswa kwezidakamizwa.

Isisekelo samaProthestani yisimiso se "sola fide" (kuphela ngokholo). Lithi akekho emhlabeni ongasiza umuntu ukuba azisindise yena, ngaphandle kwakhe. Ngakho-ke, isikhungo sabapristi, ukudayiswa kwezidakamizwa, isifiso sokucebisa kanye namandla emisebenzini yezinceku zesonto ziyaxoshwa.

Masiqhubeke siqhubeka ngokungafani kwezenkolo ezinkombeni ezintathu zobuKristu.

Umehluko kumaKatolika nama-Orthodox

Ama-Orthodox, amaKatolika namaProthestani ayingxenye eyodwa yenkolo - ubuKristu. Kodwa-ke, lapho kuqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa komlando nezenhlalakahle, ukuhlukana okwehlukene kwenzeka. Eyokuqala yayingu-1054, lapho iSonto Lama-Orthodox lihlukaniswa neRoma Katolika. Kamuva, ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ngesikhathi seNguquko kwavela okwamanje ngokuhluke ngokuphelele - ubuProthestani.

Ake sibone indlela izimiso ezihluke ngayo kulawa masonto. Futhi nokuthi kungani amaProthestani asendulo evame ukuguqulwa e-Orthodoxy.

Ngakho, njengamanzi amabili asendulo, amaKatolika nama-Orthodox akholelwa ukuthi isonto lawo liyiqiniso. AmaProthestani anemibono ehlukahlukene. Ezinye izikhombisi-ndlela ngisho nokuphika isidingo sokuba yingxenye yokuvuma.

Phakathi kwabapristi abangama-Orthodox bavunyelwe ukushada kanye, amakholi ayenqatshelwe ukushada. AmaKatolika enkambiso yesiLatini sonke sinikeza isifungo sokungabikho. AmaProthestani avunyelwe ukushada, abaqapheli ubuhlobo obunjalo.

Futhi, lesi samuva asikho nhlobo isikhungo se-monasticism, ngokungafani nezinkomba ezimbili zokuqala.

AmaKatolika anenhloko ephakeme yePapa, i -Orthodox - imisebenzi yabaBaba oNgcwele noMbhalo Ongcwele, amaProthestani - kuphela iBhayibheli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaProthestani awaxazululi inkinga ye "filioque", okuyinto eyinhloko yengxabano phakathi kwamaKatolika nama-Orthodox. Futhi abanakho isihlanzo, kanti iNdodana kaMariya ibhekwa njengezinga lomfazi ophelele.

Emasakrament ayisikhombisa avunyelwe ngokuvamile, amaProthestani abona kuphela ukubhapathizwa kanye nokudla. Akukho ukuvuma futhi ukukhulekelwa kwezithombe akubonakali.

AmaProthestani eRussia

Nakuba iRussia Federation nezwe lama-Orthodox, kodwa kunezinye izinkolelo. Ngokuyinhloko, kukhona amaKatolika namaProthestani, amaJuda namaBuddha, abasekeli bezingxube ezihlukahlukene ezingokomoya namazwe omhlaba wefilosofi.

Ngokwezibalo zaseRussia, cishe amaProthestani angaba yizigidi ezintathu abavakashela ama-parish angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ingaphansi kwengxenye yale miiphakathi ibhaliswe ngokomthetho noMnyango Wezobulungiswa.

I-Pentecostalism yiyona mkhuba omkhulu kakhulu ebuProthestani baseRussia. Bona kanye negatsha labo eliguquguqukayo (neo-Pentecostal) bahlanganisa abalandeli abangaphezu kwesigidi nesigamu.

Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye baba yindabuko yokholo lwaseRussia. AmaProthestani ase-Orthodoxy ayatshelwa abangane, abajwayele, ngezinye izikhathi bafunda izincwadi ezikhethekile. Ekwahlulela imibono yalabo "ababuyela esifubeni" esontweni labo, bazizwa bekhululekile, bayeke ukuphutha.

Eminye imifudlana evame kakhulu ensimini yeRussian Federation ihlanganisa amaSabatha, amaBaptist, amaMinnon, amaLuthela, amaKatolika, amaMethodist nabanye abaningi.

Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngezinkomba ezijwayelekile kakhulu zamaProthestani eRussia. Sizophinde sithinte emasontweni athile ahlukaniswe ngecala phakathi kwehlelo kanye nesonto lamaProthestani.

AmaCalvin

AmaProthestani anengqondo kakhulu angamaCalvin. Lesi siqondiso sakhiwa phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha eSwitzerland. Umshumayeli osemusha ongumFulentshi nomfundisi wezenkolo, uJean Calvin, banquma ukuqhubeka nokwandisa imibono ye-reformist kaMartin Luther.

Wamemezela ukuthi kufanele sisuse emasontweni hhayi kuphela okuphambene noMBhalo Ongcwele, kodwa futhi lezozinto ezingalokothi zibalulwe eBhayibhelini. Yilokho, ngokusho kweCalvinism endlini yomthandazo kufanele kube yilokho okushiwo encwadini engcwele.

Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukungafani emfundisweni yamaProthestani kanye ne-Orthodox. Owokuqala ubheka isonto noma yikuphi ukuhlangana kwabantu egameni leNkosi, ukuphika iningi labangcwele, izimpawu zobuKristu kanye neVirgin.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi umuntu uthatha ukholo ngokwabo nangesahlulelo esinengqondo. Ngakho-ke, umkhosi wobhapathizo uvele kuphela lapho ukhula.

I-Orthodox yiyona ephikisana ngqo namaProthestani ngezikhathi ezishiwo ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahambisana nenkolelo yokuthi umuntu oqeqeshiwe kuphela ongachaza iBhayibheli. AmaProthestani, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu wenza lokhu ngokusemandleni abo nokuthuthukiswa okungokomoya.

AmaLuthela

Eqinisweni, amaLuthela aba yizimpumelelo zezimfuno zikaMartin Luther zangempela. Kwathi ngemuva kokusebenza kwabo edolobheni lase Speyer ukuthi inhlangano yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "iSonto LamaProthestani".

Igama elithi "amaLuthela" lavela ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka phakathi kwezimo zezinkolo zamaKatolika nabapristi noLuther. Ngakho-ke ngendlela enhle kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi abalandeli bakayise weNguquko. AmaLuthela azibiza ngokuthi "AmaKristu Evangeli."

Ngakho-ke, amaKatolika, amaProthestani, ama-Orthodox afuna ukuthola insindiso yomphefumulo, kodwa izindlela zihlukile kuwo wonke umuntu. Ukuziphendulela, ngokuyisisekelo, kusekelwe kuphela ekuchazeni imiBhalo Engcwele.

Ngamazwi akhe angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu, uMartin Luther wathi zonke izikhungo zabapristi namasiko amaningi amaKatolika anamathele. Ngokusho kwakhe, lezi zindlela ezintsha zithinta kakhulu izinto ezibonakalayo nezomhlaba kunokuphila ngokomoya. Ngakho-ke, kufanele bashiywe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo samaLutheran inkolelo yokuthi uJesu Kristu ngokufa kwakhe eKalvari yahlenga zonke izono zesintu, kuhlanganise nokuqala. Konke okudingekayo ekuphileni okujabulisayo ukukholelwa kulezi zindaba ezinhle.

AmaLuthela futhi anombono wokuthi noma yimuphi umpristi ungumlingani ofanayo, kodwa ochwepheshe abaningi ngokwemibono yezintshumayelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kusetshenziselwe ukuhlanganyela kwabo bonke abantu kusetshenziswa ikhekhe.

Namuhla, amaLuthela angabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu. Kodwa azimele ubunye. Kunezinhlangano ezihlukene nezinhlelo eziphathelene nesimo somlando nesendawo.

E-Russian Federation, ethandwa kakhulu kule ndawo ngumphakathi "Ministry of the Lutheran Hour".

AmaBaptist

Ngokuvame ukukhuluma ngamahlaya ukuthi amaBaptisti angamaProthestani aseNgisi. Kodwa kulesi sitatimende kukhona nokudla okuyiqiniso. Phela, lokhu kwamanje kwabekwa ngokuqondile kwimvelo yamaPuritan aseBritain.

Eqinisweni, Ubhapathizo yisigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa (njengoba abanye bakholwa) noma nje nje kuphela isiphephelo seCalvinism. Leli gama ngokwayo livela egameni lesiGreki elisho "ubhapathizo." Kuyisihloko esichazwe umqondo oyinhloko walesi siqondiso.

AmaBaptisti akholelwa ukuthi amakholwa weqiniso kuphela angabhekwa njengomuntu onjalo, lapho esekhulile, efika emcabangweni wokulahla izenzo zesono futhi wathatha ngobuqotho enhliziyweni yakhe.

AmaProthestani amaningi eRussia avumelana nemibono efanayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi libhekisela kumaPentecostal, esizokhuluma ngalo ngokuqhubekayo, eminye yemibono yabo ihambisana ngokuphelele.

Uma sichaza ngokufishane izimiso zomkhuba wesonto, amaProthestani aseBaptisti athembele ekuthelekeni kwegunya leBhayibheli kuzo zonke izimo. Bahambisana nemibono yobupristi bomhlaba wonke nebandla, okungukuthi, umphakathi ngamunye uzimele futhi uzimele.

U-presbyter akanalo amandla angempela, ufunda nje izintshumayelo nezimfundiso. Zonke izinkinga zixazululwa emihlanganweni ejwayelekile kanye nemikhandlu yesonto. Le nkonzo ihlanganisa intshumayelo, ukucula izingoma ngokuhambisana nomculo wezinsimbi, kanye nemithandazo engcono.

Namuhla eRussia, amaBaptist, afana nama-Adventist, azibiza ngamaKristu angamavangeli, namasonto abo - izindlu zomthandazo.

AmaPentecostal

AmaProthestani amaningi kakhulu eRussia angamaPentecostal. Ezweni lakithi, lokhu kugeleza kwavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngeFinland ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

I-Pentecostal yokuqala, noma, njengoba kwakuthiwa ngaleso sikhathi, "yedwa", kwakunguTomas Barratt. Wafika ngo-1911 evela eNorway waya eSt. Petersburg. Lapha umshumayeli wazibiza ngokuthi ungumlandeli wamaKristu evangeli ngomoya wabaPhostoli, futhi waqala ukubhapathiza wonke umuntu owayefisa.

Isisekelo sokholo nemikhosi yamaPentecostal yikubhapathizwa koMoya oNgcwele. Baphinde babone umkhosi wokuzinikela ngosizo lwamanzi. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu lapho uMoya wehlela phezu kwakhe kubhekwa njengelungile kunamanje wamanje wamaProthestani. Bathi isimo sokuthi umuntu obhapathiziwe uhlangene nakho kufana nokuzwa kwabaphostoli abaqala ukuqala kuJesu Kristu ngokwakhe ngosuku lwamashumi amahlanu emva kokuvuswa kwakhe.

Ngakho-ke, bayabiza isonto labo ngokuhlonipha usuku lokukhuphuka koMoya oNgcwele, noma uZiqu-zintathu (iPhentekoste). Abalandeli bakholelwa ukuthi uqale ngale ndlela uthola esinye sezipho zikaNkulunkulu. Uthola izwi lokuhlakanipha, ukuphulukisa, izimangaliso, isiprofetho, ikhono lokukhuluma izilimi zangaphandle noma ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemimoya.

E-Russian Federation kuze kube manje, izinhlangano ezinamandla kunazo zonke zamaProthestani ziyizingxenye ezintathu zamaPentekoste. Ziyingxenye yeBandla likaNkulunkulu.

AmaMennonites

I-Mennonite ingenye yezinhlanzi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zamaProthestani. Lawa maProthestani angamaKristu ayenawo owokuqala ukumemezela i-pacifism njengengxenye yemfundiso.
Kwakukhona inkolo ema-thirties wekhulu leshumi nesithupha eNetherlands.

Umsunguli u-Menno Simons. Ekuqaleni, wasuka ebuKatolika futhi wamukela izimiso ze-Anabaptism. Kodwa emva kwesikhashana, kwajula kakhulu izici eziqondene nale mbono.

Ngakho-ke, amaMennonites akholelwa ukuthi umbuso kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni uzoza kuphela ngosizo lwabantu bonke, lapho beqala isonto elifanayo eliyiqiniso. IBhayibheli liyigunya elingenakuphikwa, kanti uZiqu-zintathu yiyona nto kuphela enobungcwele. Abantu abadala kuphela abangabhapathizwa emva kokuba bathathe isinqumo esiqinile futhi esiqotho.

Kodwa isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke seMennonites ukulahla inkonzo yezempi, isifungo sezempi kanye nokuphikisa. Ngale ndlela, abasekeli balo mkhuba bazisa abantu isifiso sokuthula nokungabi nodlame.

Embusweni waseRussia, ihlelo lamaProthestani lafika ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine the Great. Wabe esecela ingxenye yomphakathi ukuba isuke emazweni aseBaltic eya eNovorossia, esifundeni seVolga naseCaucasus. Lesi shintsho sezenzakalo sasisisipho nje samaMennonites, njengoba beshushiswa eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona amagagasi amabili okufuduka enqenqemeni ukuya empumalanga.

Namuhla, e-Russian Federation, lamanje manje ihlangene namaBaptist.

Ama-Adventist

Njenganoma imuphi umKristu ohlonishwayo, umProthestani ukholelwa ekufikeni kwesibili kukaMesiya. Kwakukhona kulo mcimbi ukuthi ifilosofi yama-Adventist yakhiwa ekuqaleni (kusukela ngegama lesiLatini elithi "ukuza").

Ngo-1831, owayengumphathi we-Army United States, uMiller waba uMbhapathizi, futhi kamuva washicilela incwadi ngokuza kukaJesu Kristu okubaluleke kakhulu ngoMashi 21, 1843. Kodwa kwaba khona ukuthi akekho oza. Khona-ke isichibiyelo senziwa ukungalungi kokuhumusha, futhi uMesiya kulindeleke entwasahlobo ka-1844. Lapho okwesibili kungagcwaliseki, inkathi yokucindezeleka yaqala ngamakholwa, okuyi-historiography okuthiwa "Ukudumala okukhulu".

Emva kwalokhu, okwamanje i-Millerite iqhubekela phambili ibe uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezihlukene. Ehlelekile kakhulu futhi ethandwayo yiziSabatha zamaSabatha. Zilawulwa ngaphakathi futhi zihlelwe kahle emazweni amaningana.

Embusweni WaseRussia, lokhu kwamanje kubonakala kuMennonites. Imiphakathi yokuqala yakhiwa esifundeni saseCrimea nasesifundazweni saseVolga.

Ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuthatha izikhali nokufunga, bashushiswa eSoviet Union. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ekhulwini lama-20, inhlangano yavuselelwa. Futhi ngo-1990, enkomfeni yokuqala yama-Adventist, i-Russian Union yamukelwa.

AmaProthestani, noma ama-sectarians

Namuhla, akungabazeki ukuthi amaProthestani angomunye wamagatsha afana nobuKristu, nemfundiso yabo, izimiso, izimiso zokuziphatha nokukhulekela.

Kodwa-ke, kunamanye amasonto afana kakhulu nenhlangano kumaProthestani, kodwa empeleni ayenawo. Lezi zinsuku zihlanganisa, isibonelo, oFakazi BakaJehova.

Kodwa ngenxa yokudideka nokungaqiniseki kwezimfundiso zabo, kanye nokuphikisana kwezitatimende zangaphambili kamuva, lokhu kuhamba akukwazi ukushiwo ngokuqondile ngokuthi kunesinye isiqondiso.

AbakwaJehovis abaqondi uKristu, uZiqu-zintathu, isiphambano, izithombe. Babheka ukuthi uNkulunkulu oyinhloko noNkulunkulu kuphela, obizwa ngokuthi uJehova, unjengobuqili bamandulo. Ezinye zezinhlinzeko zazo zihlangene namaProthestani. Kodwa lokhu okungahambi kahle akubenzi abaxhasi balo mkhuba wamaKristu.

Ngakho-ke, thina kulesi sihloko sithole ukuthi ngubani amaProthestani, futhi wakhuluma ngesimo samagatsha ahlukahlukene eRussia.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo!

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